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GIS AND MAPPING WATER NUTRIENTS TESTING CHEMISTRY SOILS PLANTS
Grape Replant Disorder
Joan R. Davenport WSU-Prosser
[email protected] css.wsu.edu/irrsoils
What is Replant Disorder
Biotic Factors • Diseases
– Fungi – Bacteria
• Nematodes
Abiotic Factors • Soil Chemical
Properties • Soil Physical
Properties
Studies on Replant
• Tree Fruit Focus – Across types of tree crops – Fumigation – Fumigation alternatives
• Fewer in Grape – Will tree fruit impact? – Types of grape – Fumigation/alternatives
Tree Fruit Biotic Factors Organism Species Location of Report
Nematodes
Pratylenchus penetrans1 South Africa / United States / Canada
Pratylenchus scribneri1 South Africa Pratylenchus delattire1 South Africa Pratylenchus vulnus 2 Italy Pratylenchus spp. 3 United States Meloidogyne spp. 2 United States Mesocriconema xenoplax 2 United Sates Xiphinema spp. 2 United States Criconemella spp. 2 United States
Fungi
Cylindrocarpon destructans1 United States Cylindrocarpon lucidum 1 Canada Peniophore sacrata1,3 New Zealand / United
States Phytophthora cactorum1 United States Rhizoctonia solani1 Armillaria mellea 1 Trichoderma hamatum1 Tardomyces lagena1 Motirella spp.1 Fusarium spp.1 Fusarium equiseti2 United States Fusarium oxysporum2 United States Fusarium solani2 United States Rhizoctonia spp. 2 United States Thielaviopsis basicola 3 England/Holland/United
States Penicillium janthinellum 3 Canada Constantinella terrestris 3 United States Rosellinia necratix3 Hungary/United States Roesleria hypogaea3 Hungary /United Sates
Bacteria Bacillus subtilis1 Canada Pseudomonas putida 1 United States Fluorescent pseudomonas 1 United States
1 Apple, 2 Peach,
3Stone Fruit, 4Almond.
Grape Biotic Factors (Past Research)
Biotic Species Common Name
Nematodes
Pratylenchus spp. Root Lesion Meloidogyne spp. Root Knot Xiphinema spp. Dagger
Fungi
Cylandrocarpon destructans Phytophthora spp. Fusarium spp. Peniophere sacrata Pythium spp. Rhizoctonia spp.
Grape Biotic Factors - More
• Armillaria Root Rot (Baumgartner)
• Ring nematode (Mesocriconema xenoplax, Pinkerton and Schreiner)
Abiotic Factors
• Much conflicting literature • Some likely candidates
– pH – Organic matter – Salinity – Soil texture – Soil structure
Replant in Washington Grapes
• Better recognized in Concord grape • Emerging issue in wine grape • Land limitations
Our Study
• Soils from vineyards • Soils from orchards • Same soil series and texture
– Warden silt loam
Enrique Proano
Experimental Variables
Variable Grouping
Low Potential (Control)
Moderate Potential
(Between Row)
High Potential (In Row)
Our Study
• Pre plant soil and nematode analysis
• 10 plants per soil • Greenhouse 2 growing seasons • In season growth measurement
• Destructive plant harvest • Root and soil nematode counts
Our Study
• Pre plant soil and nematode analysis
• 10 plants per soil • Greenhouse 2 growing seasons • In season growth measurement
• Destructive plant harvest • Root and soil nematode counts
Fungal growth on roots from affected vs unaffected vines
Soil Chemical Analysis
Soil Locations Organic Matter
(%)
Calcium mg/kg
Sodium mg/kg
Zinc mg/kg
Non Cultivated 1.32 B 1444 B 33 B 1.02 B
Between Row 1.87 A 3004 A 44 AB 6.75 A
In Row 1.66 AB 3247 A 56 A 6.60 A
Post Harvest Nematode by Soil
Root-Knot Dagger Lesion
Root-knot eggs
#/100 g soil (#/25 g roots)
Soil sample location
Control 2 4 1 153
Between Row 295 18 19 2367
In row 22 36 2 1153
Economic threshold 100 20 100 N/A
Tree Fruit Biotic Factors
1 Apple, 2 Peach, 3Stone Fruit
Organism Species Common Name
Nematodes
Pratylenchus penetrans1
Root Lesion Pratylenchus scribneri1 Pratylenchus delattire1 Pratylenchus vulnus 2 Pratylenchus spp. 3 Meloidogyne spp. 2 Root Knot Mesocriconema xenoplax 2 Ring Xiphinema spp. 2 Dagger Criconemella spp. 2 Ring
Slopes for Regression – Nematode and Soil
Soil Chemical Property
Root-Knot Root-Knot
eggs Dagger Lesion
C.E.C NS NS -400 120
pH NS NS NS -3
Ca NS 18 2 -1
Na NS -33 16 -7
Zn -152 -8 22 -12
Al NS -44 NS -7
Conclusions
• Soil from between rows higher risk – Higher OM – No “planting” advantage
• Tree Fruit sites equally risky • Nematodes
– Soil characteristic interactions • More research needed