C H A P T E R L I I I ( i ) 1. ut iniustus : sc. fuit; ut + indicative means “as”

2. belli : locative (‘in war’) or objective genitive (ducit bellum)

3. fuit : the perfect tense is used for a state which no longer exists

4. ea arte : ablative of respect

5. aequasset : = aequavisset; pluperfect subjunctive in the apodosis of an unreal condition referring to past time

6. huic decori : dative object after the compound verb officio

7. offecisset : pluperfect subjunctive in the protasis of an unreal condition referring to past time

8. Volscis : dative of disadvantage

9. vi : ablative of means (an abstract instrument)

10. ubi : connecting relative (= ibi); cf. qui being used to refer back to the previous sentence

11. divendita praeda : ablative absolute (temporal) or ablative of means

12. argenti : genitive of contents (the silver makes up the talents)

13. refecisset : pluperfect subjunctive in a temporal cum clause denoting a prior action in 2° sequence after concepit

14. animo : sc. in + abl. or abl. of means

15. Iovis : genitive of possession

16. templi : genitive of possession

17. quae : nom. fem. sing. relative pronoun introducing a consecutive clause (quae = ut ea)

18. digna : nom. fem. sing. adjective in apposition with quae (the complement of esset)

19. deum : = deorum (archaic genitive); objective genitive (regit deos) or genitive of possession

20. rege : ablative after the adjective dignus (“worthy by”)

21. Romano imperio : ablative after the adjective dignus

22. ipsius loci : genitive of possession

23. maiestate : ablative after the adjective dignus

24. esset : imperfect subjunctive in a consecutive clause denoting a state in the past (no sequence)

25. eius templi : genitive of possession

C H A P T E R L I I I ( i i ) 1. spe : ablative of comparison

2. quo : ablative of instrument (means), or = in quo

3. propinquam urbem : accusative singular in apposition to Gabios

4. vi : ablative of means (abstract instrument)

5. adortus : nominative masculine singular past deponent participle of adorior, agreeing with the subject

6. obsidendi : genitive gerund after spes (objective genitive)

7. pulso : dative singular in agreement with ei (understood); object of the compound verb adimo (dative of disadvantage with a verb of taking away (§301))

8. a moenibus : motion away from with a/ab + abl.

9. adempta esset : pluperfect subjunctive in a causal cum clause denoting prior action in 2° sequence after adgressus est

10. arte Romana : ablative of means

11. fraude ac dolo : ablative of means, in apposition to arte Romana

12. posito bello : ablative absolute (temporal); [posito = deposito]

13. fundamentis iaciendis : dative plural after the adjective intentus (concentrating on)

14. templi : genitive of possession

15. aliis urbanis operibus : dative plural after the adjective intentus (concentrating on)

16. se intentum esse : accusative & infinitive in reported statement after simularet

17. simularet : imperfect subjunctive in a temporal cum clause denoting simultaneous action in 2° sequence after transfugit

18. eius : genitive of possession; [note that se (Tarquinius) changes to eius after the subject is stated]

19. qui : nominative masculine singular relative pronoun; antecedent is filius; subject of erat

20. minimus ex tribus : the usual expression for a number or superlative, cf. unus ex servis

21. Gabios : accusative of motion towards/goal of motion (no preposition with a town)

22. patris : genitive of possession

23. vertisse : Livy breaks into oratio obliqua (reported speech with no main verb of speaking); he leaves out the accusative subject (eum), supplying only the perfect infinitive, vertisse (denoting an original past, ille superbiam in suos vertit)

24. in suos : the reflexive adjective is used to refer to the subject of its own clause, even though it is not the subject of the main clause, a correct use so long as there is no ambiguity (§587)

25. liberorum : genitive of material (the children make up the large number)

26. frequentiae : genitive object after the impersonal verb taedere (§402)

27. taedere : present infinitive in oratio obliqua (denoting an original present, eum taedet); [sc. adeo with taedere]

28. quam solitudinem : accusative feminine singular connecting relative adjective, agreeing with solitudinem, which has itself been drawn into the relative clause (a common Roman practice)

29. fecerit : perfect subjunctive in a subordinate clause in oratio obliqua (sub–oblique) (§591)

30. domi : locative (expressing place where with domus, rus and humus)

31. faciat : present subjunctive in a consecutive clause (no sequence); the verb is present because the original speech would have been: eum [adeo] taedet ut … faciat

32. quam stirpem, quem heredem : after ne, the indefinite adjective (qui, qua, quod) is used instead of ullus (§211)

33. regni : objective genitive (??? regnum)

34. relinquat : present subjunctive in a negative purpose clause in 1° sequence after faciat

35. se : accusative singular reflexive pronoun in oratio obliqua, referring back to Sextus (dixit se … credidisse)

36. patris : possessive genitive

37. elapsum : accusative singular masculine past deponent participle of elabor, in agreement with se

38. nihil [esse] tutum : accusative & (omitted) infinitive in reported statement after credidisse; tutum is the neuter singular complement of nihi (original thought: nihil est tutum)

39. sibi : dative of the person concerned (dative of advantage)

40. Luci Tarquini : genitive of possession

41. credidisse : perfect infinitive in oratio obliqua (denoting an original past, ego credidi)

42. errarent : imperfect subjunctive in a reported command in oratio obliqua (nolite errare); the imperfect is used to denote present time (a present subjunctive would refer to future time) (§584, cf. §392)

43. manere : present infinitive in oratio obliqua (denoting an original present, bellum vobis manet)

44. iis : dative of person concerned (dative of advantage)

45. quod : nominative neuter singular relative pronoun in a sub–oblique relative clause; antecedent is bellum

46. positum [esse] : nominative & passive perfect infinitive after the personalized simuletur (§145)

47. simuletur : present passive subjunctive in a subordinate clause in oratio obliqua (sub–oblique) (§591)

48. eum invasurum [esse] : accusative & infinitive in a reported statement in oratio obliqua

49. incautos : sc. eos (referring to the inhabitants of Gabii)

50. “Meus pater superbiam ab alienis in suos vertit, et quoque liberorum frequentiae eum [adeo] taedet, ut solitudinem, quam in curia fecit, quoque domi facit, ne quam stirpem, ne quem heredem regni relinquat.

“Ego quidem, inter tela et gladios patris elapsus, credidi nihil mihi [esse] tutum, nisi apud hostes L. Tarquini. Nam nolite errare: bellum, quod positum esse simulatur, vobis manet, et ille [vos] incautos per occasionem invadet.”

C H A P T E R L I I I ( i i i ) 1. supplicibus : dative of person concerned (dative of advantage)

2. sit : present subjunctive in the protasis of a real condition, referring to a state existing in the present, in a sub–oblique clause in oratio obliqua (si locus non est, omne Latium pererrabo)

3. se pererraturum [esse] : accusative & infinitive in reported statement in oratio obliqua (denoting an original future)

4. se petiturum [esse] : accusative & infinitive in reported statement in oratio obliqua (denoting an original future, petam)

5. perveniat : present subjunctive in a temporal (donec) clause with additional purpose in 1° sequence after petiturum [esse] (§474)

6. patrum : genitive of possession

7. tegere : prolate infinitive after sciant (scire = to know how to)

8. sciant : present subjunctive in a generic relative clause in 1° sequence after petiturum [esse] (§284)

9. ardoris : partitive genitive after aliquid (§61)

10. ad bellum armaque : ad + accusative denoting the purpose or goal

11. se inventurum [esse] : accusative & infinitive in reported statement in oratio obliqua (denoting an original future, inveniam)

12. morarentur : imperfect subjunctive in the protasis of an unreal condition referring to present time (‘it appeared that, if they didn’t heed him, he would depart from there’)

13. ira : ablative of cause (instrument)

14. abiturus [esse] : nominative & infinitive with the impersonal verb videretur (§146)

15. videretur : imperfect subjunctive in the apodosis of an unreal condition referring to present time

16. ab Gabinis : ablative of the agent

17. mirari : prolate infinitive after vetant (substituting for an indirect command) (§92)

18. qualis … talis : a correlative construction (he was such a man against his children as he was against his citizens) (§371)

19. esset : imperfect subjunctive in a conditional expression after mirari si; usually mirror is followed by quod and a causal clause (§556); the verb becomes subjunctive because it is sub–oblique, and imperfect because the clause functions as the protasis of an unreal condition referring to present time (‘don’t be surprised if he were to act …’)

20. saeviturum [esse] : sc. eum; accusative & infinitive in reported statement in oratio obliqua (denoting an original future, in se saeviet, si alia deerunt); the reflexive pronoun se is used to refer to the subject of its own clause, even though it is not the subject of the main clause, a correct use so long as there is no ambiguity (§587)

21. desint : present subjunctive in the protasis of a real condition in oratio obliqua (sub–oblique) the original condition would have had two future indicatives

22. sibi : dative after the adjective gratus (pleasing to) (dative of person concerned)

23. adventum esse gratum : accusative & infinitive in reported statement in oratio obliqua (denoting an original present, tuus adventus nobis est gratus)

24. eius : genitive of possession

25. [se] credere : accusative & infinitive in reported statement in oratio obliqua

26. futurum ut : a periphrasis for bellum translatum iri (the future passive infinitive), cf. fore ut (§225); the expression futurum esse ut is impersonal

27. brevi : ablative of time within which (= brevi tempore)

28. illo adiuvante : ablative absolute (causal) (denoting simultaneous action)

29. transferatur : present subjunctive in a perphrasis of a future infinitive in a reported statement, in 1° sequence after credere (§225)

C H A P T E R L I V ( i ) 1. adhiberi : historic infinitive; the present infinitive may be used for an imperfect indicative in vivid narrative,

denoting swift or dramatic action

2. ubi : connecting relative (= ibi); cf. qui being used to refer back to the previous sentence

3. adsentire se : accusative & infinitive after diceret

4. veteribus Gabinis : dative of advantage (dative of person concerned) after the compound verb adsentio

5. diceret : imperfect subjunctive in a concessive cum clause in 2° sequence after esse

6. quibus : dative masculine plural relative pronoun; antecedent is Gabinis; dative of advantage or person concerned after the adjective notus

7. essent : imperfect subjunctive in a sub–oblique relative clause

8. belli : objective genitive (aucto bellum)

9. esse & adsumere : historic infinitives

10. sibi : indirect object (dative of advantage)

11. utriusque populi : genitive of possession

12. nosset sciretque : imperfect subjunctives in virtual oratio obliqua, as if Sextus had actually offered the reasons for why he claimed his special expertise; usually quod would be followed by an indicative (§552)

13. superbiam regiam esse invisam : accusative & infinitive after sciret

14. civibus : dative of the person judging (dative of the person concerned)

15. quam : accusative feminine singular relative pronoun; antecedent is superbiam; object of ferre

16. ferre : prolate infinitive after potuissent

17. potuissent : pluperfect subjunctive in a sub–oblique relative clause

18. ad rebellandum : ad + accusative gerund to express purpose

19. Gabinorum : partitive genitive (or genitive of possession)

20. incitaret, iret & adcresceret : imperfect subjunctives in a causal cum clause in secondary sequence (after the historic present legitur)

21. cum promptissimis : ablative of accompaniment

22. iuvenum : partitive genitive

23. praedatum : accusative supine of purpose after a verb of motion

24. dictis factisque omnibus instructis: ablative absolute (causal)

25. ad fallendum : ad + accusative gerund to express purpose

26. belli : objective genitive (ducit bellum)

27. inscia multitudine: ablative absolute (causal)

28. ageretur : imperfect subjunctive in a reported question in secondary sequence, dependent on the verbal idea inherent in inscia (equivalent to a present participle)

29. fierent : imperfect subjunctive in a causal cum clause in secondary sequence after credere (historic infinitive)

30. quibus : place where (in + ablative usually)

31. esset : imperfect subjunctive (why???)

32. Gabinorum : partitive genitive

33. dono : predicative dative

34. deum : = deorum (archaic genitive); subjective genitive (di dant)

35. sibi : reflexive pronoun; dative of goal of motion or indirect object after mitto instead of ad + acc

36. missum : = missum esse; perfect passive infinitive in a reported statement after credere

37. credere : historic infinitive

38. obeundo pericula ac labores : ablative gerund of manner with a direct object instead of gerundival attraction

39. largiendo praedam : ablative gerund of manner with a direct object instead of gerundival attraction

40. tanta caritate : ablative of description (equivalent to tam carus)

41. esse : historic infinitive

42. Romae & Gabiis : locative cases denoting place where with a town (no preposition)

43. esset : imperfect subjunctive in a consecutive (result) clause denoting a continuous action in the past (no sequence)

C H A P T E R L I V ( i i ) 1. virium : partitive genitive after satis

2. conlectum : sc. esse; perfect passive infinitive in a reported statement (acc. subject is satis)

3. videbat : imperfect indicative in a temporal clause (postquam); the imperfect is used to indicate an action preceeding that of the (historic) present tense in the main clause

4. ex suis unum : with expressions involving numbers, e/ex + abl. is used instead of a partitive genitive

5. sciscitatum : accusative supine of purpose after a verb of motion (§352)

6. se facere : accusative & infinitive in a reported statement after vellet; the reflexive pronoun se refers back to the subject of the main verb

7. vellet : imperfect subjunctive in a reported question (after quidnam) in secondary sequence after sciscitatum

8. Gabiis : locative case

9. posset : imperfect subjunctive in a final noun clause (where the ut clause replaces an accusative object and expresses the intention of the main clause) in secondary sequence after sciscitatum

10. ei : irregularly for sibi; dative of advantage

11. dedissent : pluperfect subjunctive in a causal (quando = since) clause where the indicative verb has become sub–oblique because it is part of the original direct speech

12. huic nuntio : dative of advantage (indirect object) after a verb of speaking (responsum est)

13. credo : an interjection (apostrophe) into the narrative by the author

14. dubiae fidei : genitive of description

15. videbatur : imperfect indicative in a causal clause after quia denoting an action simultaneous with that of the main clause

16. nihil : cognate accusative (object) after the impersonal passive responsum est

17. voce : ablative of means (instrument) or manner

18. aedium : genitive of possession (or partitive genitive)

19. sequente nuntio : ablative absolute (the present participle denotes an action simultaneous with that of the main verb)

20. filii : genitive of possession

21. inambulans : nominative masculine singular present participle denoting an action simultaneous with that of the main verb

22. papaverum : genitive of possession (or partitive genitive)

23. dicitur decussisse : nominative and infinitive construction with a passive verb

24. baculo : ablative of instrument

25. interrogando exspectandoque : ablative gerunds; ablatives of cause modifying fessus (tired from); exspectando has a direct object, rather than gerundival attraction, possibly to avoid confusion where one gerund doesn’t have an object

26. re imperfecta : ablative absolute (understand the present participle of the verb to be)

27. Gabios : accusative of goal of motion with no preposition

28. quae : accusative neuter plural interrogative pronoun introducing a reported question

29. dixerit & viderit : perfect subjunctives in a reported question in primary sequence after refert denoting preceding time

30. ira & odio & superbia : ablatives of cause

31. ingenio : ablative after the adjective insita

32. eum emisisse : accusative & infinitive in a reported statement in oratio obliqua after refert

C H A P T E R L I V ( i i i ) 1. Sexto : dative of advantage

2. vellet & praeciperet : imperfect subjunctives in a reported question in secondary sequence after patuit

3. tacitis ambagibus : ablative of means

4. civitatis : partitive genitive

5. criminando alios : ablative gerund with direct object (not gerundival attraction because it goes with two objets, one plural and one singular); ablative of manner

6. sua invidia : ablative of cause

7. in quibus : ablative masculine plural relative pronoun after the preposition in (against); antecedent is quidam

8. minus speciosa : a negative comparative

9. interfecti : sc. sunt

10. quibusdam volentibus : dative of advantage

11. absentium : genitive of possession

12. interemptorum : genitive of possession

13. divisui : predicative dative

14. fuere : = fuerunt (poetic variant of the third person plural perfect indicative active)

15. largitiones: sc. fuerunt

16. dulcedine : ablative of cause

17. privati commodi : genitive of definition (the gain is the sweetness)

18. malorum publicorum : objective genitive (sentiunt mala publica)

19. adimi : historic infinitive

20. consilio auxilioque : ablative after the adjective orba

21. regi Romano : sympathetic dative (dative of possession with a verb other than esse)

C H A P T E R L V I ( i ) 1. intentus : nominative masculine singular adjective used causally

2. perficiendo templo : dative after the adjective intentus; gerundival attraction

3. fabris accitis : ablative absolute (temporal)

4. pecunia publica : ablative after the ablative verb usus est

5. ad id : ad + accusative expressing the goal or purpose

6. operis : ablative after the ablative verb usus est

7. ex plebe : partitive expression using ex + abl.

8. his laboribus : ablative of means

9. exercita plebe : ablative absolute (temporal)

10. urbi : dative of disadvantage

11. multitudinem esse : accusative & infinitive in a reported statement after rebatur

12. esset : imperfect subjunctive in a temporal clause after ubi; the verb is imperfect as it denotes action contemporaneous with that of the main verb (rebatur), and the indicative has become subjunctive in a sub–oblique clause in oratio obliqua

13. oneri : predicative dative

14. rebatur & volebat: imperfect indicatives in causal clauses introduced by quia

15. colonis mittendis : ablative gerundival attraction; ablative of means

16. occupari : prolate passive infinitive after volebat

17. imperii : genitive of possession or partitive genitive

18. Signiam Circeiosque : accusatives of goal of motion (towns take no preposition)

19. urbi : dative of thing concerned (dative of advantage)

20. praesidia futura : accusative neuter plural in apposition with colonos

21. terra marique : ablatives of manner

C H A P T E R L V I ( i i ) 1. agenti : dative singular present participle; dative of person concerned

2. visum : sc. est

3. elapsus : nominative masculine singular past (deponent) participle, agreeing with anguis (subject)

4. fecisset : pluperfect subjunctive in a temporal cum clause in secondary sequence after perculit, denoting a preceding action

5. ipsius regis : genitive of possession

6. tam … quam : correlative construction

7. subito pavore : ablative of means

8. axis curis : ablative of means after a verb of filling

9. adhiberentur : passive imperfect subjunctive in a concessive cum clause in secondary sequence after statuit, denoting a continuous action in the past

10. hoc domestico visu : ablative of cause

11. exterritus : nominative masculine singular adjective agreeing with the subject (Tarquinius)

12. Delphos : accusative of goal of motion (no preposition with a city)

13. maxime inclitum : usually only adjectives ending in –us, preceded by a vowel, e.g. idoneus, form their superlative with maxime (comparative with magis)

14. mittere : prolate infinitive after statuit

15. sortium : subjective genitive (sortes respondent)

16. ulli alii : dative singular; indirect object (dative of advantage)

17. committere : prolate infinitive after ausus (est)

18. ausus : nominative masculine singular past (deponent) participle, agreeing with the subject (misit)

19. ea tempestate : ablative of time when

C H A P T E R L V I ( i i i ) 1. profecti : sc. sunt

2. iis : = eis; dative plural; indirect object (dative of advantage)

3. Tarquinia : ablative of origin

4. regis : genitive of possession

5. natus : nominative masculine singular past participle of nascor, –i, natus sum, agreeing with Brutus

6. longe : ablative of measure of difference

7. alius ingenii : genitive of description

8. cuius : gen. sing. fem. rel. pr.; genitive of possession

9. primores interfectum : sc. esse; acc. & infin. in a reported statement after audisset; interfectum agrees with fratrem, the nearest subject, rather than the more distant primores

10. civitatis : partitive genitive (or gen. of possession)

11. quibus : ablative masculine plural relative pronoun after in; antecedent is primores

12. fratrem suum : sc. esset (subjunctive in a sub–oblique clause); = in quibus frater suus esset

13. ab avunculo : ablative of the agent

14. audisset : = audivisset (syncope); pluperfect subjunctive in a causal cum clause in secondary sequence after statuit

15. quicquam : = quidquam; indefinite pronoun after neque (= nihil)

16. regi : dative of the agent with timendum

17. timendum & concupiscendum : future passive participles (rather than gerundives expressive obligation), agreeing with quicquam

18. relinquere : prolate infinitive after statuit

19. contemptu : ablative of cause

20. esse : prolate infinitive after statuit

21. praesidii : partitive genitive

22. esset : imperfect subjunctive in a temporal clause (ubi); the indicative verb is subjunctive because it is virtually sub–oblique (as if Livy is recording Brutus’ reasons)

23. factus : nominative masculine singular past participle (deponent, from fio, fieri, factus sum) agreeing with the subject (Brutus)

24. stultitiae : genitive of definition (stupidity is the form of imitation) (or objective genitive, imitatur stultitiam)

25. praedae : predicative dative

26. esse : prolate infinitive after sineret

27. regi : dative of advantage

28. sineret : imperfect subjunctive in a causal cum clause in secondary sequence after abnuit denoting a simultaneous action

29. Bruti : genitive of definition

30. eius cognominis : subjective genitive (cognomen obtendit) (or genitive of definition)

31. populi Romani : objective genitive (liberat populum Romanum)

32. latens : nominative masculine singular present participle agreeing with ille

33. opperiretur : imperfect subjunctive (deponent) in a purpose clause in secondary sequence after abnuit

34. ab Tarquiniis : ablative of the agent

35. ductus : nominative masculine singular past participle agreeing with is (subject)

36. Delphos : accusative of goal of motion (no preposition with a city)

37. ludibrium : nominative neuter singular in apposition with is

38. verius : comparative adverb

39. corneo cavato baculo : ablative of instrument

40. ad id : ad + acc. denoting purpose

41. tulisse : (with is) nominative & infinitive construction after the personal verb dicitur

42. donum : accusative neuter singular in apposition with baculum

43. Apollini : dative of advantage (goes with tulisse, rather than being dependent on donum)

44. dicitur : personalised passive, introducing a nominative & infinitive construction

45. effigiem : accusative feminine singular in apposition with donum

46. ingenii sui : genitive of possession

C H A P T E R L V I ( i v ) 1. quo : connecting relative adverb (= eo)

2. ventum est : impersonal passive, denoting general action; perfect indicative in a temporal (postquam) clause, the narrative tense (§452)

3. perfectis mandatis : ablative absolute (temporal)

4. patris : genitive of possession or subjective genitive (pater mandat)

5. iuvenum : masc. gen. pl., genitive of possession

6. sciscitandi : genitive gerund after cupido (objective genitive)

7. ad quem : accusative masculine singular interrogative pronoun after ad

8. eorum : partitive genitive

9. esset venturum : future subjunctive periphrasis in a reported question in secondary sequence after incessit

10. vocem redditam : sc. esse; accusative and infinitive in a reported statement after ferunt

11. Romae : genitive of possession or locative (no preposition with a city)

12. qui : nominative masculine singular relative pronoun; = is … qui, a correlative construction

13. vestrum : partitive genitive

14. iuvenes : vocative plural

15. matri : indirect object (dative of advantage)

16. tulerit : future perfect indicative in a relative clause denoting action preceding that of the main clause

17. qui : nominative masculine singular relative pronoun; antecedent is Sextus; subject of relative clause

18. Romae : locative

19. relictus fuerat : pluperfect indicative in a relative clause; the form fuerat for erat emphasises that the state has finished, i.e. no longer exists

20. responsi : genitive after the adjective ignarus (objective genitive)

21. imperii : genitive after the adjective expers

22. esset : imperfect subjunctive in a purpose clause in secondary sequence after the historic present iubent

23. summa ope : ablative of manner

24. taceri : prolate infinitive after iubent (equivalent to a reported command)

25. Romam : accusative of goal of motion (no preposition with a city)

26. redisset : pluperfect subjunctive in a temporal cum clause in secondary sequence after the historic present permittunt, denoting an action prior to daret

27. matri : dative fem. singular indirect object (dative of advantage)

28. daret : imperfect subjunctive in an indirect question in secondary sequence after the historic present permittunt denoting an original future; daturus esset would be expected

29. sorti : dative singular indirect object (dative of advantage)

30. ratus : nominative masculine singular past (deponent) participle agreeing with Brutus (subject)

31. spectare Pythicam vocem : accusative & infinitive in a reported statement after ratus

32. prolapsus : nominative masculine singular past (deponent) participle agreeing with Brutus (subject)

33. cecidisset : pluperfect subjunctive in the protasis of a conditional clause (the apodosis is suppressed) §574

34. osculo : ablative of instrument

35. omnium mortalium : genitive of possession

36. esset : imperfect subjunctive in a causal (quod) clause denoting simultaneous action; the indicative has become subjunctive because it is virtually sub–oblique, giving Brutus’ opinion

37. reditum : sc. est; impersonal passive denoting general movement

38. Romam : accusative of goal of motion (no preposition with a city)

39. summa vi : ablative of manner

40. parabatur : imperfect indicative in a temporal (ubi) clause denoting contemporaneous action

C H A P T E R L V I I ( i ) 1. gens : in apposition to Rutuli

2. in ea regione : ablative of place where

3. in ea aetate : ablative of time when, used as a locative idea with in + abl.

4. divitiis : ablative of respect

5. praepollens : nominative feminine singular agreeing with gens (subject)

6. belli : genitive of possession

7. ditari : prolate infinitive after studebat

8. exhaustus : nominative masculine singular past participle as an adjective agreeing with rex

9. magnificentia : ablative of means or cause

10. publicorum operum : genitive of definition

11. praeda : ablative of means

12. delenire : prolate infinitive after studebat

13. popularium : genitive of possession

14. studebat : imperfect indicative in a causal (quod) clause denoting a simultaneous action in the past with fuit

15. regno : dative after the adjective infestos (dative of the thing concerned)

16. se habitos : sc. esse; accusative & infinitive in a reported statement after indignabatur

17. fabrorum : genitive of possession

18. ab rege : ablative of the agent

19. indignabatur : imperf. indic. in a causal (quod) clause denoting simultaneous action in the past with fuit

20. primo impetus : ablative of means or time when

21. capi : present passive prolate infinitive after posset

22. posset : imperfect subjunctive in a final conditional clause in secondary sequence after temptata est §573

23. processit : perfect indicative; narrative perfect in a temporal (ubi) clause §452

24. obsidione munitionibusque : ablatives of instrument (hendiadys)

25. coepti : sc. sunt

26. premi : present passive prolate infinitive after coepti sunt

27. fit : present indicative in an ut (as) clause

28. longo : sc. bello; ablative of time within which

29. acri bello : ablative of time within which

30. primoribus & militibus : datives of reference (advantage)

31. conviviis comisationibusque : ablatives of instrument (means) (hendiadys)

C H A P T E R L V I I ( i i ) 1. potantibus his : ablative absolute (simultaneous action)

2. cenabat : imperfect indicative in a temporal (ubi) clause denoting simultaneous action in the past

3. Egeri : genitive of possession

4. laudare : historic infinitive (= laudavit)

5. miris modis : ablative of manner

6. certamine accenso : ablative absolute (temporal)

7. verbis : ablative with opus est (instrument)

8. opus esse : accusative & infinitive in a reported statement after negat

9. paucis horis : ablative of time within which

10. posse : sc. eos; accusative & infinitive in a reported statement (oratio obliqua)

11. sciri : present passive prolate infinitive after posse

12. quantum : adverbial accusative (cognate accusative of praestet)

13. ceteris : dative after the compound verb praesto

14. praestet : present subjunctive in a reported question in primary sequence after negat denoting a simultaneous action

15. iuventae : genitive of possession or subjective genitive (iuventus viget)

16. inest : present indicative in the protasis of a real condition referring action simultaneous with that of the main verb (conscendimus)

17. praesentes : nominative masculine plural present participle agreeing with the subject (invisimus)

18. nostrarum : genitive of possession

19. cuique : sc. uxori; dative feminine singular; dative of reference or person concerned

20. spectatissimum : past participle used as a superlative adjective, then treated as a neuter noun

21. sit : present jussive subjunctive giving a third person command

22. quod : correlative with id; = ‘the fact that’, introducing a noun clause

23. necopinato adventu : ablative of time when

24. viri : genitive of possession

25. occurrerit : future perfect indicative in a correlative noun clause denoting action which precedes the main verb (a jussive subjunctive, like an imperative, refers to future time)

26. oculis : dative plural after the compound verb occurro

27. vino : ablative of cause

28. omnes : sc. dixerunt

29. citatis equis : ablative absolute (temporal)

30. Romam : accusative of goal of motion (no preposition with a city)

31. quo : = eo; connecting relative adverb

32. primis intendibus tenebris : ablative absolute (simultaneous action)

33. se : accusative feminine plural reflexive pronoun (se intendere = to lengthen)

34. pervenissent : pluperfect subjunctive in a temporal cum clause in secondary sequence after the historic present pergunt

35. Collatiam : accusative of goal of motion (no preposition with a city)

36. quas : accusative feminine plural relative pronoun; antecedent is nurus; object of viderant

37. cum aequalibus : ablative of accompaniment

38. viderant : pluperfect indicative in a relative clause denoting preceding action

39. terentes : accusative feminine plural present participle agreeing with quas (nurus)

40. nocte sera : ablative of time when

41. deditam : accusative feminine singular past participle agreeing with Lucretiam

42. lanae : dative singular; indirect object (dative of advantage)

43. lucubrantes : accusative feminine plural present participle agreeing with ancillas, accusative after inter

44. aedium : partitive genitive or genitive of possession; in medio aedium is unusual; in mediis aedibus is expected

45. sedentem : accusative feminine singular past participle agreeing with Lucretiam

46. muliebris certaminis : genitive of possession

47. adveniens : nominative masculine singular agreeing with vir (the subject)

48. Lucretiae stuprandae : genitive gerundival attraction after libido (objective genitive)

49. spectata : nominative feminine singular past participle agreeing with castitas (subject)

C H A P T E R L V I I I ( i ) 1. paucis interiectis diebus : ablative absolute (temporal)

2. inscio Collatino : ablative absolute

3. cum comite uno : ablative of accompaniment

4. Collatiam : accusative of goal of motion (no preposition with a city)

5. ubi : connecting relative adverb (= ibi)

6. exceptus : nominative masculine singular past participle agreeing with the subject (Tarquinius)

7. ab ignaris : sc. eis; ablative of the agent

8. consilii : genitive after the adjective ignarus (objective genitive)

9. deductus esset : pluperfect passive subjunctive in a temporal cum clause in secondary sequence after venit denoting a prior action

10. amore : ablative of cause

11. ardens : nominative masculine singular present participle agreeing with the subject (Tarquinius)

12. tuta : sc. esse omnia

13. sopiti : sc. esse (sopio, -ire = to be in a deep sleep)

14. videbantur : active imperfect indicative in a temporal (postquam) clause denoting action simultaneous with that of the main verb (venit)

15. stricto gladio : ablative absolute (temporal)

16. dormientem : accusative feminine singular present participle agreeing with Lucretiam (accusative after ad); denotes simultaneous action

17. sinistra manu : ablative of instrument

18. mulieris : genitive of possession

19. pectore oppresso : ablative absolute (temporal)

20. Lucretia : vocative singular

21. moriere : = morieris (you will die)

22. emiseris : future perfect in the protasis of a real condition denoting a preceding action

23. videret : imperfect subjunctive in a causal cum clause denoting action simultaneous with that of the main verb (fateri)

24. fateri & orare & miscere & versare : historic infinitives

25. precibus : ablative of means ???

C H A P T E R L V I I I ( i i ) 1. obstinatam : sc eam & esse; accusative feminine singular past participle as complement of the accusative

subject in a reported statement

2. videbat : imperfect indicative in a temporal (ubi) clause denoting a continuous action in the past

3. mortis : objective genitive

4. metu : ablative of cause

5. inclinari : present passive infinitive in a reported statement after videbat

6. cum mortua : ablative of accompaniment; adjective used as a noun

7. iugulatum : accusative masculine singular past participle as adjective agreeing with the object servum

8. positurum : sc. esse; future active infinitive in a reported statement after ait; supply se

9. necata : sc. esse; perfect passive infinitive in a nominative and infinitive construction in a personalised reported statement after dicatur

10. dicatur : present subjunctive in a purpose clause in primary sequence after the historic present ait (may be followed by either sequence)

11. quo terrore : ablative singular connecting relative (= eo terrore); ablative of means

12. vicisset : pluperfect subjunctive in a temporal cum clause in secondary sequence after the historic present mittit

13. vi : ablative of means

14. profectus esset : pluperfect passive subjunctive in a temporal cum clause in secondary sequence after the historic present mittit

15. expugnato decore muliebri : ablative absolute (causal, modifying ferox)

16. tanto malo : ablative of cause

17. Romam : accusative of goal of motion (no preposition with a city)

18. eundem : not the gerundive form of eo, ire, but the adjective idem, agreeing with nuntium

19. Ardeam : accusative of goal of motion (no preposition with a city)

20. cum singulis fidelibus amicis : ablative of accompaniment

21. veniant : present subjunctive in a reported command in primary sequence after mittat; sc. et orat or rogat after mittit

22. facto maturatoque : ablatives of means after opus est (hendiadys)

23. opus esse : accusative & infinitive in a reported statement after an implied orat or rogat with mittit

24. rem atrocem incidisse : accusative & infinitive in a reported statement

25. cum P. Valerio : ablative of accompaniment

26. Volesi : genitive of possession

27. cum L. Iunio Bruto : ablative of accompaniment

28. cum quo : (usually written as quocum); ablative masculine singular relative pronoun; antecedent is Bruto; ablative of accompaniment

29. Romam : accusative of goal of motion

30. rediens : nominative masculine singular present participle, agreeing with Collatinus, denoting simultaneous action

31. ab nuntio : ablative of the agent

32. uxoris : genitive of possession

33. erat conventus : pluperfect passive indicative in a relative clause, denoting preceding action (venit)

34. sedentem : accusative feminine singular present participle, agreeing with Lucretiam, denoting simulaneous action

35. in cubiculo : ablative of place where

C H A P T E R L V I I I ( i i i ) 1. adventu : ablative of cause (ablative of time when)

2. suorum : subjective genitive (genitive of possession)

3. obortae : sc. sunt

4. quaerenti viro : dative of advantage (indirect object after inquit)

5. satin salve : satin = satis ne; understand agis with the adverb salve, i.e. ‘do you do well enough?’ = ‘are you quite well’

6. quid : nominative neuter singular interrogative pronoun; subject of est

7. salvi : partitive genitive after quid

8. mulieri : dative of reference (advantage)

9. amissa pudicitia : ablative absolute (temporal)

10. viri alieni : genitive of possession

11. Collatine : vocative singular, in a direct address

12. in lecto tuo : ablative of place where

13. ceterum : here a conjunction meaning ‘but though’

14. tantum : adverbial accusative (internal accusative) = ‘so greatly’

15. date : plural imperative in a direct command

16. dexteras fidemque : hendiadys = ‘your right hands as a pledge’

17. adultero : dative of disadvantage (reference)

18. fore : = futurum esse; an impersonal future infinitive in a reported statement after date dexteras fidemque, equivalent to a verb of promising; there is no accusative expressed with an impersonal construction

19. qui : nominative mascuine singular relative pronoun; subject of abstulit

20. priore nocte : ablative of time when

21. vi : ablative of means (going with armatus)

22. mihi sibique : dative of reference (advantage)

23. estis : present indicative in the protasis of a real condition denoting a state in the present

24. pestiferum : accusative neuter singular agreeing with gaudium; goes closely with mihi sibique = ‘fatal for me and for him’

25. abstulit : perfect indicative in a relative clause denoting preceding action

C H A P T E R L V I I I ( i v ) 1. ordine : ablative of manner

2. aegram : sc. eam

3. animi : locative, ‘in mind’

4. avertendo : ablative gerund of manner; gerundival attraction would normally be expected with noxam (the direct object)

5. ab coacta : the past participle is used as a feminine noun, ‘from she who had been forced’; ablative of mation away from

6. delicti : objective genitive

7. mentem peccare : sc. dicunt; accusative & infinitive in reported statement with no direct verb of speaking, only an implication from consolantur (virtual oratio obliqua)

8. afuerit : perfect subjunctive in a reported question inside virtual oratio obliqua in primary sequence after dicunt (understood)

9. culpam abesse : accusative & infinitive in reported statement after dicunt (understood)

10. vos : vocative singular in a direct address

11. videritis : perfect jussive subjunctive, equivalent to an imperative; the construction is usually negative, e.g. ne discesseris, ‘do not go away’ (the use of this construction with the positive is rare)

12. quid : nominative neuter singular interrogative pronoun introducing a reported question

13. illi : dative of the person concerned (reference)

14. debeatur : present subjunctive in a reported question in primary sequence after videritis (a jussive command) denoting an original present question

15. peccato : ablative of separation with absolvo

16. absolvo : present indicative in a concessive (etsi) clause denoting action simultaneous with that of the main verb (libero)

17. supplicio : ablative of separation

18. ulla : sc. femina

19. Lucretiae : genitive of definition (Lucretia is the example)

20. exemplo : ablative of cause

21. quem : accusative masculine singular relative pronoun; antecedent is cultrum; direct object of habebat

22. habebat : imperfect indicative in a relative clause introduced by quem

23. eum : Livy repeats the idea of cultrum with a pronoun for emphasis, although it is gramatically unnecessary

24. in corde : ablative of place where, not the expected accusative of goal of motion

25. prolapsa : nominative feminine singular perfect deponent participle (‘falling forward’) agreeing with the subject (Lucretia)

C H A P T E R L I X ( i ) 1. illis occupatis : ablative absolute (with the verb ‘to be’ understood)

2. Lucretiae : genitive of possession (partitive genitive)

3. extractum : accusative masculine singular agreeing with cultrum; the past participle denotes a prior action (a ‘failed’ ablative absolute)

4. manantem : accusative masculine singular agreeing with cultrum

5. cruore : ablative of cause or instrument

6. tenens : nominative masculine singular present participle agreeing with Brutus, denoting a simultaneous action

7. di : vocative plural in a direct address

8. me exsecuturum : sc. esse; accusative and infinitive in a reported statement after vos testes facio

9. cum scelerata coniuge et omni stirpe : ablative of accompaniment

10. liberorum : genitive of material (the children make up the stirpe)

11. ferro igni : ablatives of instrument (note the asyndeton)

12. quacumque vi : ablative feminine singular indefinite adjective agreeing with vi; ablative of means

13. possim : present subjunctive in a sub-oblique clause in oratio obliqua

14. regnare : prolate infinitive after patior

15. Romae : locative singular (no preposition with a city)

16. passurum : sc. esse; future active infinitive (deponent) in a reported statement (with me)

17. Collatino : indirect object (dative of advantage)

18. Lucretio ac Valerio : indirect objects (datives of advantage)

19. stupentibus : dative masculine plural present participle agreeing with Lucretio and Valerio, denoting simultaneous action

20. miraculo : ablative of cause with stupentibus

21. rei : genitive of definition (the incident is the marvel) or objective genitive (mirantur rem)

22. unde : sc. veniat; introduces a reported question in virtual oratio obliqua, i.e. se rogantibus, or some verb of asking, is understood

23. praeceptum erat : pluperfect indicative after ut meaning ‘as’, denoting preceding action

24. ab luctu : ablative of motion away from

25. versi : nominative masculine plural deponent past participle referring to Collatinus, Lucretius and Valerius

26. ad expugnandum regnum : gerundival attraction after ad + acc. to express purpose or goal

27. vocantem : accusative masculine singular present participle agreeing with Brutus denoting a simultaneous action

28. ducem : accusative masculine singular in apposition with Brutum

C H A P T E R L I X ( i i ) 1. elatum : accusative neuter singular past participle agreeing with corpus; a ‘failed’ ablative absolute

2. domo : ablative of motion away from (no preposition with domus, rus and humus)

3. Lucretiae : genitive of possession

4. in forum : in + accusative to express motion towards

5. miraculo : ablative of cause

6. ut fit : ut + indicative, meaning ‘as’

7. rei novae : genitive of definition (the new thing is the wonder)

8. indignitate : ablative of cause

9. patris : genitive of possession (subjective genitive – pater maeret)

10. lacrimarum atque inertium querellarum : objective genitive (castigat lacrimas)

11. quod : sc. eius; nominative neuter singular relative pronoun, introducing a relative clause; subject of deceret

12. deceret : imperfect subjunctive in a sub-oblique clause in virtual oratio obliqua after auctor, as if quoting what Brutus actually said

13. arma capiendi : genitive gerund after auctor (objective genitive), in apposition to the understood eius with the quod clause; Livy retains an accusative object after the genitive gerund instead of using gerundival attraction

14. hostilia : accusative neuter plural adjective for noun; direct object of ausos, not governed by adversus

15. ausos : sc. eos; accusative masculine plural past semi-deponent participle; accusative after the preposition adversus

16. ferocissimus quisque : ‘each’ with a superlative is commonly expressed by quisque (§527)

17. iuvenum : partitive genitive

18. cum armis : ablative of accompaniment

19. patre praeside relicto : ablative absolute (temporal); praeside is in apposition with patre, ‘as a guard’

20. Collatiae : locative singular expressing place where (or genitive of possession after ad portas)

21. custodibus datis : ablative absolute (temporal)

22. quis : the standard word for ‘anyone’ after ne (§211)

23. regibus : indirect object after nuntiaret (dative of advantage)

24. nuntiaret : imperfect subjunctive in a negative purpose clause in secondary sequence after datis

25. duce Bruto : ablative absolute with the verb ‘to be’ understood

26. Romam : accusative of goal of motion (no preposition with a town)

27. profecti : sc. sunt

C H A P T E R L I X ( i i i ) 1. ventum est : impersonal passive (used for general movement); perfect indicative in a temporal (ubi)

clause denoting preceding action

2. anteire primores : accusative and infinitive in a reported statement after vident

3. civitatis : genitive of possession (partitive genitive)

4. vident : present indicative in a temporal (ubi) clause; the narrative present is used for a preceding action (§452)

5. quidquid sit : the relative clause, introduced by the indefinite pronoun, stands as the accusative subject of the accusative and infinitive; sit is present subjunctive in a sub-oblique clause in oratio obliqua

6. esse : the infinitive in a reported statement after rentur

7. animorum : subjective genitive (animi movent)

8. Romae : locative singular

9. Collatiae : locative singular

10. fecerat : pluperfect indicative in a comparison after quam denoting preceding action

11. urbis : genitive of possession (partitive genitive)

12. curritur : impersonal passive denoting general action

13. quo : = eo; connecting relative adverb

14. ventum est : impersonal passive denoting general action

15. Celerum : genitive of possession

16. in quo magistratu : ablative masculine singular relative adjective governed by the preposition in agreeing with magistratu introducing a relative clause

17. erat : imperfect indicative in a relative clause denoting simultaneous action

18. habita : sc. est

19. eius pectoris ingeniique : genitive of description

20. quod : nominative neuter singular relative pronoun; antecedent is pectoris and ingenii, but it agrees only with the nearest; subject of simulatum fuerat

21. simulatum fuerat : pluperfect indicative (the fuerat emphasises that the state no longer exists) denoting preceding action

22. Sexti Tarquini : genitive of possession

23. Lucretiae : genitive of possession (objective genitive – stuprat Lucretiam)

24. Tricipitini : genitive of possession

25. cui : dative masculine singular relative pronoun; antecedent is Tricipitini; dative of reference (disadvantage)

26. morte : ablative of comparison

27. filiae : genitive of possession

28. mortis : genitive of definition (the death was the cause) or genitive of possession

29. esset : imperfect subjunctive in a sub-oblique relative clause in virtual oratio obliqua after oratio habita est, as if reporting what Brutus said

30. addita : sc. est

31. ipsius regius : genitive of possession

32. plebis : subjective genitive (plebs miseretur et laborat) or genitive of possession

33. in fossas cloacasque exhauriendas : gerundival attraction after in + acc. denoting purpose (cf. ad + acc.)

34. demersae : genitive feminine singular past participle modifying plebis, = ‘who has been sent down’

35. Romanos homines factos : sc. esse; accusative and infinitive in virtual oratio obliqua (the verb of speaking is implied)

36. victores : accusative masculine plural noun in apposition with Romanos homines

37. omnium populorum : objective genitive (vincunt omnes populos)

38. opifices ac lapicidas : complement of homines after factos esse (verb of making/creating) in the same case; cf. Cicero consul factus est

39. Servi Tulli regis : subjective genitive (rex caeditur) or genitive of possession

40. memorata : sc. est

41. invecta : nominative feminine singular past (deponent) participle agreeing with filia, = ‘who had been conveyed, who had driven over’

42. corpori : dative singular; dative of disadvantage ???

43. patris : genitive of possession

44. nefando vehiculo : ablative of instrument

45. invocati : sc. sunt

46. ultores : nominative masculine plural noun in apposition with di

47. parentum : objective genitive (ulciscuntur parentes)

C H A P T E R L I X ( i v ) 1. his atrocioribusque aliis memoratis : ablative absolute (temporal)

2. credo : present indicative in an apostrophe (where the author speaks directly)

3. quae : accusative neuter plural relative pronoun; antecedent is aliis; direct object of subicit

4. rerum : genitive of possession (subjective genitive – res indignuntur) ???

5. relatu : ablative supine, ‘in the relating’; ablative of respect with facilia

6. scriptoribus : dative plural of reference, dependent on facilia

7. facilia : accusative neuter plural adjective agreeing with quae

8. regi : dative singular; dative of disadvantage (indirect object) with a verb of taking away

9. abrogaret & iuberet : imperfect subjunctive in a reported command in secondary sequence after perpulit

10. esse : prolate infinitive after iuberet in an indirect command

11. cum coniuge ac liberis : ablative of accompaniment

12. iunioribus lectis armatisque : ablative absolute (temporal)

13. qui : nominative masculine plural relative pronoun; antecedent is iunioribus; subject of dabant

14. dabant : imperfect indicative in a relative clause denoting simultaneous action

15. ad concitandum exercitum : gerundival attraction after ad expressing purpose

16. Ardeam : accusative of goal of motion (no preposition with a town)

17. in castra : in + accusative to express goal of motion; note that the bigger place goes first

18. Lucretio : dative of advantage (indirect object)

19. praefecto : complement of Lucretio in the same case (dative) after the factitive verb instituto; cf. Cicero consul creatus est

20. urbis : genitive of possession

21. ab rege : ablative of the agent

22. domo : ablative of motion away from (no preposition with domus)

23. exsecrantibus invocantibusque viris mulieribusque : ablative absolute (present participle denoting simultaneous action)

24. quacumque : indefinite relative adverb introducing an indefinite relative clause

25. incedebat : imperfect indicative in an indefinite relative clause

26. parentum : genitive of possession

C H A P T E R L X ( i ) 1. harum rerum : genitive of contents (genitive of definition – these things make up the reports) 2. nuntiis perlatis : ablative absolute (temporal) 3. re nova : ablative of cause after trepidus 4. pergeret : imperf. subj. in a causal cum clause in secondary sequence denoting simultaneous action 5. Romam : accusative of goal of motion (no preposition with a city) 6. ad comprimendos motus : accusative gerundival attraction after ad to express purpose 7. fieret : imperfect subjunctive in a negative purpose clause in secondary sequence after flexit 8. eodem tempore : ablative of time when 9. diversis itineribus : ablative of road by which (instrument) 10. Ardeam : accusative of goal of motion (no preposition with a city) 11. Romam : accusative of goal of motion (no preposition with a city) 12. Tarquinio : dative of reference (disadvantage) 13. clausae : sc. sunt 14. indictum : sc. est 15. urbis : objective genitive (liberat urbem) 16. accepere : = acceperunt (alternative poetic ending) 17. exacti : sc. sunt 18. regis : genitive of possession 19. qui : nominative masculine plural relative pronoun; antecedent is duo; subject of ierunt 20. exsultatum : accusative supine of purpose after a verb of motion (‘who went to be exiles’) 21. Caere : accusative of goal of motion (no preposition with a city) 22. Gabios : accusative of goal of motion (no preposition with a city) 23. profectus : nominative masculine singular past (deponent) participle agreeing with Tarquinius 24. ab ultoribus : ablative of the agent 25. veterum simultatium : objective genitive (ulciscuntur veteres simultates) 26. quas : accusative feminine plural relative pronoun; antecedent is simultatium; object of concierat 27. sibi : dative of disadvantage (indirect object) 28. caedibus rapinisque : ablatives of means 29. concierat : pluperfect indicative in a relative clause denoting preceding action 30. annos quinque et viginti : accusative of extent of time 31. regnatum : sc. est; impersonal passive denoting general action (‘there were kings’) 32. Romae : locative singular indicating place where 33. ab condita urbe : an urbs condita construction, containing a noun and a past participle, where the

emphasis on the participle is so strong that it is best translated by a verbal noun in English (‘the founding of the city’)

34. ad liberatam : sc. urbem; another urbs condita construction (‘the freeing of the city’) 35. annos ducentos quadraginta quattuor : accusative of extent of time 36. comitiis centuriatis : locative plural (in + abl. is expected) 37. a praefecto : ablative of the agent 38. urbis : genitive of possession (or objective genitive – praeficit urbem) 39. Servi Tulli : genitive of possession