Chapter VIII. Human GeographyChapter VIII. Human GeographyNotebook pp. 186-231 Notebook pp. 186-231

Focus: the mutual influence of people and the Planet

In other words, how do we get from this…

…to this?

A. Demographic Transition Model [p. 193-194]

The theory: every society will go through 4 periods of development [p. 193]:

•Stage 1/A: Pre-transition-high birth rates, high death rates i.e., low development

•Stage 2/B: Early Transition-high birth rates, lower death rates i.e., start of development

•Stage 4/D: Post Transition-low birth rates, low death rates i.e., society developed

•Stage 3/C: Full Transition-declining birth rates, low death rates i.e., development in progress

•Stage 5/E: Unknown Future?- birth rates below death rates i.e., where do we go now?

How do we know which country is in which of these stages? We use data from population pyramids.

B. Population Pyramids [pp. 195-196]

This is how we can analyse a nation’s progress in development.

1. Early Expanding/Pre-Transition

•High birth rates—lots of sex = lots of babies

•High death rates—not many of these babies last

• Disease, malnutrition, low life expectancy

2. Expanding/Early Transition

•High birth rates—still lots of sex = lots of babies

•Lower death rates—more of these babies lasting into adulthood

• Improved health care, hygene, diet

3. Stable/Full Transition

•Lower birth rates—still lots of sex = not as many babies

•Low death rates—more of these babies lasting into old age

• Low disease, women working, birth control

4. Contracting/Post Transition???

•Very low birth rates—still lots of sex = few babies•Very low death rates—many surviving into old age•Many kids and old surviving—high dependency ratio…what next?

C. Factors in development

1. PGR—Population Growth Rate [p. 192]

= (Immigration - Emmigration) + Birth Rate - Death Rate

i.e., how fast is the population growing?

2. Standard of Living [pp. 210-212]

What makes a country livable?

a) Life Expectancy: how many years will the average person live?

Antonio Todde died at age 112

b) Literacy Rates: ability to read and write effectively

c) GDP/Gross Domestic Product: total of all goods and services produced

D. Challenges to development

1. Environmental concerns [text pp. 199-208]

a) Global Warming & the Greenhouse effect [pp. 200-201]

b) Ozone depletion pp. 202-203

2. Dependency Ratio [text p. 197]: how many are too old or too young to support themselves i.e., under 15 & over 64

Dependents

Dependents

Working Age

Chapter VII. QuChapter VII. Quéébec and Aboriginal Issuesbec and Aboriginal IssuesNotebook pp. 171-184Notebook pp. 171-184

A. Québec

The problem: you have a French minority governed by an English majority.

Battle of the Plains of Abraham Rebellions of 1837

Hanging of Louis Riel

In the 20th century, some decided to do something drastic.

1. The Quiet Revolution of the 1960s [text pp. 171-172]

•Québec became secularized and urban instead of Catholic and rural, which made them more nationalistic.

• 1967: At Expo 67, French President Charles de Gaulle’s “Vive le Québec libre!” furthered this thought.

• 1969: Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau signs the Official Languages Act, making both French and English the official languages.

Some decided to take this further and make Québec an independent nation.

2. The FLQ crisis [text pp. 173-175]

•The Front de Libération du Québec was a separatist group ready to use violence to get independence

•October 1970: British Trade Commissioner James Cross and Quebec Minister of Labour Pierre Laporte were kidnapped for a prisoner exchange.

•The October Crisis of 1970: Laporte’s murdered body was found on Oct. 17th.

•Cross’ release was negotiated, but still Trudeau invokes the War Measures Act and suspends civil liberties: “Just watch me!”

3. Legislative Attempts [text pp. 174-175]

•Bill 22, 1974: French the official language of Québec

•Parti Québécois (PQ) founded as party of separation

•Bill 101, 1977: restrictions of English in Québec

The Supreme Court in 1989 ruled this law unconstitutional, but the Provincial Government used the 5 years of the Notwithstanding Clause [pp. 19 & 175]

4. Federal Intervention [text pp. 175-177]

• Referendum of 1980—independence of Québec: 60% voted no [text p. 175]

• Constitutional Act of 1982—constitution repatriated, but Québec doesn’t sign because of “late night revisions” [text p. 175]

•Meech Lake Accord of 1987—PM Brian Mulroney’s failed attempt to redo the Constitution with Québec with the “distinct society” clause [text pp. 175-176]

•Charlottetown Accord of 1992—PM Brian Mulroney’s other failed attempt to redo the Constitution with Québec with the “distinct society” clause and a “Canada Clause” of Canadian values [text pp. 176]

•Bloc Québécois (BQ) founded as the federal party of separation in 1993

• Referendum of 1995—independence of Québec: 50.6% voted no [text p. 175]

•Where do Québec and Canada go from here?

B. The Aboriginal Issue [text pp. 179-184]The problem: you have an even smaller Native minority governed by an Caucasian majority that wants to assimilate it.

1) Attempts to Assimilate

•Reserve System of 1830 [text p. 180]

•Indian Act of 1876: residential schools, health care, hunting and fishing rights, and treaty payments in exchange for abandoning their culture [text pp. 180-181].

2) Attempt to Reverse Assimilation [text pp. 182-184]

•The White Paper of 1968: government policy to end the reservation system and “special status” for equality and preservation of culture—it was unpopular [text p. 182]

•National Indian Brotherhood founded in 1969, later the Assembly of First Nations [text p. 182]

•Land Claims—which lands belonged to which bands by which treaty? E.g., the Oka Standoff in 1990 [text pp. 182-183]

• Self Government: the recognition of aboriginal communities to make decisions integral to their culture [text pp. 183-184]

•E.g., the Nisga’a Treaty and the formation of Nunavut

Any questions???????