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Chapter 10: Accusative with

Infinitive; Imperative; Present tense in

other conjugations

Some verbs, such as iubeo (order) and

doceo (teach)require 2 words to completetheir meaning:

a direct object

an infinitive

The direct object alone is not sufficient for

a complete thought.

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Example:

I order the slaveto putthe trunk into the

wagon.

Slaveis the direct object, but the meaning is

not complete yet. What did I order him to do?

This is why I need the additional infinitive.

Servum iubeo cistam in raedam ponere.

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Other verb conjugations:

The verbs we have dealt with for present

tense so far have all been 1stconjugation

verbs. We know this because the infinitive

ends in -are.

But there are other conjugations of verbs.

You can tell the conjugation by knowing

the infinitive ending.

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What do they look like?

-are = 1stconjugation

-re = 2ndconjugation

-ere = 3rdconjugation

-ere + -io in the 1stp. part = 3rdio

-ire = 4th

conjugation

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What is the difference?

The difference occurs when the verbs are

conjugated. The stem vowel will change

when you follow the present tense rule.

Remember the rule?

When we follow the rule for 2nd

conjugation, the vowel in front of the

endings will bee.

2ndp. part /drop the -re / add the ending

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habeo, habre, [.] have

Bring down the 1stp.part.

to the 2ndp. part /

drop there.Add the endings.

habeo

habe

s

habe

t

habe

mus

habe

tis

habe

nt

I have

you have

h/s/i has

we have

you have

they have

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3rdconjugation is tricky!

When we follow the rule here we have aproblem. The stem vowel is a shorte andit is too weak to handle the stress of the

coming syllable. In order to compensate for the weight of the

coming syllable, the vowel changes!

Everywhere except for 3rd

plural the weake changes to ani. In the 3rdplural theechanges to au.

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pono, ponere, [.] put

Bring down the 1stp.part.

to the 2ndp. part /

drop there. Change the vowel if

necessary.

Add the endings.

pono

ponis

poni t

poni mus

poni tis

ponunt

I put

you put

h/s/i puts

we put

you put

they put

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3rdio adds its own craziness!

3rdio is a subset of 3rdconjugation. Thereforewhatever happens to 3rdalso happens to 3rdio.

BUT we have the additionali in the stem to

remember! When you conjugate in the persons and

numbers where thee changes toi in 3rdconjugation, the same thing happens for 3rdio.

But you have thei in the stem (from the 1stp.part). When it meets up with thei in the stemvowel, they merge into onei.

See what happens when we put it into action.

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capio, capere, [.] take

capio

capis

capi t

capi mus

capi tis

capiunt

I take

you take

h/s/i takes

we take

you take

they take

Bring down the 1stp.part.

to the 2ndp. part /

drop there. Change the vowel if

necessary.

Add the endings.

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4thconjugation

4thconjugation is often called the copycat

conjugation because it mimics 3rdio.

It is really doing its own thing, but it is very

similar to 3rdio because the 1stp. part

always has ani in it, just like 3rdio.

The vowels are the same as for 3rdio.

Lets see one at work.

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audio, audire, [.] hear

audio

audis

audi t

audi mus

audi tis

audiunt

I hear

you hear

h/s/i hears

we hear

you hear

they hear

Bring down the 1stp.part.

to the 2ndp. part /

drop there. Change the vowel if

necessary.

Add the endings.

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The imperative mood is the way to make a

command in Latin.

It is a very useful form that appears quite

commonly in both English and Latin.

Imperative Mood

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Present Active Imperative:

Here is your rule:

Translate using just the verb

2ndp. part / drop there /

leave it alone for the singular /

addte for the plural

ama / amatelove!

habe / habetehave!

pone / poniteput!

cape / capitetake!

audi / auditelisten!

Dont forget that the vowel must

be adjusted for 3rdconjugation!

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Negative Commands:

The imperative is used for telling someone

to do something. But what do we do if we

want to tell someone NOT to do

something?

Telling someone not to do something is

creating a negative command.

In English we use the word dontin front of

the imperative verb.

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Simply use the imperative of nolo (noli,

nolite) + the infinitive of the verb.

Noli ibi sedre!Dont sit there!

Nolite cistam iacere!Dont throw the trunk!

Noli agere!Dont do (it)!

How does it work in Latin?