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Body Regions Review

The fundamental divisions of the human bodyChristine Sparks Anatomy / Physiology I Sept. 9, 2009

Anatomical Position• Universal terms are used to

describe the body accurately and result of this is that the right and left sides of the body are mirror images of each other.

• Anatomical position shows the body erect, head facing forward, arms hanging at the sides palmsarms hanging at the sides, palms facing outward with the thumbs pointing up and away from the body, and the feet are slightly apart pointing in the forward direction.

• The terms “right” and “left” refer to the sides of the person being viewed – not those of the observer.

Body in the supine, or facing up, position.

Supine versus Prone

Body in the prone, or facing down, position.

Anatomical Planes• A sagittal plane, being a plane

parallel to the sagittal suture, divides the body into (left and right) portions.

• A coronal or frontal plane divides the body into dorsal

d t l (b k d f tand ventral (back and front, or posterior and anterior) portions.

• A transverse plane, also known as an axial plane or cross-section, divides the body into cranial and caudal (head and tail) portions.

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Directional terms help explain therelationship of the different body structures.

TERM MEANING EXAMPLE=============================================================================

• Anterior Closer to the front The knee cap is on the anterior side of the knee. • Posterior Closer to the back The shoulder blades are posterior to the ribs. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

• Superior Closer to the head The heart is superior to the stomach. • Inferior Closer to the feet The chest is inferior to the neck.

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• Medial Closer to the midline The big toe is medial to the 5th toe. • Lateral Further from the midline The thumb is on the lateral side of the hand.

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• Superficial Closer to the surface The skin is superficial to muscle. • Deep Further from the surface The lungs are deep to the ribs.

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• Proximal Closer to the trunk The hip is proximal to the knee.• Distal Further from the trunk The wrist is distal to the elbow.

Organs in the RegionsDigestive: prepares food molecules for use in the body• Esophagus – accepts food from the pharynx• Stomach-reservoir storing food, passing it on to the intestines• Liver- consists of two lobes, converts glucose into glycogen and detoxifies• Pancreas – secretes enzymes into the duodenum via pancreatic duct• Small Intestine – site where digestion is completed and virtually all absorption occurs• Duodenum – first part of the small intestine• Colon – regions of the large intestine; includes ascending, transverse, descending, and sigmoid• Large intestine – part of the digestive system most responsible for absorption of water from food; it

includes the cecum, appendix, colon, rectum and anal canal• Cecum – beginning of the large intestine; a pouch that connects the ileum with the ascending colon• Ileum – main function is to absorb vitamin B12; terminal

part of the sm. intestine b/t the jejunum andthe cecum

• Appendix – a pouch connected to the cecum• Gallbladder – small pear-shaped organ that stores and

concentrates bile; it is connected to the liverby the hypatic duct

Organs in the RegionsEndocrine: ductless glands that secrete chemical signals, hormones, into the blood• Thymus – lymphoid organ and endocrine gland active in immunity response• Hypothalamus – area of the brain that produces hormones that controls homeostatsis• Pituitary – loc. beneath the brain and controls the functions of the other endocrine glands• Pineal – believed to be the ‘time keeper’ of the biological clock and influences reproductive

function• Adrenal – hormone-producing glands located superior to the kidneys• Pancreas – loc. Behind stomach, b/w the spleen and duodenum, produces both endocrine and

exocrine secretions. (It has digestive and hormonal functions.)• Ovaries – female gonad; female reproductive organ in which eggs are produced

T t l d l d ti th t d t t t d l t d t id• Testes – male gonad; male reproductive organ that produces testosterone and located outside the body cavity in the scrotum

Organs in the RegionsLymphatic : two most important functions of the lymphatic system are (1) maintenanceof fluid balance in the internal environment and (2) immunity, protection of the body againstboth external and internal “enemies”, such as bacteria and abnormal cell growth• Thymus – primary organ of the lymphatic system consisting of two pyramid-shaped lobes loc. just

behind the sternum. Provides an area for T-lymphocyte (group of white blood cells) maturation• Spleen – has many functions, including defense, formation of blood cells (hematopoiesis), and red

blood cell and platelet destruction, and serves as a reservoir for blood• Cisterna Chyli- the dilated part of the thoracic duct at its

origin in the lumbar region

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Organs in the RegionsUrinary : system primarily responsible for water, electrolyte, and acid-base balance and removal of nitrogenous waste• Kidney – one of a pair located on the right/left side of the abdomen which clears toxins from the

blood, regulates extra fluids, and produces urine; loc. retroperitoneal, behind the peritoneum (a serous membrane lining the abdominal cavity) against the dorsal body wall

• Ureter – a tube that carries urine down from the kidney to the bladder• Urinary bladder – muscular sac located in the pelvis that stores urine and contracts to expel

from the body

Four Body Quadrants

• The body is divided intofour different quadrants:

RUQ – Right Upper Quadrantg pp

LUQ - Left Upper Quadrant

RLQ – Right Lower Quadrant

LLQ – Left Lower Quadrant

Right Upper Quadrant - RUQ• Part of the small intestine including

the descending duodenum• Upper ascending colon• Most of the liver• GallbladderGallbladder• Bile ducts• Head of pancreas• Right adrenal gland• Right kidney• Upper part of right ureter

Left Upper Quadrant - LUQ• Ascending part of

duodenum• Upper descending colon• Left half of transverse colon• Spleen• Small part of liver• Left adrenal gland• Upper part of left ureter• Stomach

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Right Lower Quadrant - RLQ

• Lower ascending colon• Cecum• Appendix• Lower right ureter• Lower right ureter• Ileum• Part of Urinary bladder• Sex Organs

Left Lower Quadrant - LLQ

• Lower descending colon

• Small intestine (part of ileum)(p )

• Lower part of left ureter

• Part of Urinary bladder

• Sex Organs

Latin meanings:chondros = cartilage hypo + chondros = hypochondriac ( under cartilage)Epi = upon, above epi + gastric = epigastric (above stomach)hypo = under hypo + gastric = hypogastric (under stomach)gastric = stomachlumbus = loinumbilicus = naveliliac = superior part of the hip bone

Right Hypochondriac Region• Digestive:

LiverGall BladderSmall IntestineAscending ColonTransverse Colon

• Endocrine:Right KidneyRight Kidney

• Excretory:Right Kidney

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Epigastric Region• Digestive:

Esophagus StomachLiverPancreas Small Intestine Transverse Colon

• Endocrine: Right & Left Adrenal GlandsPancreas

• Circulatory:Aorta

• Lymphatic:Spleen

Left Hypochondriac Region• Digestive:

StomachLiver (tip)Pancreas (tail of)Small IntestineTransverse ColonDescending Colon

• Endocrine:PancreasLeft Kidney

• Excretory:Left Kidney

• Lymphatic:Spleen

Right Lumbar Region• Digestive:

Liver (tip)Gall BladderSmall IntestineAscending Colon

• Endocrine:Right Kidney

• Excretory:Right Kidney

Umbilical Region• Digestive:

StomachPancreasSmall IntestineTransverse Colon

• Endocrine:Endocrine:PancreasRight & Left Kidneys

• Excretory:Right & Left KidneysRight & Left Ureters

• Lymphatic:Cisterna chyli

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Left Lumbar Region• Digestive:

Small IntestineDescending Colon

• Endocrine:Left Kidney (tip)

• Excretory:Left Kidney (tip)

Right Iliac Region• Digestive:

Small IntestineAppendixCecum & Ascending Colon

• Endocrine:Right Ovary (Females)Right Ovary (Females)

• Reproductive:Female -

Right OvaryRight Fallopian Tube

Male -NONE

Hypogastric Region• Digestive:

Small IntestineSigmoid ColonRectum

• Endocrine:Right & Left Ovaries (Fem.)

• Excretory:Right & Left UretersRight & Left UretersUrinary Bladder

• Reproductive:Female -

Uterus Right & Left OvariesRight & Left Fallopian Tubes

Male -Vas DeferensSeminal VessicleProstate

Left Iliac Region• Digestive:

Small IntestineDescending ColonSigmoid Colon

• Endocrine:Right Ovary (Females)

• Reproductive:Female -

Left OvaryLeft Fallopian Tube

Male -NONE

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Regional Terms – Specific Body AreasAnterior view

Regional Terms – Specific Body AreasPosterior View

Review Time! Question 1

When standing in the anatomical position, are the

thumbs pointing

medially (toward the midline)or

laterally (away from the midline)

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ANSWER 1

Laterally!The body in the anatomical positionalways shows thethumbs pointing inthe lateral direction.

Question 2

Give the common name for the

bodypart where youwould wear acervical collar.

ANSWER 2

The neck. The first, or upperseven, vertebrae of the upper spinalof the upper spinalcolumn make up the cervical vertebrae.

Question 3

Which quadrantwould you find most

f th li ?of the liver?

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ANSWER 3

Right UpperQuadrant

Question 4

The majority of the stomach is located

primarily in which of the i bd i l inine abdominopelvic

regions?

ANSWER 4

Left hypochondriac

region

Question 5

The urinary bladder islocated in which ofthe abdominopelvic

regions?

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ANSWER 5

Hypogastricregion

Question 6

Fill in the blank with the correct directional term.

The hands areThe hands are ________ to the elbows.

ANSWER 6

The answer is….distal.

The hands are further away from the body than thewrist.

Question 7

Answer the following:

The lumbar region is(lateral or medial)

to the umbilical region?

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ANSWER 7

Lateral.You will findthe left and right lumbar region if youlumbar region if youbegin in the umbilicalarea and movelaterally to the left orright.

Question 8

Is the liverlocated primarily

to the left or right

of the midline?

ANSWER 8The liver is locatedto the right of themidline.

Remember to “see”through the eyes ofthe patient when itcomes to bodyorientation.

Question 9

Which plane divides thebody into cranial andcaudal (head and tail)

portions?

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ANSWER 9

The transverse plane

is a crosswise plane that divides the bodythat divides the body

or any of its parts into upper and lower

parts. AKA: horizontal plane

Question 10

Can you name the7

specific body regionsthat make-up

thecephalic region?

ANSWER 10

The 7 facial regions are:1. frontal – forehead2. orbital – eye3 otic – ear3. otic – ear 4. buccal – cheek5. nasal – nose6. oral – mouth7. mental - chin

End of Review