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MUSCLE INTRO PART 2 D.HAMMOUDI. MD

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Page 1: Muscle intro part 2 - Sinoe Medical Associationsinoemedicalassociation.org/AP3/muscleintropart2.pdfSKELETAL MUSCLE I. CELLS (FIBERS) 1) Very long compared with most other cells, up

MUSCLE  INTRO  PART  2

D.HAMMOUDI. MD

Page 2: Muscle intro part 2 - Sinoe Medical Associationsinoemedicalassociation.org/AP3/muscleintropart2.pdfSKELETAL MUSCLE I. CELLS (FIBERS) 1) Very long compared with most other cells, up

SKELEETAL M

UUSCLES

Page 3: Muscle intro part 2 - Sinoe Medical Associationsinoemedicalassociation.org/AP3/muscleintropart2.pdfSKELETAL MUSCLE I. CELLS (FIBERS) 1) Very long compared with most other cells, up
Page 4: Muscle intro part 2 - Sinoe Medical Associationsinoemedicalassociation.org/AP3/muscleintropart2.pdfSKELETAL MUSCLE I. CELLS (FIBERS) 1) Very long compared with most other cells, up

SKELETAL MUSCLE

I. CELLS (FIBERS)1) Very long compared with most other cells, up to several cm long, 10‐100micrometers in diameter2) Multinucleate, nuclei are located peripherally3) Development: Mesenchymal cell ‐‐‐> Myoblast (proliferative) ‐‐‐> Myotubule ‐‐‐> Muscle CellMesenchymal cell  > Myoblast (proliferative)  > Myotubule  > Muscle Cell

II. ARRANGEMENT OF FIBERS ‐ similar to tendon arrangement‐ Blood vessels, lymph vessels, and nerves penetrate muscle with perimysium E d i i ill i d fib‐ Endomysium contains capillaries and nerve fibers

III. STRIATION ULTRASTRUCTURE (Fibers ‐‐‐> Myofibrils ‐‐‐> Myofilaments)( y y )‐ Proteins are actin (thin filaments) and myosin (thick filaments), also tropomyosin and troponin are associated with thin filaments

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Skeletal muscles are composed of fibers(cells) bound together by connective tissue.

•Connective tissue associated with muscle [endomysium,perimysium,epimysium, fascia] 

Muscle attachments•Tendons are bands of dense connective tissue attaching muscle to bone.

•Most moveable attachment is insertion

•Least moveable attachment is origin

•Aponeurosisis a flattened sheet like muscle attachment.•Four principal fiber patterns in skeletal muscle1.Parallel fibers [rectus abdominus] 2.Convergent fibers [pectoralismajor] 3.Circular fibers [orbicularis oris]4.Pennatefibers [rectus femoris]

•Muscle cells contract when stimulated by nerve impulses•Isotonic & Isometric Contractions•Motor Unit is a motor neuron + muscle fibers it innervates •Myoneural Junction is the contact site between the end of the motor neuron and muscle fiber 

•Motor End Plate is the portion of the sarcolemma in contact with motor neuron.

Page 6: Muscle intro part 2 - Sinoe Medical Associationsinoemedicalassociation.org/AP3/muscleintropart2.pdfSKELETAL MUSCLE I. CELLS (FIBERS) 1) Very long compared with most other cells, up

SKELEThe three connective tissue sheaths are:

TALM

USC

Endomysium – fine sheath of connective tissue composed of reticular fibers  CLE

surrounding each muscle fiber

Perimysium – fibrous connective tissue thatPerimysium fibrous connective tissue that surrounds groups of muscle fibers called fasciclesfascicles

Epimysium – an overcoat of dense regular connective tissue that surrounds the entireconnective tissue that surrounds the entire muscle

Page 7: Muscle intro part 2 - Sinoe Medical Associationsinoemedicalassociation.org/AP3/muscleintropart2.pdfSKELETAL MUSCLE I. CELLS (FIBERS) 1) Very long compared with most other cells, up
Page 8: Muscle intro part 2 - Sinoe Medical Associationsinoemedicalassociation.org/AP3/muscleintropart2.pdfSKELETAL MUSCLE I. CELLS (FIBERS) 1) Very long compared with most other cells, up

Figure 9.2a

PLAY InterActive Physiology ®:Anatomy Review: Skeletal Muscle Tissue, pages 4‐6

Page 9: Muscle intro part 2 - Sinoe Medical Associationsinoemedicalassociation.org/AP3/muscleintropart2.pdfSKELETAL MUSCLE I. CELLS (FIBERS) 1) Very long compared with most other cells, up
Page 10: Muscle intro part 2 - Sinoe Medical Associationsinoemedicalassociation.org/AP3/muscleintropart2.pdfSKELETAL MUSCLE I. CELLS (FIBERS) 1) Very long compared with most other cells, up

SKEL

TAL

MU

LE

LESC

Page 11: Muscle intro part 2 - Sinoe Medical Associationsinoemedicalassociation.org/AP3/muscleintropart2.pdfSKELETAL MUSCLE I. CELLS (FIBERS) 1) Very long compared with most other cells, up

SKEL

TAL

MU

LE

LESC

Motor end plate= sarcolemma at neuromuscular junction

Page 12: Muscle intro part 2 - Sinoe Medical Associationsinoemedicalassociation.org/AP3/muscleintropart2.pdfSKELETAL MUSCLE I. CELLS (FIBERS) 1) Very long compared with most other cells, up

SKEL

TAL

MU

LE

LESC

Motor unit= myofibers innervated by same motor neuron

Muscles:Muscles:

Graded contractions by how many motor units contractunits contract.

Page 13: Muscle intro part 2 - Sinoe Medical Associationsinoemedicalassociation.org/AP3/muscleintropart2.pdfSKELETAL MUSCLE I. CELLS (FIBERS) 1) Very long compared with most other cells, up
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Sarcoplasm has numerous glycosomes and a unique oxygen‐bi di t i ll d l bi

MICROSCOPICbinding protein called myoglobin

Fib i h l ll

ANATOMY OF A

SKELETAL MUSCLE

FIBERFibers contain the usual organelles, myofibrils, sarcoplasmic reticulum, and T tubules

FIBER

and T tubules

Page 16: Muscle intro part 2 - Sinoe Medical Associationsinoemedicalassociation.org/AP3/muscleintropart2.pdfSKELETAL MUSCLE I. CELLS (FIBERS) 1) Very long compared with most other cells, up

MO

OR

UNIT TT

Page 17: Muscle intro part 2 - Sinoe Medical Associationsinoemedicalassociation.org/AP3/muscleintropart2.pdfSKELETAL MUSCLE I. CELLS (FIBERS) 1) Very long compared with most other cells, up

MU

SCLE

S

E

Twitch = muscle contraction

Summation:If second stimulus is administered before complete relaxation of muscle.

Complete tetanus:Complete tetanus:Fusion frequency of stimulation.

No visible relaxation between twitches.Smooth sustained contraction.

Page 18: Muscle intro part 2 - Sinoe Medical Associationsinoemedicalassociation.org/AP3/muscleintropart2.pdfSKELETAL MUSCLE I. CELLS (FIBERS) 1) Very long compared with most other cells, up

MUCS MUS

CLE

Page 19: Muscle intro part 2 - Sinoe Medical Associationsinoemedicalassociation.org/AP3/muscleintropart2.pdfSKELETAL MUSCLE I. CELLS (FIBERS) 1) Very long compared with most other cells, up

MU

LES

SC

Treppe:Second stimulus elicits a stronger response

Perhaps due to increase in intracellular Ca2+.

Page 20: Muscle intro part 2 - Sinoe Medical Associationsinoemedicalassociation.org/AP3/muscleintropart2.pdfSKELETAL MUSCLE I. CELLS (FIBERS) 1) Very long compared with most other cells, up

CONTR

ACTIO

NS

R

Isotonic contractions:Isotonic contractions:Force of contraction remains constant throughout the shortening process.

Isometric contractions:Length of muscle fibers remain constant.Length of muscle fibers remain constant.

Eccentric contractions:Force exerted on a muscle to stretch is greater than the force of muscle contraction.Running downhill

Page 21: Muscle intro part 2 - Sinoe Medical Associationsinoemedicalassociation.org/AP3/muscleintropart2.pdfSKELETAL MUSCLE I. CELLS (FIBERS) 1) Very long compared with most other cells, up

TENN

DONS

T dTendons:

Have elasticity.y

Di l ilDisplay recoil.

Spring back to resting length.p g g g

Page 22: Muscle intro part 2 - Sinoe Medical Associationsinoemedicalassociation.org/AP3/muscleintropart2.pdfSKELETAL MUSCLE I. CELLS (FIBERS) 1) Very long compared with most other cells, up

MET

BOL

M

TAIS

During some exercise: ATP used faster than can beDuring some exercise: ATP used faster than can be renewed through cell respiration.

So:  Phosphocreatine reservoir!

ADP + phosphocreatine > ATP + creatineADP + phosphocreatine ‐> ATP + creatine

Page 23: Muscle intro part 2 - Sinoe Medical Associationsinoemedicalassociation.org/AP3/muscleintropart2.pdfSKELETAL MUSCLE I. CELLS (FIBERS) 1) Very long compared with most other cells, up

SKELETAL MUSCLE

Contraction speed:

Slow twitchSlow‐twitch.

Fast‐twitch.

due to different myosins.

Red/white meat…!

Page 24: Muscle intro part 2 - Sinoe Medical Associationsinoemedicalassociation.org/AP3/muscleintropart2.pdfSKELETAL MUSCLE I. CELLS (FIBERS) 1) Very long compared with most other cells, up

Individual Fiber Types

Fast fibers� �

b•Type IIb� � ‐ Fast Fast‐twitch fibers twitch fibers � � ‐ Fast Fast‐glycolytic glycolytic fibers fibers � � g y y g y y

� �•Type IIa

� � ‐ Intermediate fibers Intermediate fibers� � ‐ Intermediate fibers Intermediate fibers � � ‐ Fast Fast‐oxidative oxidative glycolytic glycolytic fibers

Sl fibSlow fibers•� � Type I fibers � � ‐ Slow Slow‐twitch fibers twitch fibers � �� � ‐ Slow Slow‐oxidative oxidative fibers 

Page 25: Muscle intro part 2 - Sinoe Medical Associationsinoemedicalassociation.org/AP3/muscleintropart2.pdfSKELETAL MUSCLE I. CELLS (FIBERS) 1) Very long compared with most other cells, up

MYO

F

BERSSlow‐twitch: FI

Red fibers.

High oxidative capacity for aerobicHigh oxidative capacity for aerobic respiration.

Many: mitochondria capillariesMany: mitochondria, capillaries

Myoglobin (like hemoglobin) for oxygen.

Postural muscles

Page 26: Muscle intro part 2 - Sinoe Medical Associationsinoemedicalassociation.org/AP3/muscleintropart2.pdfSKELETAL MUSCLE I. CELLS (FIBERS) 1) Very long compared with most other cells, up

MYO

F

BERS

FI

Fast‐twitch (type IIX fibers):( yp )White fibers.respire anaerobically.much glycogenmuch glycogen.

Fast‐twitch oxidative (type IIA fibers):Also white fibers.

People vary genetically in proportion of fast‐ andPeople vary genetically in proportion of fast and slow‐twitch fibers in their muscles.

Page 27: Muscle intro part 2 - Sinoe Medical Associationsinoemedicalassociation.org/AP3/muscleintropart2.pdfSKELETAL MUSCLE I. CELLS (FIBERS) 1) Very long compared with most other cells, up

EXERC

SE

CI

Weight lifting: hypertrophy.

Endurance training:  more mitochondria.

Page 28: Muscle intro part 2 - Sinoe Medical Associationsinoemedicalassociation.org/AP3/muscleintropart2.pdfSKELETAL MUSCLE I. CELLS (FIBERS) 1) Very long compared with most other cells, up

MUS

LESPIN

LEAPPA

RATUMuscle spindle apparatus SCDAU

SLength detector.

1. Contains thin muscle cells called intrafusal fibers.

2 Reflex contraction in response to rapid stretch2. Reflex contraction in response to rapid stretch.

3. Stimulated by γmotor neurons from spinal cord.4. Helps maintain muscle tone (resting muscle p ( g

length and state of tension).

5. Extrafusal fibers (rest of muscle!): stimulated by αmotor neurons from spinal cord.

Page 29: Muscle intro part 2 - Sinoe Medical Associationsinoemedicalassociation.org/AP3/muscleintropart2.pdfSKELETAL MUSCLE I. CELLS (FIBERS) 1) Very long compared with most other cells, up

SPIN

LEAPPA

RATU NDAUS

Page 30: Muscle intro part 2 - Sinoe Medical Associationsinoemedicalassociation.org/AP3/muscleintropart2.pdfSKELETAL MUSCLE I. CELLS (FIBERS) 1) Very long compared with most other cells, up

GOL

ITEN

ON

ORG

N

LGDGA

G l i t dGolgi tendon organ

H l iHelps prevent excessive muscle contraction or excessive passiveexcessive passive muscle stretching.

A reflexA reflex.

Page 31: Muscle intro part 2 - Sinoe Medical Associationsinoemedicalassociation.org/AP3/muscleintropart2.pdfSKELETAL MUSCLE I. CELLS (FIBERS) 1) Very long compared with most other cells, up

SKELETA

LMMUSCL

Agonistmuscle:Prime mover

LESPrime mover.

Antagonistmuscle:Antagonistmuscle:Flexors and extensors that act on the same joint to produce opposite actions.

Page 32: Muscle intro part 2 - Sinoe Medical Associationsinoemedicalassociation.org/AP3/muscleintropart2.pdfSKELETAL MUSCLE I. CELLS (FIBERS) 1) Very long compared with most other cells, up

REC

ROC

LINNE

VAT

N

IPCAERIO

i l i iReciprocal innervation:

motor neurons of antagonistic muscles inhibit each other (through interneurons) so they don’t both contract(through interneurons) so they don t both contract simultaneously.

When limb is flexed, antagonistic extensor muscles are passively stretched.

Page 33: Muscle intro part 2 - Sinoe Medical Associationsinoemedicalassociation.org/AP3/muscleintropart2.pdfSKELETAL MUSCLE I. CELLS (FIBERS) 1) Very long compared with most other cells, up

CARDIAC MUSCLE

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Page 35: Muscle intro part 2 - Sinoe Medical Associationsinoemedicalassociation.org/AP3/muscleintropart2.pdfSKELETAL MUSCLE I. CELLS (FIBERS) 1) Very long compared with most other cells, up

CARRD

IACMM

USCLEE

Page 36: Muscle intro part 2 - Sinoe Medical Associationsinoemedicalassociation.org/AP3/muscleintropart2.pdfSKELETAL MUSCLE I. CELLS (FIBERS) 1) Very long compared with most other cells, up
Page 37: Muscle intro part 2 - Sinoe Medical Associationsinoemedicalassociation.org/AP3/muscleintropart2.pdfSKELETAL MUSCLE I. CELLS (FIBERS) 1) Very long compared with most other cells, up
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CAR

AC

MU

LE

RDI

SC

Like skeletal muscle:‐ striated: actin and myosin in sarcomeres.‐ contract via sliding‐filament mechanism.

Unique to cardiac muscle:‐ Adjacent myocardial cells joined by gap junctions= i l d di l i lintercalated discs=electrical synapse.

Page 40: Muscle intro part 2 - Sinoe Medical Associationsinoemedicalassociation.org/AP3/muscleintropart2.pdfSKELETAL MUSCLE I. CELLS (FIBERS) 1) Very long compared with most other cells, up

SMOOTH MUSCLE

Page 41: Muscle intro part 2 - Sinoe Medical Associationsinoemedicalassociation.org/AP3/muscleintropart2.pdfSKELETAL MUSCLE I. CELLS (FIBERS) 1) Very long compared with most other cells, up
Page 42: Muscle intro part 2 - Sinoe Medical Associationsinoemedicalassociation.org/AP3/muscleintropart2.pdfSKELETAL MUSCLE I. CELLS (FIBERS) 1) Very long compared with most other cells, up

SMO

OTH

MU

LE

OSC

Not striated.Not striated.

NO sarcomeres.

Lots of actin, some myosin

Can contract even when very stretchedCan contract even when very stretched.

Graded contractions

Page 43: Muscle intro part 2 - Sinoe Medical Associationsinoemedicalassociation.org/AP3/muscleintropart2.pdfSKELETAL MUSCLE I. CELLS (FIBERS) 1) Very long compared with most other cells, up

SMO

OTH

MU

LE

OSC

Page 44: Muscle intro part 2 - Sinoe Medical Associationsinoemedicalassociation.org/AP3/muscleintropart2.pdfSKELETAL MUSCLE I. CELLS (FIBERS) 1) Very long compared with most other cells, up

SMOOOTH

MActin all over the cell linked by myosin (web‐like MUSCL

Actin all over the cell, linked by myosin (web‐like pattern, not striations).

E

Rise in Ca2+ > Ca2+ binds with calmodulin > activatesRise in Ca ‐>  Ca binds with calmodulin ‐> activates MLCK (a kinase) ‐> Myosin heads are phosphorylated and can bind to actin.

Page 45: Muscle intro part 2 - Sinoe Medical Associationsinoemedicalassociation.org/AP3/muscleintropart2.pdfSKELETAL MUSCLE I. CELLS (FIBERS) 1) Very long compared with most other cells, up

MYO

IBERANA

OMY OF

RATY

Sarcoplasmic reticulum lies next to T tubules. 

Transverse tubules= infoldings of sarcolemma.  

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TH•Forcing a muscle to work HEOV

Forcing a muscle to work promotes increased muscular  VERLO

strength

l d d

OADP

•Muscles adapt to increased demands P

RINC

demands

•Muscles must be overloaded CIPLE

Muscles must be overloaded to produce further gains E

Page 47: Muscle intro part 2 - Sinoe Medical Associationsinoemedicalassociation.org/AP3/muscleintropart2.pdfSKELETAL MUSCLE I. CELLS (FIBERS) 1) Very long compared with most other cells, up

SMOOOTH

MUSCComposed of spindle‐shaped fibers with a LEComposed of spindle‐shaped fibers with a 

diameter of 2‐10 μm and lengths of l h d dseveral hundred μm

Lack the coarse connective tissue sheaths of skeletal muscle, but have fine endomysiumendomysium

Organized into two layers (longitudinal d i l ) f l l d fiband circular) of closely apposed fibers

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SMOOFound in walls of hollow organs (except the  OTH

MUSC

heart)

Have essentially the same contractile  LE

mechanisms as skeletal muscle

Page 49: Muscle intro part 2 - Sinoe Medical Associationsinoemedicalassociation.org/AP3/muscleintropart2.pdfSKELETAL MUSCLE I. CELLS (FIBERS) 1) Very long compared with most other cells, up

SMOOOTH

MUSCLE

Figure 9.24

Page 50: Muscle intro part 2 - Sinoe Medical Associationsinoemedicalassociation.org/AP3/muscleintropart2.pdfSKELETAL MUSCLE I. CELLS (FIBERS) 1) Very long compared with most other cells, up

SMOOTH

 MUSCLES

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PERIST

When the longitudinal layer contracts, the TA

LSIS

organ dilates and contracts 

When the circular layer contracts, the organ elongateselongates

P i t l i lt ti t ti dPeristalsis – alternating contractions and relaxations of smooth muscles that mix and 

b t th h th l fsqueeze substances through the lumen of hollow organs

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INNER

Smooth muscle lacks neuromuscular junctionsRVA

TIONOF

Innervating nerves have bulbous swellings called 

FSMOOTH

varicosities

HM

USCLE

Varicosities release neurotransmitters into wide synaptic clefts called diffuse junctions

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INNERRVA

TIONOFFSMOOTHH

MUSCLE

Figure 9.25

Page 54: Muscle intro part 2 - Sinoe Medical Associationsinoemedicalassociation.org/AP3/muscleintropart2.pdfSKELETAL MUSCLE I. CELLS (FIBERS) 1) Very long compared with most other cells, up

MICRO

SR is less developed than in skeletal muscle and OSCO

PICA

lacks a specific pattern

T tubules are absent ANATO

MYO

Plasma membranes have pouchlike infoldings called caveoli O

FSMOOTTH

MUSCLEE

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MICRO

Ca2+ is sequestered in the extracellular space OSCO

PICA

near the caveoli, allowing rapid influx when channels are opened A

NATO

MYOThere are no visible striations and no OFSMOOT

There are no visible striations and no sarcomeres

THM

USCLE

Thin and thick filaments are present

E

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PRO

PO

SMOO ORTIO

NAN

OTH

MUSC

Thi k d hi fil d di ll

NDORG

AN

LEThick and thin filaments are arranged diagonally, causing smooth muscle to contract in a corkscrew manner IZA

TIONOF

manner

Noncontractile intermediate filament bundles attach to dense bodies (analogous to Z discs) at regular intervals F

MYO

FILA

dense bodies (analogous to Z discs) at regular intervals

AMEN

TSIN

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HYPER

Certain smooth muscles can divide and increase their numbers by undergoing hyperplasia RPLA

SIA

by undergoing hyperplasia

This This is shown by estrogen’s effect on the uterusis shown by estrogen’s effect on the uterus

At puberty, estrogen stimulates the synthesis of more smooth muscle, causing the uterus to grow to adult size

During pregnancy, estrogen stimulates uterine growth to accommodate the increasing size of the growing fetusg g g

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Table 9.3.1

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Comparison of Skeletal, Cardiac and Smooth Muscle Cells

Skeletal Muscle Cell: Cardiac Muscle: Smooth Muscle Cell:

Elongated Cells Branching Cells Spindle-Shaped Cell

Multiple Peripheral Nuclei Single Central Nucleus Single Central Nucleus

Visible Striations Visible Striations Lack Visible Striations

Voluntary Involuntary Involuntary

Page 60: Muscle intro part 2 - Sinoe Medical Associationsinoemedicalassociation.org/AP3/muscleintropart2.pdfSKELETAL MUSCLE I. CELLS (FIBERS) 1) Very long compared with most other cells, up
Page 61: Muscle intro part 2 - Sinoe Medical Associationsinoemedicalassociation.org/AP3/muscleintropart2.pdfSKELETAL MUSCLE I. CELLS (FIBERS) 1) Very long compared with most other cells, up

Table 9.3.2

Page 62: Muscle intro part 2 - Sinoe Medical Associationsinoemedicalassociation.org/AP3/muscleintropart2.pdfSKELETAL MUSCLE I. CELLS (FIBERS) 1) Very long compared with most other cells, up

Table 9.3.3

Page 63: Muscle intro part 2 - Sinoe Medical Associationsinoemedicalassociation.org/AP3/muscleintropart2.pdfSKELETAL MUSCLE I. CELLS (FIBERS) 1) Very long compared with most other cells, up

Table 9.3.4

Page 64: Muscle intro part 2 - Sinoe Medical Associationsinoemedicalassociation.org/AP3/muscleintropart2.pdfSKELETAL MUSCLE I. CELLS (FIBERS) 1) Very long compared with most other cells, up

SOME

High CK LevelsHigh CK Levels• Racial differencesT ( h bl )

EGEN

ERALMuscle EnzymesMuscle Enzymes

• Trauma (sharp or blunt)• Exercise (anaerobiic, aerobiic)• Drugs IN

FO

yy• CPK (classic)

• MM skeletal muscleMB C di l

• Drugs• Toxins• Carrier state• MB Cardiac muscle

• BB brain

• Aldolase• Pre‐disease• Asymptomatic (benign) hyper‐CK‐

• SGOT• SGPT

emia

• LDH