CHUYÊN ðỀ - Zuniimg1.res.zuni.vn/courses/lessonDocuments/1015/chuyende2-1402219483... · Tài liệu ôn tập Văn phạm Tiếng Anh ðặng Thanh Tâm – THPT Chu Văn An

Tài liệu ôn tập Văn phạm Tiếng Anh ðặng Thanh Tâm – THPT Chu Văn An Năm học 2013-2014

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CHUYÊN ðỀ 2:MODAL & FINITE VERB GV hướng dẫn: Thầy ðặng Thanh Tâm

A.MODAL VERBS & AUXILIARY B. FINITE VERB : TENSE- MODE-NUMBER (THÌ- THỂ- SỐ) - Verb tenses - Active & passive voice - Subject & verb concord

I. MODAL VERBS

A. MODAL VERBS: MODAL VERBS USAGE EXAMPLES 1.CAN / COULD

1.To express ability, power or capacity to do something. ( These are usually replaced by BE ABLE TO in the perfect and future tenses 2.To make request or to grant permission. COULD is a more polite way of doing either of these. 3.To express a possibility or a doubt. 4.To show a negative conclusion.

-He can speak English very well. -He could talk when he was only eight months old. -She will be able to help us after she has finishedher work. - Can I borrow your book ? ( Request ) Yes, you can . ( permission) -Could you help me with my homework ? -He can be very naughty at times. ( A possibility ) -I don’t think I can do the sum. (a doubt ) -Mr Long is in England now; that man over there can’t be him.

2.WILL / WOULD

-“Will” is used to form the future tenses -‘Would” is used to replace will in indirect speech. -Will & Would are used in conditional sentences -To express a request or a wish ( Would is a more polite form. -Will is used to show determination and persistence. In this case, will is strongly stressed

-They will be waiting for us at the railway station. -He said that he would be back by three o’clock. -We will not wait for you if you are late. -If she knew she would refuse to come with us. -The boy would have drowned if you had not rescued him. -Will you show me the way to his house ? -Would you like to join us for lunch ? - I will do as I like. - She will do it even if we tell her it is wrong.

3.SHALL / SHOULD

-“Shall” is used to form the future tenses. Should is the past equivalent of Shall. They are usually used with I

- We shall visit him next week. - I should stop worrying If I were you.



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and WE -In conditional sentences -To express a request for advice . SHALL may be used to express determination, promises or threats -Should is used to express an obligation to do something. As such it is the equipvalent of OUGHT TO

-We shall all go as we have planned even if he changes his mind. -We shall go ahead with the plan. (determination) -I shall take you there if you are good. ( promise ) -If she does it again, we shall teach her a lesson.( threat) - We should help the blind man across the road. - You should be polite to your teachers.

4.MAY / MIGHT

-To give , refuse or ask for permission .MAY & MGHT are more formal than CAN or COULD -To show possibility. With MIGHT the possibility is weaker. -In conditional events - To express concession and purposes -MAY is used to express a wish, MIGHT is used to show a mild command.

- May I use the telephone ? -Yes, you may / No, you may not. -I might pay you a visit if I have time. -I might have died if this faithful dog had not saved me. -Try as we might, we couldn’t solve the mathematics problem. (concession) -Give him the cheque sothat he may cash it for you.(purpose) - May God bless you.

5.MUST / HAVE TO

- To express command, compulsion, obligation or necessity. MUST shows the compulsation that comes from the speaker; HAVE TO shows that the compulsation is usually from outside sources. -HAVE TO is used to replace MUST for past, future and conditional -MUST implies a logical or reasonable conclusion

-You must not be late again. (command) -We must always keep our classroom neat and tidy. (Obligation) -We had to leave the work unfinished yeasterday because of the meeting. (compulsation) -We have to brush our teeth every day. (necessary ) -He had to leave for Hanoi in a hurry yeasterday.( past) -If you break the instruments, you will have to pay for them.( conditional) -He has not eaten for two days; he must be starving.

6.NEEDN’T / NEED NOT

-Need not / needn’t implies a lack of necessity to do something

-You need not go with them. ( It is not necessary for you to go with them. )



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B.MODAL PERFECT CONSTRUCTION :

MODAL VERBS + HAVE –V 3/ED Ex1: It may have rained last night, but I’m not sure. Ex2: The cause of death could have been bacteria. Ex3: John might have gone to the movies yesterday. COULD / MAY / MIGHT + HAVE V-ED/3 : có thể là ñã…. USAGE : This is used to indicate a past possibility or an ability to do something in the past Ex: John should have gone to the post office this morning. (He did not go to the post office) Ex: Maria shouldn’t have called John last night.( She called him) SHOULD(N’T) + HAVE V-ED/3 = WAS / WERE SUPPOSED TO + V0 : lẽ ra nên (không nên) làm gì. USAGE : This is used to indicate an obligation that was supposed to occur in the past, but for some reason it did not occur. Ex: The grass is wet. It must have rained last night. Ex: Sandra failed the test. She must not have studied. ( she probably did not study.) MUST + HAVE V-ED/3 : chắc hẵn là…. USAGE : This is used to express a logical conclusion in the past. Note: Dạng phủ ñịnh của must have +V3/ed là : can’t / couldn’t have +V3/ed : Không thể ñã làm gì EX:She was too far away, so she can’t / couldn’t have seen you. ( It’s not possible that she saw you.) Ex: Oh, you needn’t have done the washing up. NEED / NEEDN’T HAVE V-ED/3: ( không) cần phải làm gì trong quá khứ…nh ưng ñ ã x ảy ra r ồi. USAGE : this is used to indicate someone’s regret about something in the past. Ex: Dave can’t have put any salt in this sauce.It’s completely tasteless. CAN/ CAN’T + HAVE V-ED/3 : chắc là ñã / chắc chắn không thể ……. USAGE : This is used to indicate a feeling of certainty with some evidence. Question : Choose the best answers A,B,C or D 1. You have been reading for four hours. This book ___ be very interesting. A. can B. might C. must D. should 2. ________you carry those heavy bags for me, please? A. Will B. Must C. Should D. Have 3. Since they aren't answering their telephone, they____________have left A. must B. should C. need D. can 4._______ we go shopping this evening?_ That's a good idea. A. Will B. Shall C. Might D. Must 5. I________find my own way there. You _______wait for me A. should / can’t B. have to / must C. can / needn’t D. might / mustn’t 6. We________drive fast; there is a speed limit here. A. may B. needn’t C. mustn’t D. must



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7. _______I have a day off tomorrow? – Of course not. We have a lot of things to do. A. Must B. Will C. May D. Need 8.She _______ have been the one who caused the damage, I think. She was not home then. A. must B. mustn't C. needn't D. can't 9. I told him that he ___hope to catch a big fish with a small rod like this. A. can B. couldn’t C. mustn’t D. may 10.What a dangerous thing to do! You_______________have been killed! A. may B. can C. must D. might 11. Don’t phone Ann now. She ___ be having lunch. A. might B. can C. must D. has to 12. This road is very narrow. It _________to be widened. A. might B. needs C. mustn’t D. may 13. They have plenty of time, so they needn’t _____________. A. be hurry B. to hurry C. hurry D. to be hurried 14. You’re having a sore throat. You’d better___ to the doctor. A. to go B. went C. go D. going 15. Jane wasn't in when I arrived. I suppose she _______ I was coming. A. can't have forgotten B. must forget C. may forget D. must have forgotten 16. You ______not copy the questions when answering them. A.Could B.need C.might D.would 17. It isn’t necessary for you to finish the report by Sunday. A. You don’t need finish the report by Sunday. B.You mustn’t finish the report by Sunday. C. You might not finish the report by Sunday. D.You don’t need to finish the report by Sunday. 18. It was a mistake of you to lose your passport. A. You shouldn't have lost your passport. B. There must be a mistake in your passport. C. You needn't have brought your passport. D. Your passport must be lost. 19. It's time we left for the disco. A. We may leave for the disco now. B. We needn't leave for the disco now. C. We should leave for the disco now. D. We must have leave for the disco now. 20. It’s possible that the teacher didn’t understand what I meant. A. The teacher may not understand what I mean. B. The teacher might not understand what I mean. C. The teacher might not have understood what I wanted to say. D. It is impossible that the teacher understood what I meant. 22. It is important for me to study hard for this exam. A. I should study hard for this exam. B. I had to study hard for this exam. C. I must study hard for this exam. D. I will study hard for this exam. 23.I am sure he did not know that his brother graduated with flying colors. A. He cannot have known that his brother graduated with very high marks. B. He may not know that his brother is flying gradually up in a colorful balloon. C. That his brother graduated with flying colors must have been appreciated by him. D. He should not have been envious of his brother’s achievement. 24.It was rude to refuse to help mother. You should help her. A B C D



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II. FINITE VERB : THÌ- THỂ- SỐ A.VERB TENSES

� THEORY:

TENSE FORM USAGE EXAMPLES CLUES 1.SIMPLE PRESENT V-s/es V0

S + do / does + V0 Do / Does + S+ V0 ?

-diễn tả một thói quen -một chân lí -chương trình, lịch trình làm việc, tàu bè……

- I study for two hours every night. - The earth goes around the sun. -Flight 504 departs at 10:00.

-always, often, usually,sometimes, rarely, seldom, never, every day…….. - Frequently - generally - occasionally, - now and then

2.PRESENT CONTINUOUS is/ am + V-ing are is/ am NOT + V-ing are Is/ Am +S + V-ing ? Are

-hành ñộng, sự việc ñang xảy ra lúc nói -ñang xảy ra trong một giai ñoạn bao gồm hiện tại -dự ñịnh sẽ thực hiện trong tương lai .

-Mary is writing a letter at the moment. - Some friends of mine are building their own house .. - I ‘m playing tennis this Sunday.

-now , right now - at the moment…… -Listen! -Look ! -Hurry up ! -at present

3.PRESENT PERFECT has + V-ed / 3 have has NOT + V-ed / 3 have . Has + S+ V-ed / 3 ? Have

-một hành ñộng xảy ra trong quá khứ, nhưng không rõ thời gian -hành ñộng bắt ñầu trong quá khứ kéo dài ñến hiện tại -một hành ñộng vừa mới xảy ra.

- I have heard that story before. - They have lived here for five years( now). - She has just gone out.

- before (cuối câu) -Just, never, ever, yet,not….yet, already, recently, lately, so far - Up to now - since then, - since + thời ñiểm - for + khoảng TG - in the last few days - It’s the first time.. - It’s the most adj…. - two / several times… - this year / today - For / During the past two years,……

4.PAST SIMPLE V-ed / 2 S+ did NOT + V0 Did + S + V0 ?

-hành ñộng, sự việc xảy ra và chấm dứt trong quá khứ có thời gian xác ñịnh. - diễn tả một thói quen trong quá khứ.

-. I met John yesterday. - He often jogged when he was young.. -If I had enough money, I would buy that car. -I wish I had a new car now.

-yesterday, last(night/ week) -………ago - in 1990 -If clause (type 2) -Present Wish

5.PAST CONTINUOUS Was + V-ing were

-một hành ñộng ñang xảy ra ở một thời ñiểm nào ñó trong quá khứ.

- We were watching T.V at 8 o’clock last night.

-at 8 o’clock last



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Was NOT + V-ing were Was S + V-ing ? were

-một hành ñộng ñang xảy ra trong quá khứ thì có hành ñộng khác xen vào. -diễn tả hai hành ñộng cùng ñang diễn ra trong quá khứ.

- I was reading when the lights went out. - They were playing ball while I was doing my work.

night/yesterday -….when S + V-ed/2 -While ……..

6.PAST PERFECT had + V-ed/3 had NOT + V-ed/3 Had + S + V-ed/3 ?

-một hành ñộng xảy ra trước hành ñộng khác hay một thời ñiểm xác ñịnh trong quá khứ.

- The child had died before he was brought to hospital. - If Nam had studied hard, he would have passed the exam.

- When ( already).. - after - before - If clause (type 3) -Hardly…when.. Barely….when.. Scarcely….when… -No sooner…than….

7.SIMPLE FUTURE will + Vo will + NOT Vo

Will + S+ Vo?

-một hành ñộng, sự việc sẽ thực hiện hay xảy ra trong tương lai (quyết ñịnh lúc nói) -diễn tả một ñề nghị hay yêu cầu người khác làm ñiều gì.

-” Did you phone Linda ?” “ Oh, no.I forgot.I will do it now.” - Will you go shopping with me now ?

-tomorrow -next (week/ month/ year..) -tonight -in 2010 -If clause ( type1)

8.FUTURE PLANS & INTENTION (be) going to+ V0

(be) not going to+ V0

(Be) +S going to+ V0?

-Khi nói về một ý ñịnh, dự ñoán

-I’m going to talk to him about this tomorrow. -The sun’s going down . I think it’s going to be dark in half an hour.

9.FUTURE PERFECT will have+V-ed/3 will not have + V-ed/3 will+S+have+V-ed/3 ?

-Sự việc sẽ xảy ra và hoàn tất tại hoặc trước một thời ñiểm hoặc sự việc nào ñó trong tương lai.

-I will have finished this report by tomorrow. -We will have lived here for 5 years by the time you return home.

-By the time + S –V... (Future facts)

10.FUTURE CONTINUOUS will be + V-ing won’t be + V-ing Will + S+ be + V ing ?

-Sự việc ñang diễn ra tại một thời ñiểm nào ñó trong tương lai. -Sự việc trong tương lai ñã ñược hoạch ñịnh hoặc mong ñợi sẽ diễn ra.

-This time tomorrow I will be lying on a beautiful sandy beach in Gold Coast. -I will be seeing you one of these days, I expect.

-This time tomorrow

� TIPS ON TEST TAKING :



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Question 1: Write the correct tense form for each case. � For single sentence: Câu ñơn: Hãy hoàn thành các câu sau bằng cách viết công thức thì của ñộng từ ở vị trí bỏ trống 1. S + ………………………. Since + ( thời ñiểm ) / For + ( khoảng thời gian) / several times / before / up

to now / so far / recently / lately……... 2. ( Câu mệnh lệnh) S +…………………… now / at the moment /right now / at present . 3. S + ………………….….(two days…) ago / last (week / month / summer..) / yesterday /in 1990. 4. S+ …………………….. + tomorrow / next week (year / month…..) / in 2020. � For complex sentence: Câu phức: Hãy hoàn thành các câu sau bằng cách viết công thức thì của ñộng từ ở vị trí bỏ trống 1.Câu mệnh lệnh // S + will + Vo until / when + S + ………………………. 2.While S +……………………., S + V2/ed ( was-were + V-ing) 3. S + ……………………….. after + S +………………………. (Yesterday.) 4. S + ……………………….. before + S +………………………. (Yesterday.) 5. S+ ………………………. since + S + ……………………….. 6. S + said / told + O that + S +……….………. the next day / the following day (week ). 7. S + asked (O) / wondered + if /wh- S +…………….…. the day (years) before / the previous day/ yet / since / so far / lately / recently…. 8.S+ ………/ barely/ scarcely/hardly ……….. when + S +……………….. no sooner than Note: Hardly / no sooner ñặt ở ñầu câu thì có sự ñảo ngữ. Ex. No sooner had he left home than it started to rain. --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

SENTENCE TRANSFORMATION Tips: - S + HAVE / HAS + NOT+ V3-ED ………SINCE ( FOR ) ……… - S + LAST + V2-ED…….WHEN……………………..… - THE LAST TIME + S + V2-ED ………….WAS ( IN + 1990) / …..AGO. - IT’S + (A PERIOD OF TIME) SINCE + S + V2-ED .

- THIS IS THE FIRST TIME + S + HAVE / HAS + V3-ED Question 2: Choose the best answers A,B,C or D 1. Unemployment ……………….. by 4% since January and now stands at just under three million. A. was raised B. were raised C. has risen D. rose 2.Danielle tried to solve a puzzle while she …………………. for the bus. A. waited B.has waited C.were waiting D. was waiting 3.The earth …………around the sun. A.moves B.has moved C.move D.moved 4. Over the past few years the cost of leaving……………considerably.. A. has risen B. was rising C. have risen D. had risen 5. Robert said that his father ……….. to Dallas the year before. A. goes B. went C. has gone D. had gone 6. …………………. for a job for a long time before you got it? A. Were you looking B. Had you looked C. Have you looked D. Have you been looking 7.She suddenly remembered that she………..……her keys at home. A.has left B.had left C.was leaving D.left



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8.If I had known John……………ill last week, I ‘d have visited him. A.was B.were C.had been D.has been

9.Come and see me when you …….. your work. A. finish B. will finish C. had finished D. finished 10.George thought that Mary ……………….. him anymore. A. don’t trust B. won’t trust C. didn’t trust D. hasn’t trusted 11.Because he ………………. the oil for so long, the car broke down. A. doesn't check B. hadn't checked C. hasn't checked D. didn't check 12.They ……..dinner and discussed the problem at the same time. A. have eaten B. ate C. were eating D. had eaten 13. The cyclist…………………he crossed the main street. A.looked with caution after B.had looked with caution before B.was looked with caution D.looks with caution when 14.Sorry, could you say that again?. I ……….. to you. A. don’t listen B. haven’t listened C. didn’t listen D. hadn’t listened 15.By the time I applied, all the hoilday vouchers ................. used up. A. had been B have been C. were D. are 16.The grocer's shop ................... since the supermarket opened. A.closed B. has closed C. has been closing D. is closed 17.……….. before? Laura, this is Peter. A. Do you two meet B. Have you two met C. Did you two meet D. Had you two met 18.John said that he…………. her since they………….. A. hasn’t met – graduated B. hadn’t met – had graduated C. hasn’t met – have graduated D. hadn’t met -graduated 19.It is likely that he ……… here for the meeting. A. arrives B. will arrive C. would arrive D. had arrived C. has been working D. has worked 20.I was very late. So, by the time I got to the station at 7.30, the 7.15 train ………….. A. left B. had left C. has left D. was leaving 21. By the time we get out of this traffic jam, all the guests ……………… home. A. have gone B. had gone C. will go D. will have gone 22. In ten year's time the population of the world...................... to 500 million. A. grows B. is growing C. has grown D. will have grown 23. By the end of this year my father ……………. in this company for 12 years. A. will work B. will have been working 24.Who will look after the house ______________. A. while we will be on holiday in France ? B. since we left for France ? C. during our holiday in France last year? D. when we leave for France ? 25. Someone knocked on the door during my lunchtime. A. I had lunch when someone knocked on the door. B. I was having lunch when someone was knocking on the door. C. When I had had lunch, someone knocked on the door. D. I was having lunch when someone knocked on the door. 26.As soon as they arrived at the beach, it started to rain. A. No sooner had they arrived at the beach than it started to rain B. They had no sooner arrived at the beach, it started to rain C. They had hardly arrived at the beach, it started to rain D. It stared to rain when arriving at the beach 27. I haven’t seen that woman here before. �It’s the first time _____________________________ A. to see that woman here. B. I have seen that woman here. C. since I saw that woman here. D. I haven’t seen that woman here.



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28. I started working here in 2000. A. I have started working here since 2000. B. I have worked here since 2000. C. I have started work here since 2000. D. I haven't worked here since 2000. 29. The last time my father played tennis was in 1990. A. My father has played tennis since 1990. B. My father started playing tennis in 1990. C. My father hasn’t played tennis since 1990. D. My father has started playing tennis since 1990.

30.I started working for the company a year ago. A. I’ve been in this company a year ago. B. It’s been a year since I started working for the company. C. It’s the company that I started work a year ago. D. It’s a year that I work for the company. 31. After driving for twenty miles, he suddenly realized that he has been driving in the wrong direction. A B C D 32.Before the invention of the printing press, books have been all printed by hand. A B C D 33.I read a book and then I was going to sleep A B C D 34.My brother was watching TV during I was doing my homework.

A B C D 35. Our lifestyle changed since running water came to our village. A B C D � FURTHER PRACTICE Exercise – Choose the option that best completes each of the following sentences.

1. ...... I was walking around the supermarket, I saw a friend of mine. A. As soon as B. As C. Until D. Since 2. The first time I noticed something wrong was ...... I got home. A. after B. when C. since D. until 3. He has been selling motorbike ...... A. ten years ago B. in ten years C. until ten years D. for ten years now 4. He won’t return home ........... midnight. A. until B. when C. for D. while

5. ……… John Kennedy was elected president, he was the youngest American President ever. A. Before B. As long as C. When D. While

6 . She wishes he ................... his letter of application earlier. A. would write B. had written C. wrote D. would wrote 7.All of the food ………..before we arrived at the restaurant .

A. sold B. has sold C. had been sold D. was being sold 8.Had she invited me, I _______ to her wedding party while I was in Dalat.

A. will come B. will have come C. would come D. would have come 9.If I had the map now, I ______ a short-cut across the desert.

A. could have taken B. take C. can take D. could take 10.He went back to work in his country after he ___ his course on Advanced Engineering in London.

A. finishes B. has finished C. had finished D. was finishing 11. When I last saw him, he ...... in London. A. has lived B. is living C. was living D. has been living 12. We ....... Dorothy since last Saturday.



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A. don’t see B. haven’t seen C. didn’t see D. hadn’t seen 13. He fell down when he ...... towards the church. A. run B. runs C. was running D. had run 14. I ................... in the room right now. A. is being B. was being C. have been being D. am 15. I ................. to New York three times this year. A. have been B. was C. were D. had been 16. The little girl asked what ...... to her friend. A. has happened B. happened C. had happened D. is happening 17. Christopher Columbus ...... America more than 500 years ago. A. discovered B. has discovered C. had discovered D. had been discovering 18. They ...... there when their father died. A. still lived B. lived still C. was still living D. were still living 19. By next Christmas, I ...... for Mr. Smith for six years. A. shall have been working B. shall work C. have been working D. shall be working 20. Almost everyone ...... for home by the time we arrived. A. leave B. left C. leaves D. had left 21. While her husband was in the army, Mary ...... to him twice a week. A. was writing B. wrote C. was written D. had written 22. I have never played badminton before. This is the first time I ...... to play. A. try B. tried C. have tried D. am trying 23. Since he ......, I have heard nothing from him. A. had left B. left C. has left D. leaves 24. The children are still ill but they ...... better gradually. A. get B. got C. have got D. are getting 25. After Jessica …… her degree, she intends to work in her father’s company.

A. will finish B. will have finished C. finishes D. is finishing 26. By the time I go to bed tonight, I …… my work for the day.

A. will finish B. have finished C. will have finished D. finish 27. When my parents …… for a visit tomorrow, they will see our new baby for the first time.

A. will arrive B. arrived C. will have arrived D. arrive 28. I ...... in Hanoi before I moved to Ho Chi Minh City. A. have been living B. have lived C. had lived D. had been living 29. He will take the dog out for a walk as soon as he ...... dinner. A. finish B. finishes C. will finish D. will have finished 30. Fatemah looked down to discover a snake at her feet. When she saw it, she ……

A. was screaming B. had screamed C. screamed D. screams 31. By the time Alfonso finally graduated from high school, he …… seven different schools because

his parents moved frequently. A. attended B. was attending C. had attended D. had been attending

32. Until you learn to relaxe more, you …… your ability to speak English. A. haven’t improved B. aren’t improving C. don’t improve D. won’t improve

33. I borrowed four books on gardening the last time I …… to the library. A. go B. went C. had gone D. have gone

34. Before I started the car, all of the passengers …… their seat belts. A. will buckle B. had buckled C. buckle D. have buckled

35. It seems that whenever I travel abroad I …… to take something I need. A. forgot B. am forgetting C. forget D. had forgotten

36. When I see the doctor this afternoon, I …… him to look at my throat. A. will ask B. asked C. will have asked D. ask

37. After ancient Greek athletes won a race in the Olympics, they …… a simple crown of olive leaves. A. received B. had received C. were receiving D. have received

38. After the race ……, the celebration began. A. had been won B. is won C. will be won D. has been won



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39. I’ll return Bob’s pen to him the next time I …… him. A. see B. will see C. will have seen D. have seen

40. I …… all of the questions correctly since I began this grammar exercise on verb tenses. A. am answering B. answer C. have answered D. answered

41. A small stone struck the windshield while we …… down the gravel road. A. drive B. were driving C. had driven D. had been driving

42.She said to me that she .................... to me the Sunday before. A. wrote B. has written C. was writing D. had writen 43. Since I moved in, my upstairs neighbour _______ his stereo loudly every night.

A. played B. has played C. is playing D. plays

44.My children ………………… interested in kangaroos lately.

A. become B. will become C. have become D. were becoming

45.If I………….10 years younger, I would get the job.

A. had been B. would be C. were D. am 46. Over the past few years the cost of living ……….. considerably .

A. has risen B. is rising C. was rising D. was risen 47. The boat was sailing north when a terrible storm……………………...

A. broke B. would break C. had broken D. was breaking 48. I (A) was walking along the pavement (B) when I (C) realized that there (D) has been a man

following me. 49. Peter (A) has been written the composition (B) for three hours and he (C) has not finished (D) yet. 50. The driver (A) expected a rest. They (B) had been (C) covered 10 (D) hundred miles. 51. I (A) have learned English (B) for I (C) was ten years (D) old. 52. The man died(A) as a result (B) of falling (C) asleep while (D) he drives. 53. He (A) has just taken a (B) fourteen-day trip (C) around America (D) recently. 54. I (A) was listening (B) to the radio (C) when the door bell (D) will ring. 55. (A) Before the combine harvester (B) had invented, farmers (C) had to cut and thresh rice (D) by

hand. 56. According to the weather (A) forecast, it (B) was going to be hot and sunny (C) tomorrow with a

chance of a thunderstorm (D) in the afternoon. 57. Every morning, the sun (A) shines in my bedroom (B) window and (C) waking (D)me up. 58. John (A) said he (B) will invite some of his friends for dinner (C) so Mary (D) had to buy some

more food. 59. Mr. Harrison, who (A) was so proud of his new car, (B) drove to work when the accident (C)

happened and (D) damaged his car. 60. I hadn’t (A) never seen snow (B) before I (C) visited Canada (D) last year. 61. Human (A) had struggled (B) against weeds (C) since the beginning (D) of agriculture. 62. The mother (A) will wait outside (B) the school (C) until her son (D) will finish his examination.



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B.ACTIVE & PASSIVE VOICE a.THE 7 TENSES IN PASSIVE FORM

� Definition: Câu chủ ñộng (Active) là câu mà chủ ngữ trực tiếp gây ra hành ñộng do ñộng từ diễn tả. Câu bị ñộng (Passive) là câu mà chủ ngữ không trực tiếp gây ra hành ñộng do ñộng từ diễn tả mà là do một tác nhân khác (agent) Ex1 : Mary wrote the report in the room yesterday. (A) S V O Adv of Place Adverb of Time

S BE V3 Adv of Place BY + O Adv of Time The report was written in the room by Mary yesterday. (P) 1 2 3 5 4 5 � Nguyên tắc ñổi câu chủ ñộng sang câu bị ñộng (1) ðổi túc từ trong câu chủ ñộng thành chủ từ trong câu bị ñộng. (2) Thêm vào ñộng từ BE theo ñúng thì hoặc ñúng dạng với ñộng từ chính của câu chủ ñộng. (3) ðưa ñộng từ chính của câu chủ ñộng thành quá khứ phân từ (V-ed/3) trong câu bị ñộng. (4) Chuyển chủ từ của câu chủ ñộng thành tác nhân gây ra hành ñộng ñược viết sau BY. (5) Cụm từ chỉ tác nhân BY + O ñược ñặt giữa Trạng từ chỉ nơi chốn và Trạng từ chỉ thời gian. � Ghi chú : 1. Nếu chủ ngữ của câu chủ ñộng là các ñại từ nhân xưng, các ñại từ bất ñịnh thì trong câu bị ñộng không

cần cụm từ BY + O. Ex : - Somebody cleans the floor every morning. � The floor is cleaned every morning. 2. Câu chủ ñộng có hai túc từ thì có thể ñược chuyển thành hai câu bị ñộng. Khi lấy túc từ trực tiếp

(thường là từ chỉ vật) làm chủ ngữ của câu bị ñộng thì trước túc từ còn lại phải thêm giới từ TO hoặc FOR.

Ex : - Jack gave Helen a rose on her birthday.

� Helen was given a rose by Jack on her birthday. � A rose was given to Helen by Jack on her birthday.

3. Trạng từ chỉ thể cách thường ñứng giữa BE và V-ed/3. Ex : - Mr. and Mrs. Smith treat us well. � We are well treated by Mr. and Mrs. Smith.

4. Chúng ta dùng ñộng từ nguyên mẫu không TO sau tân ngữ của các ñộng từ : see, hear, watch, make, ..., nhưng khi những ñộng từ này ñược chuyển sang dạng bị ñộng thì sau chúng phải sử dụng ñộng từ nguyên mẫu có TO.

Ex : - People saw him fall out of the window. � He was seen to fall out of the window.

5. Nếu chủ ngữ của câu chủ ñộng là NO ONE, NOBODY, NOTHING, NO + NOUN thì câu bị ñộng sẽ ở dạng phủ ñịnh.

Ex : - Nobody told me about her sick mother. � I was not told about her sick mother.

6. ðộng từ LET trong câu chủ ñộng khi chuyển sang bị ñộng NÊN ñổi thành ALLOW+ O_TO V Ex. Mr.Brown didn’t let me use the shower after midnight. � I wasn’t allow to use the shower after midnightby Mr.Brown.



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ACTIVE VOICE (1-2-3) PASSIVE VOICE (3-2-1) 1. Simple present : V-S/ES or VO

Ex: People speak English in many countries. IS / AM / ARE + V-ED /3 -English _____________________________.

2. Present continuous : IS / AM / ARE+ V-ING Ex: The police are questioning Thomas now.

IS / AM /ARE BEING + V-ED/3 -Thomas _____________________________.

3. Present perfect : HAS / HAVE + V-ED/3 Ex: The storm has destroyed many houses in the

village.

HAS / HAVE BEEN + V-ED / 3 -Many houses _________________________.

4. Simple past : V-ED / 2 Ex: Mr.Brown finished the report last night.

WAS / WERE + V-ED / 3 -The report _________ _________________.

5. Past continuous : WAS / WERE + V-ING Ex: Nam was doing his homework at 8 last night.

WAS / WERE BEING + V-ED /3 -His homework ________________ ________.

6. Past perfect : HAD + V-ED / 3 Ex: They had prepared a dinner before we came.

HAD BEEN + V-ED / 3 -A dinner _____________________before we came.

7. Simple future : WILL + VO Ex: They will build a new hospital in this village next

month.

WILL BE + V-ED / 3 -A new hospital _______________________

b.MODAL VERBS & SIMILAR VERBS: MODALS Can / could

Will / would Shall / should May / might + Vo

(Be) going to Have to / had to Used to / ought to

Can / could Will / would Shall / should May / might + BE + V-ED/3

(Be) going to Have to / had to Used to / ought to

c.ACTIVE-PASSIVE WITH VERBS OF REPORTING: SAY / THI NK / BELIEVE / KNOW / REPORT

Active: S1 + [ believe / think / say / report / know … ] + (that) + S2 + [V2] …

Passive: →→→→ It + [ be ] + believed / thought / said / reported / known … + (that) S2 + [V2] …

to Vo Passive:→ S2 + [ be ] + believed / thought / said / reported / known + <

Ex1: People say that he is a famous doctor. �It is said that he is a famous doctor. �He is said to be a famous doctor.

Ex2: People believe that the company lost a lot of money last year. � It is believed that the company lost a lot of money last year.

� The company is believed to have lost a lot of money last year. Note: Các ñộng từ tường thuật thường ñược dùng trong cấu trúc này là : say, report, believe, think,

understand, suppose, rumour, hope, expect, acknowledge, assume, predict, ... Mệnh ñề ñi sau các ñộng từ này ñược gọi là mệnh ñề danh từ.

to have + V < … ed

3



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ed

3

� Chú ý : a. Nếu hành ñộng trong mệnh ñề danh từ xảy ra trước hành ñộng trong mệnh ñề chính (mệnh ñề có

chứa các ñộng từ tường thuật) thì trong cấu trúc (1) ta phải dùng nguyên mẫu hoàn thành TO HAVE + V-ed/3.

Ex : - They said that the 775 flight had landed safely.

� The 775 flight was said to have landed safely. - People say that the flood destroyed the village. � The flood is said to have destroyed the village. b. Nếu hành ñộng trong mệnh ñề danh từ xảy ra ñồng thời với hành ñộng trong mệnh ñề chính, chúng

ta dùng dạng nguyên mẫu tiếp diễn TO BE + V-ing. Ex : - They said that Alex was working in London. � Alex was said to be working in London. c. Nếu hành ñộng trong mệnh ñề danh từ xảy ra sau hành ñộng trong mệnh ñề chính, chúng ta dùng

dạng nguyên mẫu ñơn TO INFINITIVE. Ex : - They expect that the price of steel will go down next month. � The price of steel is expected to go down next month.

d. The causative verbs ( Câu truyền khiến) : HAVE & GET

� ðể diễn tả một hành ñộng mà chúng ta không tự làm lấy, nhưng thu xếp ñể người khác làm, chúng ta có dùng cấu trúc HAVE SOMEBODY DO SOMETHING hoặc GET SOMEBODY TO DO SOMETHING (ở hình thức chủ ñộng) và HAVE/ GET SOMETHING DONE (ở hình thức bị ñộng). Dạng bị ñộng ñược dùng phổ biến hơn. Các cấu trúc này có thể ñược dùng với tất cả các thì khác nhau, chỉ cần thay ñổi hình thức của ñộng từ HAVE và GET cho thích hợp.

Ex1: I will have Tom wash the car. (= I will get Tom to wash the car )

� I will have the car washed. (= I will get the car washed ) Ex2 : - I have my hair cut once a month. - I’m having my house painted at the moment. - Sue had her car serviced last week. - They were having their roof repaired then. - We have had the central heating installed. - I will have my suit dry-cleaned soon. - We’re going to have the carpet cleaned this week. - Jill got her new dress made two weeks ago. � Cấu trúc này cũng ñược dùng ñể nói “ai ñó bị hoặc gặp ñiều gì ñó không may” Ex : - I had my wallet stolen last week. - Joe had his leg broken playing football.

FORM:

S + Have + O (person) + V0 + O (thing) (Active) Get to V

S + (Have /Get) + O2 (thing) + V < (Passive)



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Question 1: Choose the best answer A,B,C or D 1. Last Sunday I decided to go to the concert. When I got there, the tickets ______. So I went back home. A. had been sold B. had sold C. sold D. were selling 2.The church tower _________The work is almost finished. A. is restoring B. is being restored C. has been restored D. has been restoring

3. Windmills _________ by the Persians around 1500 years ago. A. were invented B. are invented C. invented D. have been invented 4.A lot of rice _________ in South-East Asia today. A. grow B. grew C. is grown D. growing 5.Five hundred people __________from their homes up to now. A. have evacuated B. have been evacuated C. were evacuating D. have been evacuating 6.Oil lamps _______________ for years before electricity was discovered. A. had used B. has been used C. are used D. had been used 7.“How old is this stone bridge?” – “It _____over 200 years old.” A. believes to be B. is believed to being C. is believed to be D. was believed to being 8.The strange disease______________to have originated in Africa. A. thinks B. is thinking C. is thought D. thought 9. All the witches must______________ before leaving the workshop. A. be turned off B. turn off C. being turned off D. turned off 10. The factory is said _______ in a fire two years ago. A. being destroyed B. to have been destroyed C. to have destroyed D. to destroy 11.He told me that his house ____________________ completely in the storm the week before. A. had destroyed B.destroyed C. was destroyed D. had been destroyed

12. Nowadays women ____________ the same wages as men.

A. should pay B. will be paid C. will pay D. should be paid 13. It________that to be a good musician, you have to learn to play when you are very young. A.is said B.says C.is saying D.has said 14.Twelve people are reported _________in an explosion at a supermarket yesterday. A. to be injured B. to have been injured C. to being injured D. to having been injured 15.This is a serious problem. I don’t know how__________. A. can it solve B. can it be solved C. it can solve D. it can be solved 16.Many lists of “Wonders of the World” ___________ during the Middle Ages. A. said to be existed B. are said to exist C. said to exist D. are said to have existed 17. The new bridge _________ by the time you come back. A. will have been built B. will have been C. will have built D. will built 18.When __________to resign from his office, the minister reacted badly. A. asking B. ask C. asked D. to ask 19.After ____________, the man was taken to the police station. A. arresting B. being arrested C. was arrested D. having arrested 20.It’s two months since I___________my hair cut. A. had B. have had C. have D. had had 21.The escaped prisoner is believed ________on an island. A. being lived B. to be living C. having lived D. that living 22.We hope to have the law __________by December. A. pass B. to pass C. passing D. passed 23. He had a portrait _______ as a birthday present for his daughter. A. painting B. paint C. painted D. to be painted



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24. No one could answer his question. = His question________________________ A. could be answered B. couldn’t be answered C. could be answered by no one D .couldn’t be answered by no one 25.____________ that “men build the house and women make it home”. A. It believed B. It has believed C. It believes D. It is believed 26. ___________ after the explosion near the factory. A. Two men are said to be arrested B. It is said that two men arrested C. Two men are said were arrested D. It is say that two men are arrested 27.______________ have been chosen for the national football team. A. John is said that B. John is said to C. People say that John D. People told John that 28.They are going to build a supermarket in this area. That is, …………… A. A supermarket is being gone to build in this area. B. A supermarket is going to be built in this area. C. A supermarket is said to have been built in this area D. It was said that a supermarket was built in this area. 29. We receive about twenty letters a day. A. One day, we will receive twenty letters. B. About twenty letters are sent to us every day. C .It takes one day for about twenty letters to be sent to us. D. There are about twenty letters we send every day. 30. No one has cleaned the floor. A. The floor hasn't been clean. B. The floor has been cleaned. C. The floor hasn't cleaned. D. The floor hasn't been cleaned. 31.They declared that she won the competition. A. She was declared to win the competition. B. She was declared to have won the competition. C. She is declared to have won the competition. D. It is declared that she won the competition. 32.They are going to hold next year’s congress in San Francisco. A. Congress is going to be held next year in San Francisco. B. Congress in San Francisco is going to be held next year. C. Next year’s congress is going to hold by them in San Francisco. D. Next year’s congress is going to be held in San Francisco. 33.You must clean the wall before you paint it. A. The wall mustn’t be cleaned before you paint it B. The wall must be cleaned before painting it C. The wall must clean before it is pained D. The wall must be cleaned before it is painted 34. The man suddenly realized that the neighbor was watching him. A. The man suddenly realized that he was being watched by the neighbor. B. The neighbor was watching the man and he suddenly realized that. C. The neighbor was suddenly realized the man and watching him. D. The man suddenly realized that he was watched by the neighbor. 35.Nobody told me that George was ill. A. I was told that George wasn’t ill. B. I wasn’t told that George was ill. C. George wasn’t told to be ill. D. George was told not to be ill. 36. People say Chinese food is the best in the world . A. Chinese food is said to be the best in the world. B.I agree that Chinese food is the best in the world. C. Chinese food is eaten all over the world. D.No food in the world is eaten as much as Chinese food. 37. People believed that the boys started the fire. A. The boys were believed to have started the fire. B. That the boys started the fire was believed. C. It is believed that the fire was started by the boys.D. It is believed that the boys started the fire. 38.People believe that 13 is an unlucky number. A. It was believed that 13 is an unlucky number. B. It is believed that 13 is an unlucky number. C. 13 is believed to have been an unlucky number. D. 13 was believed to be an unlucky number.



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39.People say that playing football is the most interesting. A. The most important thing is playing football. B. It was said that playing football is the most interesting. C. It is said that playing football was the most interesting. D. Playing football is said to be the most interesting. 40.Where are you going to hold your birthday party ? A .Where is your bithday party going to be held ? B. Where is your bithday party held? C. Where is your bithday party being held? D. Where your bithday party is going to be held? 41.Is she making big cakes for the party ? A. Are big cakes being made for the party? B. Are big cakes making for the party? C. Is she being made big cakes for the party? D. Are big cakes made for the party? 42.Have they changed the window of the laboratory? A. Has the window changed of the laboratory? B. Has the window of the laboratory changed? C. Has the window of the laboratory been changing? D. Has the window of the laboratory been changed ? 43.They began to plant rubber trees in big plantation. A. Rubber trees began to be planted in big plantation. B. Rubber trees began to being planted in big plantation. C. Rubber trees were begun to plant in big plantation. D. Rubber trees began to plant in big plantation. 44.People will continue to drink Coca Cola in the 21st century. A. Coca Cola will continue to be drunk in the 21st century. B. Coca Cola will be continued to be drunk in the 21st century. C. Coca Cola will be being continued to be drunk in the 21st century. D. Coca Cola will continue to have drunk in the 21st century. 45.They paid me a lot of money to do the job. A. A lot of money was paid to me to do the job. B. I was paid a lot of money to do the job. C. A lot of money was paid to do the job. D. I was paid to do the job with a lot of money. 46.Has your house built by your father a long time ago ? ( Was) A B C D 47.I got her take an umbrella in case it rained. ( to take)

A B C D 48.He is said to win a lottery ticket two days ago. (to have won) A B C D 49. I think the date of the meeting should change again due to bad weather . A B C D 50. It was not until 1937 that the southern source of the Nile River discovered. A B C D .........................................................................................................................................................................



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C.SUBJECT –VERB AGREEMENT

Definition : Trong một câu ñộng từ phải luôn hoà hợp với chủ ngữ theo ngôi và số.

General rule: Ex1: He is going to celebrate his bithday party next Sunday. Ex2: Apples are good for health. Ex3: There are some books on the table. ( Inversion) • SPECIAL CASES : ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1. � (EITHER) S1 OR S2 + VERB : hoặc…. hoặc……. � (NEITHER) S1 NOR S2 + VERB (khẳng ñịnh) :Cả… lẫn… ñều không.. � (NOT ONLY) S1 BUT ALSO S2 + VERB : Không những...mà còn... EX1 : Neither the moon nor the stars are visible in the dark.

EX2 : Either you or he is wrong.

Notes: - When either and neither are subjects, they always take singular verbs. Examples: Ex1. Neither of them is available to speak right now. Ex2. Either of us is capable of doing the job.

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2. S1 + AS WELL AS + S2 + [VERB]………………… ALONG WITH WITH TOGETHER WITH Ex1:The actress, along with her manager and some friends, is going to a party tonight. Ex:2The letter ,as well as the post cards, is on the table. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 3. NOUN1 + PREPOSITION + NOUN2 + [VERB]………………. Ex: A box of cigarettes contains 20 pipes. Ex: The leaders of ASEAN are now in Hanoi. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 4.

SUBJECT (plural ) + VERB (plural) SUBJECT (singular) + VERB (singular)

Most Some The rest ( of ) + NOUN + VERB Two thirds All



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EX1: Most of my friends are friendly EX2: Most beer is delicious.

CÁC TRƯƠNG HỢP SAU ðÂY LUÔN DÙNG ðỘNG TƯ SỐ ÍT :

CÁC TRƯƠNG HỢP SAU ðÂY LUÔN DÙNG ðỘNG TƯ SỐ NHIỀU:

1. EACH (OF ) / EVERY + NOUN Ex:Each of you has an exercise book. 2. SUBJECT: TO –INFINITIVE PHRASE V-ING PHRASE +V (SỐ ÍT ) A CLAUSE Ex: Collecting stamps is my hobby. Ex: What you told me yesterday was untrue. 3.CHỦ NGỮ LÀ DANH T Ừ HAY NGỮ DANH TỪ: - CHỈ TÊN THÀNH PHỐ, QUỐC GIA (THE UNITED STATES) , BỆNH (MEASLES) , MÔN HỌC (PHYSICS / MATHS)…….. EX: Mathematics is difficult. - MÓN TIỀN. QUẢNG ðƯỜNG , KHOẢNG THỜI GIAN…. EX: Two billion dollars is not enough for the victims of the Tsunami. 4.THE NUMBER OF + NOUN( plural) + V (ÍT ) EX:The number of students in this class is small. 5.ONE OF THE…+ NOUN(plural) + V (SỐ ÍT ) EX: One of the best students in my class is Hung.

1.CHỦ NGỮ LÀ CÁC DANH TỪ SỐ NHIỀU BQT: PEOPLE, POLICE, MEN, WOMEN, CATTLE…….. EX: The police have arrested Tom. 2. CHỦ NGỮ LÀ : THE + ADJ (POOR / RICH / DEAF / BLIND /OLD …….. EX: The old have a lot of experience of life and can deal with most situations 3. CHỦ NGỮ BẮT ðẦU BẰNG : A ( LARGE ) NUMBER OF + NOUN (plural)

EX: A number of students in my class are good at English 4.(Both) S1 + AND + S2 + V ( SỐ NHIỀU) Ex: Both John and his parents are going to take a trip to Da Lat next week.

Question : CHOOSE THE CORRECT FORM OF THEVERBS IN BRACKETS EXPLANATION

1.Mr. Smith, accompanied by his wife and three children, (have/ has) just arrived.

2.There (is/ are) cattle in the field.

3.One of my best friends (was / were) playing against me.

4.Every elementary school teacher (has / have) to take this examination.

5.John, along with twenty friends, (is / are) planning a party.

6.Neither Bill nor Mary (is / are) going to play tonight.

7.Measles (is/ are) common among Vietnamese children.

8.Physics (study / studies) mechanics, heat, light, sound, and electricity.



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9.A large number of students who have withdrawn from class this quarter (is / are) appalling.

10.The picture of the soldiers (brings/ bring) back many memories.

11.The quality of these recordings (is / are) not very good.

12.The number of students who have withdrawn from class this quarter (is / are) appalling.

13. It was announced that neither the passengers nor the driver____in the crash. A. was injured B. are injured

C. have been injured D. were injured

14. Travelling by air ____ preferable to travelling by train. A. is B. are C. were D.have been

15.One pair of trousers ______not enough. A. is B. are C. have been D. were

16.The iron and steel industry ________the key link in production. A. is B. are C. do D. does

17. All of them but Tom ________having dinner at home tonight. A. is B. are C. was D. were

18. The cattle _______ in the field now. A. is grazing B. graze C. are grazing D. has grazed

19.Neither John nor his parents _______yet. A. has come B. have come C. hasn’t come D. haven’t come

20. Not only the athlete but also his wife are going to the party tonight. A B C D

21.John is the only of the candidates who have just passed the final exam. A B C D

22.Mary was one of the students who was awarded last week. A B C D

23. The celebration of Tet holiday, like many other Vietnamese traditions, are A B C said to originate from China. D

24. Betty is one of the women who is responsible for organizing the outing. A B C D

25. The injured of natural disasters is always helped by the International Red Cross.

A B C D

� FURTHER PRACTICE



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Exercise – Choose the best verb form to complete each of the following sentences. 1. Either you or I …… wrong.

A. am B. is C. are D. were 2. Neither my gloves nor my hat …… with this dress.

A. is going B. are going C. goes D. go 3. The poor living here …… help.

A. is needing B. are needing C. need D. needs 4. Several of the students …… absent yesterday.

A. has been B. had been C. were D. was 5. The great poet and novelist …… dead.

A. was B. are C. is D. were 6. Tom with his dog …… here now.

A. is B. are C. was D. were 7. Tom as well as his dog …… here now.

A. is B. are C. was D. were 8. Two billion dollars … not enough for the victims of the war.

A. was B. were C. is D. are 9. Three years in a stranger land …… like a long time for lonely people.

A. is seeming B. are seeming C. seems D. seemed 10. The film “Titanic” …… very interesting.

A. is B. are C. was D. were 11. Cattle …… allowed to graze here now.

A. was B. were C. is D. are 12. None of this money …… mine now.

A. is B. are C. was D. were 13. My old friend and colleague, John, …… married.

A. has just got B. have just got C. just has got D. just have got 14. The singer and actor …… coming now.

A. was B. were C. is D. are 15. The singer and the actor …… coming now.

A. was B. were C. is D. are 16. The politician, along with the newsmen, …….. expected shortly.

A. is B. are C. have been D. were 17. Mathematics …… difficult.

A. is B. are C. was D. were 18. None of them …… right now.

A. is B. are C. was D. were 19. Every student …… willing to join the picnic now.

A. is B. are C. was D. were 20. If anyone ……, tell him I’ll be back later.

A. was calling B. called C. call D. calls 21. Each of the boys …… a book now.

A. have B. has C. had D. are having 22. Neither Tom nor his friends …… yet.

A. had come B. have come C. hasn’t come D. haven’t come 23. My family …… very happy with that news yesterday.

A. is B. was C. are D. were 24. Everybody …… to do their best at present.

A. tries B. try C. is trying D. are trying 25. Two thirds of the money …… mine now.

A. is B. are C. was D. were 26. About 60% of the students in this class …… from China.

A. was B. were C. are D. is 27. A number of sheep …… eating grass now.

A. are B. is C. was D. were



22

28. The number of books in this library …… large. A. are B. is C. was D. were

29. You can use my phone if yours …… A. isn’t work B. aren’t work C. doesn’t work D. don’t work

30. A number of workers …… for a rise since last month. A. ask B. asked C. has asked D. have asked

� PHẦN GHI CHÚ:

XEM NHƯ 1 ðƠN VỊ �V (sing) 1. N (TẬP HỢP)

ðỀ CẬP CÁ THỂ TRONG MỘT ðƠN VỊ �V (plu)

• Common collective nouns: Congress. organization, government, family, team,group,jury, army, majority, committee, club, minority, class, crowd, public

Ex. The staff is in a meeting. Staff is acting as a unit here. The staff are in disagreement about the findings. The staff are acting as separate individuals in this example. The sentence would read even better as: The staff members are in disagreement about the findings.

Notes: ( Based on TOEFL) -The majority + V (sing) -The majority of Noun (pl) + V (pl)

2. N + WHO / WHICH / THAT (S ) � V

3. THERE + BE + N

4. Chủ ngữ là những ñại từ bất ñịnh (someone, everything, ...) sẽ hòa hợp với ñộng từ ở số ít. 5. S1 + AND + S2 � V (sing)

(hai chủ ngữ cùng chỉ một người hoặc một vật- ðƯỢC XEM NHƯ MỘ CÁ THỂ, ðƠN VỊ) 6. S1 + AND + S2 � V (plu)

(hai chủ ngữ chỉ hai người hoặc hai vật khác nhau) 7. THE SMITHS ( THE + HỌ GIA ðÌNH SỐ NHIỀU) + V (PL) Ex. The Smiths were an English alternative rock bank. ( Wikipedia) 8.With words that indicate portions—percent, fraction, part, majority, some, all, none, remainder, and so forth —look at the noun in your of phrase (object of the preposition) to determine whether to use a singular or plural verb. If the object of the preposition is singular, use a singular verb. If the object of the preposition is plural, use a plural verb. Examples: -Fifty percent of the pie has disappeared.(Pie is the object of the preposition of.) -Fifty percent of the pies have disappeared.(Pies is the object of the preposition of.) -One-third of the city is unemployed. -One-third of the people are unemployed.