henlelatinhelps.files.wordpress.com · Web viewThe accusative is like the nominative in all neuter nouns and adjectives. Thus, singular nominative bellum, accusative bellum; plural

Challenge AGRAMMAR NOTEBOOK

SEMESTER 1

GRAMMAR -SEMESTER 1 WEEK 1

Grammar No. 31 The First Declension

Form Meaning Use

Singular Nominative terr-a Land, the (a) land Subject

Singular Genitive terr-ae Of the (a) land Possessive

Singular Dative terr-ae To or for the (a) land Indirect object

Singular Accusative terr-am The (a) land Direct object

Singular Ablative terr-ā By, with, from the (a) land

Object of the Preposition

Plural Nominative terr-ae Lands, the lands Subject

Plural Genitive terr-ārum Of the lands Possessive

Plural Dative terr-īs To or for the lands Indirect object

Plural Accusative terr-ās Lands, the lands Direct object

Plural Ablative terr- īs By, with, from the lands Object of the Preposition

Gender:

32: A) All nouns naming individual male person are masculine. Nauta, ae, a sailor, masculine. (Sailors are usually men.)

33: B) All others are feminine. Terra, ae, land, feminine.

Additional Rules in Reading:

All nouns whose genitive ends in -ae are in the first declension.

PRACTICE for Week 1

Grammar Rule # 32Put the form, meaning, use in the following chart for terra, terra (land)

Form Meaning Use

Singular Nominative

Singular Genitive

Singular Dative

Singular Accusative

Singular Ablative

Plural Nominative

Plural Genitive

Plural Dative

Plural Accusative

Plural Ablative

Copy the grammar rules for gender of the 1st Declension

# 32 A _____________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________

#33 _________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

Review rule found in reading: All nouns whose genitive ends in -ae are in the _________ declension.

Additional Practice for Week 1

Practice declining the nouns in the vocabulary on page 7 using the following charts:

porta, portae – gate

Form Meaning Use

Singular Nominative Subject

Singular Genitive Possessive

Singular Dative Indirect object

Singular Accusative Direct object

Singular Ablative Object of the Preposition

Plural Nominative Subject

Plural Genitive Possessive

Plural Dative Indirect object

Plural Accusative Direct object

Plural Ablative Object of the Preposition

Marīa, Marīae – Mary

Form Meaning Use











S1W1

nauta, nautae – sailor

Form Meaning Use











victōria, victōriae – victory

Form Meaning Use











S1W1

glōria, glōriae – fame, glory

Form Meaning Use











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Grammar Semester 1 Week 2

Accent:

No. 9 A) In words of two syllables, the accent is on the first.

vía; béllum

No. 10 B) In words of more than two syllables, if the second last syllable is long, it is accented; otherwise the accent is on the third last syllable.

vid ē runt (accent on long e); ágmĭne

Quantity of Syllables:

No. 11 A) A syllable is short if it contains a vowel that is short by nature or that is followed by another vowel or diphthong. reg ĕ re; glor ĭ a

No. 12 B) A syllable is long if it contains a vowel that is long by nature or a vowel that is followed by two consonants other than a mute (c, g, p, b, t, d) or f followed by a liquid (r, l).

studēre; regēndus

NOUNS

No. 14Nouns have gender, number, case and declension

No. 25 The Five Declensions. There are five declensions in Latin. They can be distinguished by the endings of the genitive singular

1 2 3 4 5 -ae - ī -is -ū -eī vi-ae serv-ī lēg-is port-ūs r- eī

Gender:

32: A) All nouns naming individual male person are masculine. Nauta, ae, a sailor, masculine. (Sailors are usually men.)

33: B) All others are feminine. Terra, ae, land, feminine.


Grammar No. 34: Masculine Nouns of the Second Declension

Form Meaning UseSingular Nominative serv-us The slave Subject

Singular Genitive serv-ī Of the slave, the slave's Possessive

Singular Dative serv-ō To or for the slave Indirect object

Singular Accusative serv-um The slave Direct object

Singular Ablative serv-ō By, with, from the slave

Plural Nominative serv-ī The slaves Subject

Plural Genitive serv-ōrum Of the slaves, the slaves' Possessive

Plural Dative serv-īs To or for the slaves Indirect object

Plural Accusative serv-ōs the slaves Direct object

Plural Ablative serv-īs By, with, from the slaves

No. 35 Gender – Masucline nouns of 2nd Declension: Generally masculine

Additional Rules found in the Reading:

1. The subject of a finite verb is in the nominative case.

2. A finite verb agrees with its subject in number (and person).

3. The direct object of a transitive verb is in the accusative case.

4. The verb usually stands last in the sentence.

5. Adverbs usually stand immediately before the word they modify.

6. The possessive case and many English -of phrases are translated by the genitive.

7. All nouns whose genitive singular ends in -ī belong to the second declension.

PRACTICE WEEK 2

Grammar Rules No. 9 – 12 - Accent and Syllables - Read these grammar rules each day and practice saying the words out loud.

Copy Rules #14 and # 25 on Nouns

# 14 ______________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

#25 The Five Declensions: ____________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

1 2 3 4 5

Review rules of 1st Declension Gender

# 32 A. All nouns naming individual male person are _________________ Nauta, ae, a sailor, ______________. (Sailors are usually men.)

# 33 B. All others are __________________. Terra, ae, land, _______________________.

S1W2

Grammar No. 34: Masculine Nouns of the Second Declension

Put the form and meaning in the following chart for servus, servī (slave)

Form Meaning UseSingular Nominative Subject




Singular Ablative





Plural Ablative

Copy Grammar Rule # 35 for Gender : _____________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

Review: Additional Rules found in the Reading:

1. The subject of a finite verb is in the ________________ case.

2. A finite verb agrees with its subject in ___________ (and _______________).

3. The direct object of a transitive verb is in the ____________________ case.

4. The verb usually stands _____________ in the sentence.

5. Adverbs usually stand _______________ ___________ the word they modify.

6. The possessive case and many English -of phrases are translated by the ________________.

7. All nouns whose genitive singular ends in -ī belong to the _______________ declension.


Practice declining the nouns in the vocabulary using the following charts:

prōvincia, ae - province (1st declension)

Form Meaning Use











Nouns of 2nd Declension (masculine)

fīlius, fīliī - son

Form Meaning Use











S1W2

Deus, Deī – God

Form Meaning Use











amīcus, amīcī - friend

Form Meaning Use










Plural Ablative Object of the

Preposition

S1W2

Chrīstus, Chrīstī - Christ

Form Meaning Use











Chrīstiānus, Chrīstiānī - Christian

Form Meaning Use











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Grammar No. 25 The Five Declensions. There are five declensions in Latin. They can be distinguished by the endings of the genitive singular

1 2 3 4 5 -ae - ī -is -ū -eī vi-ae serv-ī lēg-is port-ūs r- eī

No. 26. How to decline a Noun. The nominative, genitive and gender of a noun determine which model it follows. Add the endings of that model to the stem.

No. 27 Note: a. The stem is that part of the word which remains the same in spelling throughout the declension. It gives the meaning of the word. The endings show what the word does in the sentence, whether ir is the subject, direct object, indirect object, etc.

No. 29 c. The accusative of the neuter noums and adjectives is always like the nominative.

No. 34: Masculine Nouns of the Second Declension

Form Meaning UseSingular Nominative serv-us The slave Subject

Singular Genitive serv-ī Of the slave, the slave's Possessive

Singular Dative serv-ō To or for the slave Indirect object

Singular Accusative serv-um The slave Direct object

Singular Ablative serv-ō By, with, from the slave

Plural Nominative serv-ī The slaves Subject

Plural Genitive serv-ōrum Of the slaves, the slaves' Possessive

Plural Dative serv-īs To or for the slaves Indirect object

Plural Accusative serv-ōs the slaves Direct object

Plural Ablative serv-īs By, with, from the slaves

No. 35 Gender – Masucline nouns of 2nd Declension: Generally masculine

No. 36 Note: Proper names in -ius and fīlius, son, form their vocative singular in – ī.

Vergilius, Vergilī; fīlius, fīlī.

S1W3

No. 37 Neuter Nouns of the 2nd Declension

Form Meaning UseSingular Nominative bell-um The war Subject

Singular Genitive bell-ī Of the war Possessive

Singular Dative bell-ō To or for the war Indirect object

Singular Accusative bell-um The war Direct object

Singular Ablative bell-ō By, with, from the war

Plural Nominative bell-ā The wars Subject

Plural Genitive bell-ōrum Of the wars Possessive

Plural Dative bell-īs To or for the wars Indirect object

Plural Accusative bell-a the wars Direct object

Plural Ablative bell-īs By, with, from the wars

No. 38 Gender – Neuter Nouns of 2nd Declension: All neuter.

No. 39 Note: The accusative is like the nominative in all neuter nouns and adjectives. Thus, singular nominative bellum, accusative bellum; plural nominative bella, accusative bella. (Cf. Flumen, No 64, gravis, -e, No. 78, etc, )

Additional Rules found in the Reading:

1. All words of the second declension whose nominative ends in -um are neuter and are declined like BELLUM.

2. HINT: In all neuter nouns and adjectives the accusative is always like the nominative.

3. The indirect object is put in the DATIVE case.

4. In Latin some prepositions are followed by the ablative case, some by the accusative case.

Practice Week 3

Review:

No. 25 The ___________ Declensions: There are _______ declensions in Latin. They can be

distinguished by the endings of the _____________________________.

1 2 3 4 5

Copy Grammar Rules

No. 26. How to decline a noun: __________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

No. 27 Note: a. _______________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

No. 29 c. _____________________________________________________________________

S1W3

Review:

No. 34: Masculine Nouns of the Second Declension

Add the endings to serv and the complete the translation.

Form Meaning UseSingular Nominative serv- The Subject

Singular Genitive serv- Of the Possessive

Singular Dative serv- To or for the Indirect object

Singular Accusative serv- The Direct object

Singular Ablative serv- By, with, from the

Plural Nominative serv- The Subject

Plural Genitive serv- Of the Possessive

Plural Dative serv- To or for the Indirect object

Plural Accusative serv- the Direct object

Plural Ablative serv- By, with, from the

No. 35 Gender – Masucline nouns of 2nd Declension: Generally ______________________.

Copy:

No. 36 Note: _________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________

S1W3

No. 37 Neuter Nouns of the 2nd Declension

Add the form and meaning for bellum, bellī (war)





Singular Ablative





Plural Ablative

No. 38 Gender – Neuter Nouns of 2nd Declension: __________________________________________

Read and Review following note:

No. 39 Note: The accusative is like the nominative in all neuter nouns and adjectives. Thus, singular nominative bellum, accusative bellum; plural nominative bella, accusative bella. (Cf. Flumen, No 64, gravis, -e, No. 78, etc, )

Fill in the blanks:

The accusative is like the________________ in all neuter _______________ and _____________. Thus, singular nominative bellum, accusative bellum; plural nominative bella, accusative bella. (Cf. Flumen, No 64, gravis, -e, No. 78, etc, )

Review: Additional Rules found in the Reading:

1. All words of the second declension whose nominative ends in -um are neuter and are declined like _____________.

2. HINT: In all neuter nouns and adjectives the accusative is always like the ___________________.

3. The indirect object is put in the __________________ case.

4. In Latin some prepositions are followed by the ________________ case, some by the _____________ case.

Additional Practice for Week 3:

Practice declining the nouns in the vocabulary on using the following charts:

caelum, caelī - sky, heaven

Form Meaning Use











rēgnum, rēgnī - kingdom, royal power

Form Meaning Use











S1W3

praemium, praemiī - reward

Form Meaning Use











perīculum, perīculī – danger

Form Meaning Use











S1W3

imperium, imperiī - command, power, empire

Form Meaning Use











perīculum, perīculī – danger

Form Meaning Use











S1W3

oppidum, ī - town

Form Meaning Use











S1W3

Review: 2nd Declension masculine

gladius, ī - sword

Form Meaning Use











Rōmānus, ī – a Roman

Form Meaning Use











S1W3

Gallus, ī - a Gaul

Form Meaning Use











Review – 1st Declension Nouns

Gallia, ae – Gaul

Form Meaning Use











S1W3

Rōma, ae - Rome

Form Meaning Use











Semester 1 Week 4

Grammar: Review

Additional Rules found in the reading;

1. After a linking verb, the predicate noun is put in the same case as the subject.

2. Forms of the verb SUM may stand anywhere in the sentence.

Practice conjugating verb I am – sum

Singular - sum – I am es – you are est – he, she, it, is

Plural - sumus - we are estis – you are sunt – they are

Conjugate Sum:

Form Meaning

Singular 1st person

Singular 2nd Person

Singular 3rd Person

Plural 1st Person

Plural 2nd Person

Plural 3rd Person

Review additional rules from reading:

1. After a linking verb, the predicate noun is put in the same case as the ___________________.

2. Forms of the verb SUM may stand ________________ in the sentence.

S1W4

Conjugate Sum:

Form Meaning

Singular 1st person

Singular 2nd Person

Singular 3rd Person

Plural 1st Person

Plural 2nd Person

Plural 3rd Person

Conjugate Sum:

Form Meaning

Singular 1st person

Singular 2nd Person

Singular 3rd Person

Plural 1st Person

Plural 2nd Person

Plural 3rd Person


No. 45 The Third Declension. The nominative singular of the third declension has no model ending. Thus lēx, law, pars, part, flūmen, river, hostis, enemy, are all nouns of the third declension. The genitive ending (for the third declension, always -is) shows the declension and gives the stem.

No 46: Nouns naming individual male persons are masculine: mīles, mīlitis, m., soldier

No. 47: Nouns naming individual female persons are feminine: māter, mātris, f., mother.

No 48: Note: These two rules (Nos. 46, 47) should always be applied before Nos. 49 toThus mīles would be feminine by the SOX rule (No. 50), but rule No. 46 is applied first, hence mīles is masculine.

No. 49: Nouns ending in -er, -or (ERROR) are masculine.

No. 50: Nouns ending in -s, -o, -x (SOX) are feminine.

No. 51: Nouns ending in -l, -a, -n, -c, -e, -t (LANCET) are neuter.

No. 52 Note: But masculīnī generisare words in -os, -nis, -guis, and -cis,in -es (itis) and -ex (icis);as neuter mark the -us (with -ris).

*Rule No. 52 is a “poem” (written in hybrid of English and Latin) describing the exceptions to 3rd declension’s SOX rule (Rule #50): Normally nouns that end in -s, -o, or -x are feminine. Exceptions to this rule are described below:

Masculine: ~nouns ending in -os, -nis, -guis, and -cis in the nominative singular ~nouns whose nom/gen sing endings are -es (-itis) and -ex (-icis)Neuter: ~ nouns whose nom./gen. sing endings are -us, (-ris)

No. 53: Declension. First find the gender of the noun. Then find the stem from the genitive.

No. 54: For masculine and feminine nouns, add the endings of lēx or pars according to the rules in Nos. 59-63.

No. 55: For neuter nouns add the endings of flūmen. (For the few exceptions, see footnote on No 64)

No. 56: The vocative is always like the nominative.

S1W5

Masculine and Feminine Nouns of the 3rd Declension

No. 57: Masculine

Form Meaning UseSingular Nominative lēx The law Subject

Singular Genitive lēg-is Of the law Possessive

Singular Dative lēg-ī To or for the law Indirect object

Singular Accusative lēg-em The law Direct object

Singular Ablative lēg-e By, with, from the law

Plural Nominative lēg-ēs The laws Subject

Plural Genitive lēg-um Of the laws Possessive

Plural Dative lēg-ibus To or for the laws Indirect object

Plural Accusative lēg-ēs the laws Direct object

Plural Ablative lēg-ibus By, with, from the laws

No. 58: Feminine

Form Meaning UseSingular Nominative pars The part Subject

Singular Genitive part-is Of the part Possessive

Singular Dative part-ī To or for the part Indirect object

Singular Accusative part-em The part Direct object

Singular Ablative part-e By, with, from the part

Plural Nominative part-ēs The parts Subject

Plural Genitive part-ium Of the parts Possessive

Plural Dative part-ibus To or for the parts Indirect object

Plural Accusative part-ēs the parts Direct object

Plural Ablative part-ibus By, with, from the parts

S1W5

3rd Declension Nouns

No. 59: Note: All masculine and feminine nouns of the 3rd declension are declined like lēx except the following nouns which have -ium in the genitive plural like part-ium:

No. 60: 1. Nouns that have the same number of syllables in the genitive singular as in the nominative singular: as hostis, hostis (host-ium), enemy.

No. 61: 2. Nouns whose stem ends in two consonants, as: gens, gentis, tribe, stem, gent-, hence gentium.

Exceptions:

No. 62: a. With -um instead of -ium: senum, patrum, mēnsum, mātrum, canum, juvenum, and frātrum (of old men, fathers, months and mothers of dogs and youths and brothers).

No. 63: b. With -ium instead of -um: vīrium, lītium, faucium, Penātium, imbrium, and nivium, Samnītium, optimātium. (of strength and quarrels, of jaws and

household gods, of rains and snows, of Samnites and aristocrats.)

Additional Rules from the Reading:

1. All nouns whose genitive singular ends in -IS belong to the third declension.

2. An appositive agrees with its noun in number and case.

Practive for Week 5

Copy:

No. 45 The Third Declension. ____________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

No 46: _______________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

No. 47: _____________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

Read and Review following note:

No 48: Note: These two rules (Nos. 46, 47) should always be applied before Nos. 49 toThus mīles would be feminine by the SOX rule (No. 50), but rule No. 46 is applied first, hence mīles is masculine.

No. 49: ______________________________________________________________________

No. 50: ______________________________________________________________________

No. 51: ______________________________________________________________________

S1W5

Read and Review following rule:

No. 52 Note: But masculīnī generisare words in -os, -nis, -guis, and -cis,in -es (itis) and -ex (icis);as neuter mark the -us (with -ris).

*Rule No. 52 is a “poem” (written in hybrid of English and Latin) describing the exceptions to 3rd declension’s SOX rule (Rule #50): Normally nouns that end in -s, -o, or -x are feminine. Exceptions to this rule are described below: Masculine: ~nouns ending in -os, -nis, -guis, and -cis in the nominative singular ~nouns whose nom/gen sing endings are -es (-itis) and -ex (-icis)Neuter: ~ nouns whose nom./gen. sing endings are -us, (-ris)

No. 53: Declension. __________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

Read and Review the following grammar rules:

No. 54: For masculine and feminine nouns, add the endings of lēx or pars according to the rules

in Nos. 59-63.

No. 55: For neuter nouns add the endings of flūmen. (For the few exceptions, see footnote on No 64)

No. 56: _____________________________________________________________________

S1W5

Masculine and Feminine Nouns of the 3rd Declension

No. 57: Masculine

Put the form and meaning in the following chart for lēx, lēgis (law)





Singular Ablative





Plural Ablative

No. 58: Feminine

Put the form and meaning in the following chart for pars, partis (part)





Singular Ablative





Plural Ablative

S1W5

Copy following grammar rules:

3rd Declension Nouns

No. 59: Note: _________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

No. 60: 1. _________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

No. 61: 2. ________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

Read and Review the following exceptions: Exceptions:

No. 62: a. With -um instead of -ium: senum, patrum, mēnsum, mātrum, canum, juvenum, and frātrum (of old men, fathers, months and mothers of dogs and youths and brothers).

No. 63: b. With -ium instead of -um: vīrium, lītium, faucium, Penātium, imbrium, and nivium, Samnītium, optimātium. (of strength and quarrels, of jaws and household

gods, of rains and snows, of Samnites and aristocrats.)

Review:


1. All nouns whose genitive singular ends in -IS belong to the _______________declension.

2. An appositive agrees with its noun in ________________ and ________________.


Practice declining the nouns in the vocabulary using the following charts:

rēx, rēgis – king

Form Meaning Use











dux, ducis - leader

Form Meaning Use











S1W5

lūx, lūcis - light

Form Meaning Use











homō, hominis - man

Form Meaning Use











S1W5

imperātor, imperātōris - commander in chief, general

Form Meaning Use











vēritās, vēritātis - truth

Form Meaning Use











S1W5

Caesar, Caesaris - Caesar

Form Meaning Use











salūs, salūtis - safety, welfare, salvation

Form Meaning Use











S1W5

vōx, vōcis – voice, cry

Form Meaning Use











virtūs, virtūtis – courage, virtue

Form Meaning Use











S1W5

mīles, mīlitis - soldier

Form Meaning Use










Plural Ablative Object of the

Preposition

pāx, pācis - peace

Form Meaning Use











S1W5

Review:2nd Declension masculine

populus, ī - people, nation

Form Meaning Use











Review:1st Declension via, ae – road, way

Form Meaning Use












GRAMMAR No. 64: Neuter Nouns of the 3rd Declension

Form Meaning UseSingular Nominative flūmen The river Subject

Singular Genitive flūmin-is Of the river Possessive

Singular Dative flūmin-ī To or for the river Indirect object

Singular Accusative flūmen The river Direct object

Singular Ablative flūmin-e By, with, from the river

Plural Nominative flūmin-a The rivers Subject

Plural Genitive flūmin-um Of the rivers Possessive

Plural Dative flūmin-ibus To or for the rivers Indirect object

Plural Accusative flūmin-a the rivers Direct object

Plural Ablative flūmin-ibus By, with, from the rivers

Practice – Week 6

GRAMMAR No. 64: Neuter Nouns of the 3rd Declension

Add the form and meaning for flūmen, flūminis (river)





Singular Ablative Obj of Prep





Plural Ablative Obj of Prep



Nouns declined like pars, partis

collis, collis, m. - hillForm Meaning Use











hostis, hostis – enemy (in war)Form Meaning Use











S1W6

gēns, gentis - tribeForm Meaning Use











caedēs, caedis – slaughterForm Meaning Use











S1W6

mōns, montis, m. - mountainForm Meaning Use











caedēs, caedis – slaughterForm Meaning Use











S1W6

3rd Declension

clāmor, clāmoris – shouting, shoutForm Meaning Use











prīnceps, prīncipis – chief, leading manForm Meaning Use











S1W6

Exceptions to pars/partis rule for Istem:

frāter, frātris (frātrum) – brotherForm Meaning Use











pater, patris (patrum) - fatherForm Meaning Use











S1W6

māter, mātris (mātrum) - motherForm Meaning Use











S1W6

3rd Declension Neuter Nouns

flūmen, flūminis – river

Form Meaning Use











iter, itineris, n. - journey, march, route

Form Meaning Use











S1W6


corpus, corporis, n. - body

Form Meaning Use











vulnus, vulneris, n. - wound

Form Meaning Use











S1W6


agmen, agminis – column (of soldiers), army (on the march)

Form Meaning Use











nōmen, nōminis – name

Form Meaning Use











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No. 65. The Fourth Declension

Form Meaning UseSingular Nominative port-us The harbor Subject

Singular Genitive port-ūs Of the harbor Possessive

Singular Dative port-uī To or for the harbor Indirect object

Singular Accusative port-um The harbor Direct object

Singular Ablative port-ū By, with, from the harbor

Plural Nominative port-ūs The harbors Subject

Plural Genitive port-uum Of the harbors Possessive

Plural Dative port-ibus To or for the harbors Indirect object

Plural Accusative port-ūs the harbors Direct object

Plural Ablative port-ibus By, with, from the harbors

No. 66: Gender: All masculine except manus, -ūs, f. hand, domus, ūs, f. house, cornū, ūs, n. horn, genū, ūs, n., knee, and a few others.

Practice – Week 7

No. 65. The Fourth Declension

Add the form and meaning for portus, portūs (harbor)





Singular Ablative Obj of Prep





Plural Ablative Obj of Prep

Copy Grammar Rule:

No. 66: Gender: ______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________



Review: mundus, ī – world

Form Meaning Use











4th Declension Nouns:

adventus, ūs – arrival, comingForm Meaning Use











S1W7

equitātus ūs- cavalry

Form Meaning Use











exercitus, ūs – army

Form Meaning Use











S1W7

impetus, ūs - attack

Form Meaning Use











metus, ūs - fear

Form Meaning Use











S1W7

spīritus , ūs - breath, spirit

Form Meaning Use











senātus , ūs - senate

Form Meaning Use












No. 66: Gender (4th Declension): All masculine except manus, -ūs, f. hand, domus, ūs, f. house, cornū, ūs, n. horn, genū, ūs, n., knee, and a few others.

No. 69: The Fifth Declension

Form Meaning UseSingular Nominative rēs The thing Subject

Singular Genitive r-eī Of the thing Possessive

Singular Dative r-eī To or for thing Indirect object

Singular Accusative r-em The thing Direct object

Singular Ablative r-ē By, with, from the thing

Plural Nominative r-ēs The things Subject

Plural Genitive r-ērum Of the things Possessive

Plural Dative r-ēbus To or for the things Indirect object

Plural Accusative r-ēs the things Direct object

Plural Ablative r-ēbus By, with, from the things

No. 70: Gender: All feminine except diēs, diēī which is generally masculine. In the singular, however, when it means a set date or a “period of time” even diēs is often feminine. Certain nouns, such as fidēs, f., faith, have no plural forms.

No. 71: Note: The genitive and dative singular ending of the fifth declension is ēī instead of eī when the stem ends in a vowel, as diēs, stem di, therefore di-ēī .

No. 73: How to decline an Adjective:

1. Learn the nominative and genitive1 from the vocabularies

2. These show what model the adjective follows

3. Add the endings of this model to the stem.

Week 8


1 The genitive of adjectives is not given in vocabularies when it is clean from the nominative, as magnus, a, um (stem: magn-)

IN with the Accusative:

The preposition in may take either the accusative or the ablative case.

1. Whenever there is MOVEMENT or MOTION expressed by the in, the ACCUSATIVE is used.2. When there is no idea of movement or motion, the ABLATIVE is used.

Practice for Week 8

Read and Review gender rule for 4th Declension nouns:

No. 66: Gender (4th Declension): All masculine except manus, -ūs, f. hand, domus, ūs, f. house, cornū, ūs, n. horn, genū, ūs, n., knee, and a few others.

No. 69: The Fifth Declension

Add form and meaning for rēs, reī (thing)





Singular Ablative





Plural Ablative

No. 70: Gender: ______________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________

Read and Review this note:

No. 71: Note: The genitive and dative singular ending of the fifth declension is ēī instead of eī when the stem ends in a vowel, as diēs, stem di, therefore di-ēī.

Copy steps on how to decline an adjective below:

No. 73: How to decline an Adjective:

1. ________________________________________________________________________

2. _________________________________________________________________________

3. __________________________________________________________________________

Review:


IN with the Accusative:

The preposition in may take either the accusative or the ablative case.

1. Whenever there is MOVEMENT or MOTION expressed by the in, the __________________ is used.2. When there is no idea of movement or motion, the _____________________ is used.



rēs, reī - thing, affair

Form Meaning Use











fidēs, fideī – faith, reliability, faithfulness

Form Meaning Use











S1W8

aciēs, aciēī - battle line

Form Meaning Use











spēs, speī - hope

Form Meaning Use











S1W8

Nouns with special meanings (pg 64)

castra, castrōrum - camp

Form Meaning Use











impedīmenta, impedīmentōrum - baggage, baggage train

Form Meaning Use











S1W8

Some Latin nouns have different meanings in the singular and plural:

grātia, ae – favor, influence, grace (in Christian Latin)grātiae, grātiārum – thanks

Form Meaning Use











cōpia, ae – supply, abundancecōpiae, cōpiarum, f. - troops, forces (a military term)

Form Meaning Use












Grammar No. 72: Adjectives in -us of the First and Second Declensions

Masculinelike servus

Femininelike porta

Neuterlike bellum

Singular Nominative magn-us magn-a magn-um

Singular Genitive magn-ī magn-ae magn-ī

Singular Dative magn-ō magn-ae magn-ō

Singular Accusative magn-um magn-am magn-um

Singular Ablative magn-ō magn-ā magn-ō

Plural Nominative magn-ī magn-ae magn-a

Plural Genitive magn-ōrum magn-ārum magn-ōrum

Plural Dative magn-īs magn-īs magn-īs

Plural Accusative magn-ōs magn-ās magn-ā

Plural Ablative magn-īs magn-īs magn-īs

Practice for Week 9

Practice declining adjectives in the first and second declension using magnus (masc), magna (fem), magnum (neut)


Femininelike porta

Neuterlike bellum

Singular Nominative

Singular Genitive

Singular Dative

Singular Accusative

Singular Ablative

Plural Nominative

Plural Genitive

Plural Dative

Plural Accusative

Plural Ablative

Week 10


1. Adjectives agree with their nouns in gender, number and case.

2. Adjectives of QUANTITY generally precede their nouns.

3. Adjectives of QUALITY generally follow their nouns.

Review above rules:

1. Adjectives agree with their nouns in _______________, ______________ and ___________________.

2. Adjectives of QUANTITY generally ________________ their nouns.

3. Adjectives of QUALITY generally _________________ their nouns.

Practice for week 10

Decline adjectives from the vocabulary

magnus, a, um – great, large


Femininelike porta

Neuterlike bellum

Singular Nominative

Singular Genitive

Singular Dative

Singular Accusative

Singular Ablative

Plural Nominative

Plural Genitive

Plural Dative

Plural Accusative

Plural Ablative

altus, a, um – high, deep


Femininelike porta

Neuterlike bellum

Singular Nominative

Singular Genitive

Singular Dative

Singular Accusative

Singular Ablative

Plural Nominative

Plural Genitive

Plural Dative

Plural Accusative

Plural Ablative

S1W10

bonus, a, um - good


Femininelike porta

Neuterlike bellum

Singular Nominative

Singular Genitive

Singular Dative

Singular Accusative

Singular Ablative

Plural Nominative

Plural Genitive

Plural Dative

Plural Accusative

Plural Ablative

longus, a, um - long


Femininelike porta

Neuterlike bellum

Singular Nominative

Singular Genitive

Singular Dative

Singular Accusative

Singular Ablative

Plural Nominative

Plural Genitive

Plural Dative

Plural Accusative

Plural Ablative

S1W10

malus, a, um - bad


Femininelike porta

Neuterlike bellum

Singular Nominative

Singular Genitive

Singular Dative

Singular Accusative

Singular Ablative

Plural Nominative

Plural Genitive

Plural Dative

Plural Accusative

Plural Ablative

multus, a, um – much (pl. many)


Femininelike porta

Neuterlike bellum

Singular Nominative

Singular Genitive

Singular Dative

Singular Accusative

Singular Ablative

Plural Nominative

Plural Genitive

Plural Dative

Plural Accusative

Plural Ablative

S1W10

sāntus, a, um – holy, saint


Femininelike porta

Neuterlike bellum

Singular Nominative

Singular Genitive

Singular Dative

Singular Accusative

Singular Ablative

Plural Nominative

Plural Genitive

Plural Dative

Plural Accusative

Plural Ablative

prīmus, a, um – first


Femininelike porta

Neuterlike bellum

Singular Nominative

Singular Genitive

Singular Dative

Singular Accusative

Singular Ablative

Plural Nominative

Plural Genitive

Plural Dative

Plural Accusative

Plural Ablative

Week 11


1. Adjectives may also be linked to their noun by means of a linking verb like sum, I am. These adjectives are called predicate adjectives.

2. The rule of agreement is the SAME for attributive and predicate adjectives.

3. The preposition prō ALWAYS takes the ABLATIVE. In expressions of PLACE, prō means in front of.

Review the above rules:

1. Adjectives may also be linked to their noun by means of a linking verb like sum, I am. These adjectives are called __________________ _____________________.

2. The rule of agreement is the ___________ for attributive and predicate adjectives.

3. The preposition prō ALWAYS takes the ________________. In expressions of PLACE, prō means ___ ____________ _______.



angustus, a, um - narrow


Femininelike porta

Neuterlike bellum

Singular Nominative

Singular Genitive

Singular Dative

Singular Accusative

Singular Ablative

Plural Nominative

Plural Genitive

Plural Dative

Plural Accusative

Plural Ablative

reliquus, a, um - remaining, the rest of


Femininelike porta

Neuterlike bellum

Singular Nominative

Singular Genitive

Singular Dative

Singular Accusative

Singular Ablative

Plural Nominative

Plural Genitive

Plural Dative

Plural Accusative

Plural Ablative

S1W11

tūtus, a, um - safe


Femininelike porta

Neuterlike bellum

Singular Nominative

Singular Genitive

Singular Dative

Singular Accusative

Singular Ablative

Plural Nominative

Plural Genitive

Plural Dative

Plural Accusative

Plural Ablative

Rōmānus, a um - Roman


Femininelike porta

Neuterlike bellum

Singular Nominative

Singular Genitive

Singular Dative

Singular Accusative

Singular Ablative

Plural Nominative

Plural Genitive

Plural Dative

Plural Accusative

Plural Ablative

S1W11

Chrīstiānus, a, um - Christian


Femininelike porta

Neuterlike bellum

Singular Nominative

Singular Genitive

Singular Dative

Singular Accusative

Singular Ablative

Plural Nominative

Plural Genitive

Plural Dative

Plural Accusative

Plural Ablative

Review Nouns:

inopia, ae – scarcity, want

Form Meaning Use











S1W11

dominus, ī – master, Lord

Form Meaning Use











mūrus, ī - wall

Form Meaning Use











S1W11

frūmentum, ī – grain, (pl. crops)

Form Meaning Use











legiō, legiōnis, f. - legion

Form Meaning Use












Grammar No. 78:

Gravis, e, - heavy, severe, serious is declined thus:

Masculine Feminine Neuter

Singular Nominative grav-is grav-is grav-e

Singular Genitive grav-is grav-is grav-is

Singular Dative grav-ī grav-ī grav-ī

Singular Accusative grav-em grav-em grav-e

Singular Ablative grav-ī grav-ī grav-ī

Plural Nominative grav-ēs grav-ēs grav-iaPlural Genitive grav-ium grav-ium grav-iumPlural Dative grav-ibus grav-ibus grav-ibus

Plural Accusative grav-ēs grav-ēs grav-iaPlural Ablative grav-ibus grav-ibus grav-ibus

Additional Rules from the Reading.

1. All adjectives with -IS, -E in the nominative singular are declined like gravis, e.

2 Prepositional phrases which modify adjectives are often translated into Latin by the genitive or dative or ablative WITHOUT A PREPOSITION. THE PROPER CASE TO BE USED IS DETERMINED BY THE ADJECTIVE.

Practice for Week 12

Grammar No. 78:

Decline gravis, e, - heavy, severe, serious


Singular Nominative

Singular Genitive

Singular Dative

Singular Accusative

Singular Ablative

Plural Nominative

Plural Genitive

Plural Dative

Plural Accusative

Plural Ablative

Review:

Additional Rules from the Reading.

1. All adjectives with -IS, -E in the nominative singular are declined like _____________________.

2 Prepositional phrases which modify adjectives are often translated into Latin by the genitive or dative or ablative WITHOUT A __________________. THE PROPER CASE TO BE USED IS DETERMINED BY THE ____________________.



brevis, e – short


Singular Nominative

Singular Genitive

Singular Dative

Singular Accusative

Singular Ablative

Plural Nominative

Plural Genitive

Plural Dative

Plural Accusative

Plural Ablative

commūnis, e – common


Singular Nominative

Singular Genitive

Singular Dative

Singular Accusative

Singular Ablative

Plural Nominative

Plural Genitive

Plural Dative

Plural Accusative

Plural Ablative

S1W12

fortis, e – brave, strong


Singular Nominative

Singular Genitive

Singular Dative

Singular Accusative

Singular Ablative

Plural Nominative

Plural Genitive

Plural Dative

Plural Accusative

Plural Ablative

nōbilis, e - noble, renowned


Singular Nominative

Singular Genitive

Singular Dative

Singular Accusative

Singular Ablative

Plural Nominative

Plural Genitive

Plural Dative

Plural Accusative

Plural Ablative

S1W12

difficilis, e - difficult


Singular Nominative

Singular Genitive

Singular Dative

Singular Accusative

Singular Ablative

Plural Nominative

Plural Genitive

Plural Dative

Plural Accusative

Plural Ablative

facilis, e – easy


Singular Nominative

Singular Genitive

Singular Dative

Singular Accusative

Singular Ablative

Plural Nominative

Plural Genitive

Plural Dative

Plural Accusative

Plural Ablative

S1W12

omnis, e – all, every


Singular Nominative

Singular Genitive

Singular Dative

Singular Accusative

Singular Ablative

Plural Nominative

Plural Genitive

Plural Dative

Plural Accusative

Plural Ablative

similis, e; w. gen or dat. - like, similar


Singular Nominative

Singular Genitive

Singular Dative

Singular Accusative

Singular Ablative

Plural Nominative

Plural Genitive

Plural Dative

Plural Accusative

Plural Ablative

S1W12

Review 1st and 2nd Declension Adjectives

cupidus, a, um; w. gen – eager, desirous


Femininelike porta

Neuterlike bellum

Singular Nominative

Singular Genitive

Singular Dative

Singular Accusative

Singular Ablative

Plural Nominative

Plural Genitive

Plural Dative

Plural Accusative

Plural Ablative

plēnus, a, um; w. gen or abl. - full


Femininelike porta

Neuterlike bellum

Singular Nominative

Singular Genitive

Singular Dative

Singular Accusative

Singular Ablative

Plural Nominative

Plural Genitive

Plural Dative

Plural Accusative

Plural Ablative

S1W12

fīnitimus, a, um; w. dat. - neighboring, next


Femininelike porta

Neuterlike bellum

Singular Nominative

Singular Genitive

Singular Dative

Singular Accusative

Singular Ablative

Plural Nominative

Plural Genitive

Plural Dative

Plural Accusative

Plural Ablative

Review:

Nouns

Special noun: Jēsūs, ū - Jesus

Form Meaning Use






S1W12

urbs, urbis – city

Form Meaning Use











pōns, pontis, m. - bridge

Form Meaning Use











S1W12

signum, ī - standard, signal, sign

Form Meaning Use











eques, equitis - horseman (pl. calvary)

Form Meaning Use












No 162: Present Tense (present stem)

Singular - 1. laud-ō - I praise, I am praising, I do praise 2. laud-ās - you praise, you are praising, you do praise 3. laud-at – he, she, it praises; he, she, it are praising; he, she it does praise

Plural - 1. laud-āmus - we praise, we am praising, we do praise2. laud-ātis -you praise, you are praising, you do praise3. laud-ant – they praise, they are praising, they do praise


1. In both English and Latin, verbs change their form to express tense, person, and number.

2. All verbs whose present infinitive active ends in - ĀRE belong to the first conjugation.

3. First conjugation final personal signs.

Singular Plural

1 (I) …. (we) -mus2 (you) -s (you) -tis

3 (he, she, it) -t (they) -nt

(Generally, ō or m is a sign of the first person singular, I.)

4. : A finite verb agrees with its subject in PERSON and NUMBER.


No 162: Present Tense (present stem)

Give form and meaning for laudō, 1. tr., praise

Form MeaningSingular 1st PSingular 2nd PSingular 3rd P

Plural 1st PPlural 2nd PPlural 3rd P

Review:


1. In both English and Latin, verbs change their form to express __________, __________, and ____________.

2. All verbs whose present infinitive active ends in - ĀRE belong to the _____________ conjugation.

3. First conjugation final personal signs.

Fill in the final personal signs below:

Singular Plural

1 (I) …. (we) -

2 (you) - (you) -

3 (he, she, it) -___ (they) -

(Generally, ō or m is a sign of the first person singular, I.)

4. : A finite verb agrees with its subject in _______________ and _________________.


Practice the Present Tense (present stem) using words in the vocabulary

occupō, 1. tr., seize



oppugnō, 1, tr., attack, assault



ōrō, 1, tr., beg, pray



parō, 1, tr., prepare, get ready



Documents

henlelatinhelps.files.wordpress.com · Web viewThe accusative is like the nominative in all neuter nouns and adjectives. Thus, singular nominative bellum, accusative bellum; plural