Classification and TaxonomyClassification and TaxonomyHonors Biology/ Ms. KimHonors Biology/ Ms. Kim

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• There are There are 13 billion13 billion known known species of organismsspecies of organisms

• This is This is only 5% of allonly 5% of all organisms organisms that ever lived!!!!!that ever lived!!!!!

• New organismsNew organisms are still being are still being found and identifiedfound and identified

Species of OrganismsSpecies of Organisms

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What is Classification?What is Classification?• ClassificationClassification is the arrangement of is the arrangement of

organisms into orderly organisms into orderly groupsgroups based based on their on their similaritiessimilarities

• Also known as Also known as taxonomytaxonomy• Taxonomists Taxonomists are scientists that are scientists that

identify & name organismsidentify & name organisms

Benefits of ClassifyingBenefits of Classifying

• Classifying organisms makes naming organisms more accurate & uniformaccurate & uniform

• Prevents Prevents misnomersmisnomers such as starfish such as starfish & jellyfish that aren't really fish & jellyfish that aren't really fish

• Uses Uses same language (Latin or some same language (Latin or some Greek)Greek) for all names for all names

Sea”horseSea”horse”??”??

Early TaxonomistsEarly Taxonomists•2000 years ago, 2000 years ago, AristotleAristotle was the 1 was the 1stst taxonomisttaxonomist•Aristotle divided Aristotle divided organisms into organisms into plants plants & animals& animals•He He subdividedsubdivided them them by their by their habitathabitat ---land, ---land, sea, or air dwellers sea, or air dwellers

• John Ray, a John Ray, a botanist,botanist, was the was the 11stst to use Latin for to use Latin for namingnaming

• His His namesnames were were very longvery long descriptions descriptions telling everything telling everything about the plantabout the plant

Carolus LinnaeusCarolus Linnaeus1707 – 17781707 – 1778

• Classified organisms by their structure

• Developed naming system still used today

• Developed the Developed the modern system of modern system of naming known as naming known as binomial binomial nomenclaturenomenclature

• Two-word name Two-word name (Genus & species)(Genus & species)

Standardized NamingStandardized Naming

•Binomial nomenclature Binomial nomenclature usedused•Genus speciesGenus species•Latin or GreekLatin or Greek•ItalicizedItalicized in printin print•Capitalize genusCapitalize genus, but NOT , but NOT speciesspecies•UnderlineUnderline when writingwhen writingExample: Example: In print (typed):In print (typed):Homo sapiensHomo sapiensIn writing: In writing: Homo sapiensHomo sapiens

Turdus Turdus migratoriusmigratorius

American American RobinRobin

Classification GroupsClassification Groups• TaxonTaxon ( ( taxataxa-plural)-plural)

– a category into which related organisms a category into which related organisms are placedare placed

• There is a There is a hierarchyhierarchy of groups (taxa) of groups (taxa) from broadest to most specificfrom broadest to most specific

Domain Domain Kingdom Kingdom Phylum Phylum Class Class Order Order Family Family Genus Genus

species species

Hierarchy-Taxonomic GroupsHierarchy-Taxonomic Groups

Domain

Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family

Genus Species

NEWEST and BROADEST NEWEST and BROADEST TAXONTAXON

Most Specific (least inclusive)

DID KING PHILIP COME OVER FOR GOOD SPAGHETTI?

Least Specific (most inclusive)

DDidid

KKinging

PPhilliphillip

CComeome

OOverver

FForor

GGoodood

SSpaghetti? paghetti?

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• Broadest, most inclusive taxonBroadest, most inclusive taxon

• ArchaeaArchaea and and EubacteriaEubacteria– unicellular prokaryotes unicellular prokaryotes – no nucleusno nucleus– Few organellesFew organelles

• EukaryaEukarya– more complex more complex – have a nucleus and membrane-bound have a nucleus and membrane-bound

organellesorganelles

3 Domains3 Domains

ARCHAEA Domain• Contains Archeabacteria Kingdom• Thought to be 1st cells to evolve• Live in HARSH environments (called

extremophiles)• Ex: 1st chemoautotrophs on Earth• 4 TYPES :

– Methanogens• Sewage Treatment Plants & bogs called • Use CH4 not O2 (make CH4 too-METHANE)

– Thermophiles• Thermal, Volcanic Vents, or hydrothermal oceanic floor

vents (live at extremely hot temperature)– Halophiles

• Hot Springs or Geysers that are acid• Live in very salty water (Dead Sea; Great Salt Lake)

– Psychrophiles • Those that live at unusually cold temperatures.

• Contains Eubacteria Kingdom

• Some may cause DISEASE some are HELPFUL

• Found in ALL HABITATS except harsh ones

• Important decomposers for environment

• Commercially important in making cottage cheese, sour cream, cheese, yogurt, buttermilk, etc.

EUBACTERIA Domain

EUKARYA Domain•Includes all eukaryotic organisms

•Have nucleus•Have membrane bound organelles•Have introns and histones•Have linear chromosomes (2+)

•All living organisms are divided into6 kingdoms.•Until recently, there were 5 Kingdoms now 6

• Scientists decided to divide the MONERA (prokaryotes) into 2 categories: Archeabacteria and Eubacteria

After domains KINGDOMS

Domain Eukarya is Divided Domain Eukarya is Divided into 4 Kingdomsinto 4 Kingdoms

1.1. ProtistaProtista (mostly unicellular, some multicellular)(mostly unicellular, some multicellular)

2.2. FungiFungi (mostly multicellular, one multicellular)(mostly multicellular, one multicellular)

3.3. PlantaePlantae (multicellular plants) (multicellular plants)

4.4. AnimaliaAnimalia (multicellular animals) (multicellular animals)

RECALL: RECALL: What are the other 2 kingdoms???What are the other 2 kingdoms???

5. Archaebacteria in Archae Domain5. Archaebacteria in Archae Domain

6. Eubacteria in Eubacteria Domain6. Eubacteria in Eubacteria Domain

BOTH 5 and 6 are PROKARYOTIC BOTH 5 and 6 are PROKARYOTIC DOMAINS!!!DOMAINS!!!

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ProtistaProtista•Most are Most are unicellularunicellular•Some are Some are multicellularmulticellular•Some are Some are autotrophicautotrophic, while , while others are others are heterotrophicheterotrophic•AquaticAquatic

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FungiFungi• Multicellular,Multicellular,

except yeastexcept yeast• Absorptive Absorptive

heterotrophsheterotrophs (digest food (digest food outside their outside their body & then body & then absorb it)absorb it)

• Cell walls Cell walls made of made of chitinchitin

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PlantaePlantae•MulticellularMulticellular•AutotrophicAutotrophic•Absorb Absorb sunlight sunlight to make glucose – to make glucose – PhotosynthesisPhotosynthesis•Cell walls made Cell walls made of of cellulosecellulose

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AnimaliaAnimalia• MulticellularMulticellular• Ingestive Ingestive

heterotrophs heterotrophs (consume (consume food & digest food & digest it inside their it inside their bodies)bodies)

• Feed on Feed on plants or plants or animalsanimals

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CladogramCladogram• Diagram showing how organisms are related Diagram showing how organisms are related

based on based on shared, derived characteristicsshared, derived characteristics such such as feathers, hair, or scalesas feathers, hair, or scales

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How did Eukaryotes Evolve?Endosymbiosis occurred!!!