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8/14/2019 Chapter 7-Mental Health Diseases and Disorder Hybrid 2009
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Mental Health Diseases and
Disorders
Chapter 7
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Depression
WHO predicts by 2020, depression will be a
leading cause of disability worldwide.
Affects body, mood, & thoughts Syndrome of symptoms that comes in the
form of: Depression
Dysthymia
Bipolar disorder
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Major Depression
Feelings of worthlessness, guilt, &hopelessness. Can’t enjoy life’s pleasures
Symptoms: Difficulty in working Difficulty in studying Difficulty in sleeping
Suicidal tendencies
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Dysthymia
Less-severe form of depression
involving long-term, chronic symptoms
Does not disable individual
Most have an episode of major
depression
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Bipolar Disorder
Also called manic-depressive disorder
Cycling mood changes from severe highs
(mania) to severe lows (depression) Mania
Overactive, talks too much has enormous
energy
Affects judgment, thinking, & social behavior
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Depression Etiology
Has genetic tendencies Gene for serotonin plays a role
Associated with: metabolic disturbances endocrine disorders nervous disorders Cancers cardiovascular disorders degenerative diseases alcohol and drug abuse
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Depression Signs & Symptoms
Sad moods
Loss of interest in pleasurable
activities that lasts more than a few
days
Difficulty concentrating
Fatigue and insomnia
Loss of appetite
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Mania Symptoms
Abnormal elation Unusual irritability
Decreases need for sleep Grandiose notions Racing thoughts & increased talking Increased sexual desire
Increased energy Poor judgment Inappropriate social behavior
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Depression Diagnosis At least 5 of following symptoms
Persistent, sad, anxious or depressed mood Diminished interest in all activities Significant weight loss or weight gain
Insomnia or excessive sleep Agitated or reduced psychomotor activity Fatigue or loss of energy Inappropriate guilt feelings for feelings of
worthlessness, hopelessness
Diminished ability to concentrate, make decisions,remember
Thoughts of death or suicide Persistent physical symptoms that do not respond to
treatment.
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Depression Statistics
Women 2Xs more- associated withhormonal factors
Suicide in men 4Xs more common
Men turn to alcohol & drugs; more likelyexhibit symptoms of irritability, anger, &being discouraged
Adolescent’s depression associated with: Feelings of low self-esteem Conflict with parents Disturbing events Feelings of no control
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Depression’s Treatment
Drug therapy Selective Serotonin reuptake inhibitors
(SSRIs) Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs)
Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs)
Psychotherapy Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)
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Depression Prevention
Stress management techniques
Avoiding drugs, alcohol & caffeine
Exercising regularly
Maintaining good sleep habits
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Schizophrenia Altered sensory perception disorder with physical
& psychological changes that affect brainfunctioning, behavior patterns and all five senses
Most chronic & disabling of severe mental
illnesses Five types
Paranoid Disorganized
Catatonic Undifferentiated Residual
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Schizophrenia Etiology
Genetic theory Potential gene defect on chromosome 13 &
6 Predisposing genetic factors
Intrauterine starvation
Viral infections
Perinatal complications
Increased risk with 1st degree relative
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Schizophrenia Symptoms
Two or more of following symptomspresent for at least 1 month: Positive (those that are excessive or
distortions of normal function) Hallucinations, delusions, & disorganized speech
Negative (those that reflect a loss of decreasein normal function) Inability to speak (alogia) Attention deficit Decreased motivation (avolition)
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Schizophrenia Diagnosis
Family history
Computed tomography (CT) scans
Psychiatric evaluation & interview with
individual & family members
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Schizophrenia Treatment
Psychotherapy & counseling
Psychotropic medications Atypical antipsychotics – useful in
treatment of psychosis
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Anxiety Disorders
Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) Excessive & unrealistic worry lasting 6 months or longer Gastrointestinal upset, heart palpitations, headaches
Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) Persistent thoughts reflect exaggerated fear
Panic disorder Intense apprehension, terror or impending doom
Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) Psychological consequences of a traumatic event
Phobias Persistent & irrational fear of an object, activity or situation
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Personality Disorders
Antisocial Personality Disorder Disregard for rights of others; lying & manipulating
Borderline Personality Disorder
Seeks attention, has excessive emotions, self-destructive behavior, mood swings
Narcissistic Personality Disorder Lack of empathy; need for admiration & grandiosity
Avoidant Personality Disorder Feels of inadequacies; can’t take criticism, social
inhibition
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Substance Abuse
Opiates & Narcotics Heroin, Codeine, Demerol, Oxycontin, Fentanyl
Stimulants Amphetamines, Cocaine, Methamphetamines, Caffeine,
Nicotine Depressants
Barbiturates, Alcohol, Benzodiazepine (Valium, Ativan,Xanax)
Hallucinogens
LSD, ecstasy, PCP (angel dust) Anabolic Steroids
Methyltestosterone
Tetrahydrocannabinol Cannabis, marijuana, hashish
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Drug Testing
ideal for pre-employment, random,reasonable cause, corrections,clinical, hospital, and personal use
Urine dip-stick test Amphetamine 1000 ng/ml
Barbiturates 200 ng/mlBenzodiazepines 300ng/mlCocaine 300 ng/ml,Methadone 300 ng/mlMorphine/Opiates 2000 ng/ml
Methamphetamine 1000 ng/mlMarijuana (THC) 50 ng/mlPCP 25 ng/mlEcstasy (MDMA) 500 ng/m
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Mental Retardation
Sub average intellectual functioning
4 Types defined by degree of severity
Mild, Moderate, Severe & Profound Combination of Factors
Chromosomal abnormalities, hydrocephalus,metabolic causes (PKU), poor nutrition,
prematurity, infection, intoxication, leadpoisoning, rubella, autism
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ADHD & ADD
Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder
Neurobiological disorder
Signs Distractible, impulsive, hyperactive,
inattentive
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Eating Disorders
Anorexia Nervosa Self-imposed starvation
Irrational fear of gaining weight Bulimia Nervosa
Repetitive gorging with food, followed by
self-induced vomiting Involves laxative abuse, use of diuretics
and fasting
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Sexual Disorders
Three Types Sexual Pain Disorders
Dyspareunia – painful intercourse Sexual Arousal Disorder
Male Erectile Disorder
Female arousal disorder Orgasmic Disorder
Premature Ejaculation