Classification and Classification and TaxonomyTaxonomy

Biology 1Biology 1

11.1 Taxonomy11.1 Taxonomy

Branch of biology that classifies Branch of biology that classifies organisms organisms into a series of groups calledinto a series of groups called taxa. taxa. The most The most common system used today has 7 taxa:common system used today has 7 taxa: kingdom, kingdom, phylumphylum, , classclass, order, family, , order, family, genusgenus and and speciesspecies..

The largest taxa is The largest taxa is kingdomkingdom, it has the most , it has the most numbers of organisms. The smallest is numbers of organisms. The smallest is speciesspecies which has the fewest in it.which has the fewest in it.

Taxonomy of LifeTaxonomy of Life

All Living Things

Monera Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia

Archaebacteria

Eubacteria

Taxonomy …Taxonomy … Organisms are named using their Organisms are named using their genusgenus as as

their first name and the their first name and the speciesspecies as the last as the last name. name. GenusGenus is always is always capitalizedcapitalized, , speciesspecies is is NEVER capitalized, both are NEVER capitalized, both are italicizeditalicized. . Giving organisms two names is known as Giving organisms two names is known as binomial nomenclaturebinomial nomenclature..

Sometimes three names are used when a Sometimes three names are used when a subspecies is known. Then it is subspecies is known. Then it is trinomial trinomial nomenclature.nomenclature.

More Taxonomy….More Taxonomy….

PlantPlant taxonomists use taxonomists use the term “division” the term “division” instead of instead of phylumphylum..

By using By using DNADNA samples, samples, relationships between relationships between organismsorganisms can be can be determined with great determined with great accuracyaccuracy..

Bacillus subtilis

Abutilon theophrasti

Micrurus fulvius

11.2 Dicotomous Key11.2 Dicotomous Key

Organisms are placed into their correct orders Organisms are placed into their correct orders by using a by using a dicotomousdicotomous key which is a series of key which is a series of questions.questions.

http://pals.sri.com/tasks/5-8/DichotomousKey/directs.html

VirusesViruses

Characteristics of virusesCharacteristics of viruses NON-living organismsNON-living organisms Smaller than the smallest Smaller than the smallest

prokaryoticprokaryotic cells. cells. Do not have the Do not have the characteristicscharacteristics of of

living things.living things. Can only reproduce if they get Can only reproduce if they get

inside a inside a hosthost organism. organism.

If they infect a bacterium cell, they If they infect a bacterium cell, they are called are called bacteriophagesbacteriophages..

Viral StructureViral StructureStructure:

•Inner core composed of nucleic acid, DNA or RNA, surrounded by a capsid.

Lytic cycle is the method by which viruses reproduce themselves.In order to infect a plant or animal cell, the capsid must match a receptor site on the host cell.

Specific VirusesSpecific Viruses

The virus that causes AIDS can only attach to The virus that causes AIDS can only attach to white bloodwhite blood cells. cells.

Antibiotics are not effective against Antibiotics are not effective against virusesviruses. . Antibiotic means “against Antibiotic means “against lifelife” and they only ” and they only work against work against bacterialbacterial infections because infections because bacteria are living organisms. bacteria are living organisms.

Viruses are NOT Viruses are NOT livingliving!!!!!!!!!! Antibiotics are sometimes effective against Antibiotics are sometimes effective against

fungalfungal infections. infections.

11.3 Kingdom Monera11.3 Kingdom Monera

MoneraMonera

The only kingdom to The only kingdom to include include prokaryotesprokaryotes is is the kingdom the kingdom monera.monera.

Prokaryotes vs EukaryotesProkaryotes vs Eukaryotes

ProkaryotesProkaryotes Do NOT have a Do NOT have a true nucleustrue nucleus Do NOT have membrane-bound Do NOT have membrane-bound organellesorganelles DO have a DO have a cell wallcell wall outside the cell membrane outside the cell membrane

MoneransMonerans are the most widespread and most are the most widespread and most numerous organisms on earthnumerous organisms on earth

Sometimes divided into 2 kingdoms: Sometimes divided into 2 kingdoms: archaebacteriaarchaebacteria and and eubacteriaeubacteria..

ArchaebacteriaArchaebacteria Believed to be the oldest living organisms Believed to be the oldest living organisms Can live in Can live in harshharsh environments such as hot environments such as hot

sulfur springssulfur springs, volcanic , volcanic deep-sea ventsdeep-sea vents on the on the ocean floor, the ocean floor, the Great Salt LakeGreat Salt Lake, and even the , and even the intestines of intestines of mammalsmammals..

Some are Some are autotrophicautotrophic (can make their own (can make their own foodfood))

EubacteriaEubacteria

More common type of bacteriaMore common type of bacteria Classified according to Classified according to shapeshape and how they and how they

respond to a process called respond to a process called Gram stainingGram staining Some are Some are heterotrophsheterotrophs and rely on others as and rely on others as

their food sourcetheir food source Others are Others are parasitesparasites and get their nutrients by and get their nutrients by

feedingfeeding on other organisms on other organisms Some are Some are saprotrophssaprotrophs and feed on dead and feed on dead

organisms organisms organic wastesorganic wastes

More Eubacteria feeding habitsMore Eubacteria feeding habits

Still others are Still others are autotrophsautotrophs and make their own and make their own foodfood..

Example: cynobacteria are Example: cynobacteria are photosynthetic photosynthetic autotrophs autotrophs

Chemosynthetic autotrophs make food by the Chemosynthetic autotrophs make food by the break down of break down of inorganicinorganic compounds that compounds that contain contain nitrogennitrogen and and sulfursulfur

Bacteria get a bad rap, Bacteria get a bad rap, butbut……

Actually there are more PROS than CONSActually there are more PROS than CONS PROS:PROS:

NitrogenNitrogen-fixing bacteria live in the -fixing bacteria live in the rootsroots of of plantsplants Many foods such as Many foods such as picklespickles, yogurt, sauerkraut, and , yogurt, sauerkraut, and SwissSwiss

cheesecheese owe their distinctive owe their distinctive odorsodors and and flavorsflavors to bacteria. to bacteria. Certain ones make Certain ones make antibioticsantibiotics such as such as neomycinneomycin and and

erythromycinerythromycin Probiotics live in the intestines and produce Probiotics live in the intestines and produce vitaminsvitamins, ,

enhance the absorption of enhance the absorption of nutrientsnutrients and strengthen the and strengthen the immuneimmune system. system.

On the other hand…On the other hand…

Many do cause diseasesMany do cause diseases Some form Some form endosporesendospores which can cause which can cause

botulism or botulism or tetanustetanus Others cause Others cause LymeLyme disease, disease, strepstrep throat, and throat, and

cavitiescavities in your teeth in your teeth

11.5 Kingdom Protista11.5 Kingdom Protista

ProtistsProtists

Contains so many Contains so many organismsorganisms that don’t fit that don’t fit elsewhere.elsewhere.

No such thing as a typical No such thing as a typical protistprotist Microscopic or Microscopic or largelarge, , uniunicellular or cellular or multimulti--

cellularcellular Autotrophs or Autotrophs or heterotrophsheterotrophs Are all alike in that they are Are all alike in that they are EUKARYOTESEUKARYOTES!!

Protozoans – animal-like protistsProtozoans – animal-like protists

Single-Single-celledcelled One that has no definite shape is the One that has no definite shape is the amoebaamoeba

Moves by Moves by pseudopodspseudopods which are extensions of its which are extensions of its cytoplasmcytoplasm

Others move using Others move using ciliacilia or or flagellaflagella

A paramecium moves using ciliaA paramecium moves using cilia

Some cause diseases such as Some cause diseases such as malariamalaria Some have specialized parts such as the Some have specialized parts such as the

contractile contractile vacuolevacuole which pump which pump water water our of our of the cell. If this did not take place, the cell the cell. If this did not take place, the cell would would burstburst due to due to osmosisosmosis..

Plant-like protistsPlant-like protists

Many of these are Many of these are autotrophsautotrophs and contain and contain chlorophyllchlorophyll and carry out and carry out photosynthesisphotosynthesis. . These protists are algae.These protists are algae.

Algae do not have Algae do not have rootsroots, stems, , stems, leavesleaves, or , or flowers like plantsflowers like plants

Because they have other pigments than Because they have other pigments than chlorophyll, they may appear chlorophyll, they may appear redred, brown, or , brown, or goldengolden

Algae are important Algae are important food sourcefood source for many for many animalsanimals

Types of algae include euglenoids, Types of algae include euglenoids, goldengolden algae, algae, greengreen algae, algae, brownbrown algae, and algae, and red red algae.algae.

Diatoms have a Diatoms have a glass-likeglass-like outer shell. It forms outer shell. It forms diatomaceous diatomaceous earth when it dies. This is used earth when it dies. This is used as an as an abrasiveabrasive in toothpastes and as a in toothpastes and as a filteringfiltering agent for liquidsagent for liquids

Fungal-like protistsFungal-like protists

Decompose dead organismsDecompose dead organisms Includes Includes slimeslime molds, downy molds, downy mildewsmildews, and , and

water water moldsmolds

11.6 Kingdom Fungi11.6 Kingdom Fungi

Kingdom FungiKingdom Fungi Found everywhere there is Found everywhere there is moisturemoisture.. Most are Most are multi-celledmulti-celled, but a few are single-celled like , but a few are single-celled like

yeastsyeasts.. The roles of fungi include that of The roles of fungi include that of consumerconsumer because because

they do they do notnot contain chlorophyll and therefore cannot contain chlorophyll and therefore cannot make their own food.make their own food.

Fungi feed by a process called Fungi feed by a process called extracellular digestionextracellular digestion. . They send out They send out hyphaehyphae into their source of food. The into their source of food. The hyphae secret hyphae secret enzymesenzymes that break down the food into that break down the food into small enough particles that can be small enough particles that can be absorbedabsorbed into the into the fungi by fungi by diffusiondiffusion..

Fungal FactsFungal Facts

Have cell walls made of Have cell walls made of chitinchitin.. Some are Some are saprophytessaprophytes which feed on dead organic which feed on dead organic

matter.matter. They are They are decomposersdecomposers Some are Some are parasitesparasites and cause ringworm and and cause ringworm and athlete’sathlete’s

foot in humans.foot in humans. LichensLichens which are found growing on which are found growing on rocksrocks and and treestrees

are actually two organisms, a are actually two organisms, a fungusfungus and a green and a green algaealgae which live in a which live in a mutualisticmutualistic relationship. relationship.

Reproduction and locomotionReproduction and locomotion

Some fungi reproduce sexually, some Some fungi reproduce sexually, some asexuallyasexually, and some both sexually AND , and some both sexually AND asexually.asexually.

Yeasts reproduce by Yeasts reproduce by buddingbudding.. Most mushrooms reproduce sexually by Most mushrooms reproduce sexually by

forming forming sporesspores called called basidiosporesbasidiospores.. Bread molds produce asexual Bread molds produce asexual sporesspores in in

specialized specialized hyphahypha called a called a sporangiumsporangium..

The “Good-guy” FungiThe “Good-guy” Fungi

Can be harmful or beneficialCan be harmful or beneficial Benefits:Benefits:

Some are Some are edibleedible (mushrooms) (mushrooms) YeastsYeasts make bread rise, juice ferment to alcohol make bread rise, juice ferment to alcohol PenicilliumPenicillium mold is used to make mold is used to make penicillinpenicillin Others make Others make cheesescheeses

““Bad-Guy Fungi”Bad-Guy Fungi”

Cause plant diseases such as Cause plant diseases such as rustsrusts and and smutssmuts Destroys large amounts of Destroys large amounts of cropscrops and t and timberimber

each yeareach year Some fungal Some fungal sporesspores are are fatalfatal if ingested by if ingested by

humans.humans.

Kingdom PlantaeKingdom Plantae

Characteristics of Plants:Characteristics of Plants: Made of more than Made of more than oneone cell cell Cells are Cells are eukaryoticeukaryotic Autotrophic – can make their own food by Autotrophic – can make their own food by

photosynthesisphotosynthesis

Also have cell walls made of Also have cell walls made of cellulosecellulose

250 000250 000 species exist today! species exist today!

BotanistBotanist –scientist who studies plants –scientist who studies plants Two major divisions:Two major divisions:

Non-vascular plantsNon-vascular plants

Vascular plantsVascular plants

12.2 Non-vascular plants 12.2 Non-vascular plants (bryophytes)(bryophytes)

3 divisions:3 divisions: Bryophyta - mossesBryophyta - mosses Hepatophyta - liverwortsHepatophyta - liverworts Antheocerophyta - Antheocerophyta - hornwortshornworts

Scan diagram of moss pg 201Scan diagram of moss pg 201

Hepatophyta: less than Hepatophyta: less than 22 cm tall cm tall Antheocerophyta: Antheocerophyta: hornwortshornworts – – None of these have true leaves, nor None of these have true leaves, nor rootsroots.. Have Have rhizoidsrhizoids that that anchoranchor them like roots them like roots The only way they receive water or nutrients is The only way they receive water or nutrients is

by by osmosisosmosis or or diffusiondiffusion..

ReproductionReproduction

Reproduce by using Reproduce by using sporesspores that contain either that contain either the egg or the the egg or the spermsperm cell cell

Bryophytes undergo Bryophytes undergo alternationalternation of of generationsgenerations which is in two stages:which is in two stages: First: First: gametophytegametophyte stage – haploid cells stage – haploid cells 22ndnd: : sporophytesporophyte stage – diploid cells undergo stage – diploid cells undergo

meiosis to produce spores.meiosis to produce spores.

12.3 Vascular Plants12.3 Vascular Plants

Tissues that can Tissues that can transporttransport materials throughout materials throughout the the plantplant..

Two kinds of vascular tissue:Two kinds of vascular tissue: Xylem: carries Xylem: carries water and mineralswater and minerals UP to the UP to the stem stem

and and leavesleaves.. Phloem: carries Phloem: carries foodfood from the from the leavesleaves to wherever to wherever

it is neededit is needed Divided into 2 divisions according to Divided into 2 divisions according to method of method of

reproduction.reproduction.

Seedless vascular plantsSeedless vascular plants

Seedless vascular plants form Seedless vascular plants form sporesspores and are and are found in warm, found in warm, moistmoist regions. regions.

Pterophyta: ferns – 10,000 speciesPterophyta: ferns – 10,000 species Produce spores in brown cases called Produce spores in brown cases called sporangiasporangia

found on the leaves or found on the leaves or frondsfronds Have thick underground stems called Have thick underground stems called rhizomesrhizomes

Psilotopohyta: whisk ferns – no Psilotopohyta: whisk ferns – no rootsroots and no and no truetrue leavesleaves

Lycophyta: club mosses – have true roots, Lycophyta: club mosses – have true roots, stems, and leavesstems, and leaves

Sphenophyta: horsetails – only one genus still Sphenophyta: horsetails – only one genus still alive todayalive today

Seed producing - GymnospermsSeed producing - Gymnosperms

Produce seeds either in Produce seeds either in conescones or in some or in some “naked”“naked” form. form.

Seed is not protected by a Seed is not protected by a fruitfruit Cycadophyta: cycadsCycadophyta: cycads Ginkophyta: only one living species – Gingko Ginkophyta: only one living species – Gingko

liloba – bright liloba – bright yellowyellow leaves leaves Gnetophyta: woody vines, small shrubs, or Gnetophyta: woody vines, small shrubs, or

turnip-like plantsturnip-like plants

Coniferophyta: conifersConiferophyta: conifers

Produce seeds in cones – Produce seeds in cones – needlikeneedlike leaves leaves Very important – provide building materials, Very important – provide building materials,

paperpaper, medicine, medicine Tallest trees are in this division – the Tallest trees are in this division – the redwoodsredwoods

Seed Producers - AngiospermsSeed Producers - Angiosperms

FloweringFlowering plants – anthophyta plants – anthophyta All have flowers, but some All have flowers, but some flowersflowers are so are so

small they are not noticeable.small they are not noticeable. 240,000240,000 species species All have roots, stems, and All have roots, stems, and leavesleaves Seed produced in the Seed produced in the flowerflower and protected by and protected by

a a fruitfruit

Two groups: Monocots & DicotsTwo groups: Monocots & Dicots

Monocotyledons:Monocotyledons: Have Have oneone seed leaf seed leaf Parallel Parallel veinsveins Flower parts in groups of Flower parts in groups of threethree Examples: corn, Examples: corn, lilieslilies, pineapple, and , pineapple, and grassesgrasses

DicotyledonsDicotyledons

Have Have 22 seed leaves seed leaves Veins Veins branchedbranched or or nettednetted Flower parts in Flower parts in 44’s or ’s or 55’s’s 170 000 species170 000 species Examples: roses, Examples: roses, daisiesdaisies, dogwoods, , dogwoods, maplemaple

trees, shrubs, trees, shrubs, wildflowerswildflowers, herbs, and many , herbs, and many flowersflowers grown around homes. grown around homes.

Kingdom AnimaliaKingdom Animalia

Characteristics of all animalsCharacteristics of all animals

MulticellularMulticellular No cell wall, no chlorophyllNo cell wall, no chlorophyll EukaryoticEukaryotic Heterotrophs – no photosynthesis!Heterotrophs – no photosynthesis!

Other characteristics:Other characteristics: Usually move around at some point in their life cycleUsually move around at some point in their life cycle Have specialized cells that serve special functions Have specialized cells that serve special functions

and can form tissues, organs, and in most animals and can form tissues, organs, and in most animals organ systems.organ systems.

ClassificationClassification

According to According to structuralstructural similarities similarities EvolutionaryEvolutionary relationships relationships BodyBody plans plans

Some are Some are asymmetricalasymmetrical (no particular shape) (no particular shape) Some are Some are radiallyradially symmetrical (bodies arranged symmetrical (bodies arranged

around a around a central pointcentral point) ex. Starfish) ex. Starfish Other have Other have radialradial symmetry (you can draw a line symmetry (you can draw a line

lengthwiselengthwise down the animal’s body along only one down the animal’s body along only one plane to divide it into 2 equal halves.plane to divide it into 2 equal halves.

Body PlansBody Plans

Radial Symmetry

Bilateral Symmetry

Assymetrical

Nine Main PhylaNine Main Phyla

In order from least complex to most complex:In order from least complex to most complex: Porifera, Porifera, CnideriaCnideria, Platyhelminthes, , Platyhelminthes,

NematodaNematoda, Mollusca, , Mollusca, AnnelidaAnnelida, Arthropoda,, Arthropoda,

Echinodermata, and Echinodermata, and ChordataChordata..

The first 8 make up the The first 8 make up the invertebratesinvertebrates or animals or animals with no backbones, while with no backbones, while ChordataChordata is the only is the only phyla of animals with backbones. They are phyla of animals with backbones. They are also known as also known as vertebratesvertebrates..

Classification of HumansClassification of Humans Kingdom: Kingdom: AnimaliaAnimalia Phylum: Phylum: ChordataChordata sub-phylum: vertebratasub-phylum: vertebrata Class: Class: MammaliaMammalia Order: Order: PrimatePrimate FamilyFamily: Hominidae: Hominidae Genus: Genus: HomoHomo SpeciesSpecies: sapiens: sapiensScientific Name: Scientific Name: Homo sapiensHomo sapiens

13.2 Invertebrates13.2 Invertebrates