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Chapter 8: Nationalist Revolutions Sweep the West

1789-1900

Previewing the Chapter

• During the first half of the 19th century, Romantic idealism and nationalism spark revolutions in Latin America and Europe.

• Latin Americans succeed in throwing off colonial rule.

• However, revolutions throughout Europe fail to achieve their goals.

Section 1: Latin American Peoples Win Independence • A slave revolt in Haiti

leads to independence from French rule.

• Freedom from colonial rule is achieved throughout Latin America.

• However, independence does not bring unity and prosperity as some liberators had hoped.

Section 2: Revolutions Disrupt Europe • The forces of

nationalism bring revolutions in Europe.

• With the exception of Greece, most revolutions fail, and by mid-century, most of Europe returns to authoritarian rule.

Section 3: Nationalism Case Studies—Italy and Germany

• The idea of nationalism eventually causes the breakup of the Austria, Russian and Ottoman empires.

• Italy is united through the efforts of Mazzini, Garibaldi and Cavour.

• Prussian prime minister Otto von Bismarck succeeds in uniting and strengthening Germany.

Section 4: Revolutions in the Arts • During the first half of

the 1800s, the Romantic movement in art, literature, and music arises in reaction to the rationalism of the Enlightenment.

• By mid-century, writers and artists shift to Realism in response to the harsh realities of the Industrial Age.

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What Do You Know About…??

• The fight for independence in colonial Central and South America?

• What is Cinco de Mayo?

• When is the actual Mexican Independence Day?

Making Judgments

• Look at the map on page 250.

• What are some of the difficulties that Spain and Portugal faced in trying to hold on to their colonies?

• Study the picture. Which of these themes—power and authority, revolution, cultural interaction—is the dominant theme expressed by the image?

Connect History and Geography

• Look at the handout titled: Regions of Nationalist Revolutions 1789-1900

• Inspired by Enlightenment ideas, the people of Latin America rebelled against Spanish and Portuguese rule in the early 19th century.

• Rebels in the Spanish colonies waged a series of hard-fought military campaigns to gain independence, while Brazil carried out a peaceful revolution to free itself from Portugal.

• The map shows the countries of Latin America and their dates of independence.

• Use the map to answer these question:

1. What were the first two countries in Latin America and the Caribbean to win their independence?

2. How do independence dates differ from Mexico and Central America?

3. What colonies were still under Spanish rule in 1841?

Connect History and Geography

Previewing Themes

• Revolution:

• The 19th century was a time of revolutions around the Western world, as people under foreign rule established their own nation-states.

• The 1800s were also a time of revolutionary changes in literature, music, and art.

Previewing Themes

• Power and Authority:

• In country after country, governments controlled by aristocrats came crashing down.

• In their place, revolutionaries set up republics and nation-states.

• With mixed success at first, members of the middle class increased their influence on government.

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Previewing Themes

• Cultural Interaction:

• The ideas of nationalism and democracy swept out over Europe and France, finally reaching across the Atlantic to the Americas.

• Likewise, the ideas of the Romantic movement and later the Realist movement revolutionized art, music, and literature.

Chapter 8: Nationalist Revolutions Sweep the West

Section 1: Latin American Peoples Win Independence

Objectives

• To describe how Haiti achieved independence

• To identify influences in Latin America’s fight for freedom

• To describe how Bolívar and San Martín ended Spanish rule

• To explain the role that Native Americans and mestizos played in achieving independence

• To show how Brazil’s liberation differed from other countries’

• To show the negative effects of independence

Latin American Peoples win Independence

• By the late 1700s, the Americas, already troubled by Enlightenment ideas, were electrified by the news of the French Revolution.

• The French ideals of liberty, equality and fraternity inspired many Latin Americans to rise up against their French, Spanish and Portuguese masters.

Latin American Peoples win Independence

• Look at the map on page 251. on which coast did most of the battles take place?

• Which countries retained colonies in Latin America, and where are they located?

• Spain—Cuba, Santo Domingo, Puerto Rico; all islands in the Caribbean

• Britain—Jamaica, British Guiana

• Holland—Dutch Guiana

• France—French Guiana

Latin American Peoples win Independence

• Main Idea:

• Spurred by discontent and Enlightenment ideas, peoples in Latin America fought colonial rule.

• Why It Matters Now:

• Sixteen of today’s Latin American nations gained their independence at this time.

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Latin American Peoples win Independence

• Terms and Names:

• Peninsulares

• Creoles

• Mulattos

• Simón Bolívar

• José de San Martín

• Miguel Hidalgo

• José Morelos

Colonial Society Divided

• A Race and Class System:

• Latin America has social classes that determine jobs and authority.

• Penisulares—born in Spain.

• Head colonial government and society

• Creoles—American-born Spaniards.

• Can become army officers

• Mestizos—a mix of European and Indian ancestry.

• Mulattos—a mix of European and African ancestry.

• Slaves—Indians (natives) at the bottom of societ

• White masters used brutal methods to terrorize slaves and keep them powerless.

Revolutions in the Americas • Revolution in Haiti:

• The French colony of Saint Domingue—now known as Haiti—is the first Latin American territory to gain freedom • 500,000 enslaved Africans existed

at the bottom of the social system

• A former slave, Toussaint L’Ouverture, rose from slavery to lead the rebellion in 1791.

• By 1801, L’Ouverture had moved to the eastern part of Hispaniola (Spanish Santo Domingo) where he freed the slaves.

• In 1802, Napoleon sent 16,000 troops to Haiti to depose L’Ouverture.

• The French imprisoned L’Ouverture in the French Alps, where he died in 1803.

Revolutions in the Americas

• Haiti’s Independence: • One of L’Ouverture’s

followers, Jean-Jacques Dessalines, took up the fight and in 1804 declared the colony an independent country.

• Saint Domingue becomes the first black colony to win independence.

• Dessalines renames it Haiti, meaning “mountainous land” in the native Arawak language.

Creoles Lead Independence

• While they were unable to hold high offices in Latin America, Creoles were the best educated and rose to high ranks in the military.

• They had traveled to Europe and had become influenced by ideas of the Enlightenment.

• When they returned to Latin America, they brought the ideas of the Revolution with them.

• Napoleon’s conquest of Spain in 1808 triggered revolts in the Spanish colonies. • Creoles refused to obey a French king.

• In 1810, rebellions broke out in various parts of Latin America.

• By 1814, when King Ferdinand VII returned to the Spanish throne, creoles had begun their own drive for independence.

The Libertadores End Spanish Rule

• Simón Bolívar:

• Simon Bolivar was a wealthy Venezuelan creole.

• He was called Libertador.

• Brilliantly leads Venezuela in its revolution against Spanish rule.

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The Libertadores End Spanish Rule • José de San Martín: • Unlike Bolivar, Jose de

San Martin was a simple man of modest upbringing, but also a brilliant general.

• Born in Argentina, San Martin was educated at military schools in Spain.

• He was a strict disciplinarian, but he showed great concern for his troops.

The Libertadores End Spanish Rule

• Bolivar’s Route to Victory:

• Venezuela declares its independence from Spain in 1811, but it took until 1821 to defeat the Spanish.

• Bolivar went into exile two times during this struggle.

• Bolivar and his troops suffered numerous defeats.

• His most decisive victory came in 1819. He led over 2,000 soldiers over the Andes into what is now Colombia. He then surprised the Spanish army in Bogotá.

The Libertadores End Spanish Rule

• San Martin Leads Southern Liberation Forces:

• Argentina declares its independence in 1816. However, Chile and Peru, under colonial rule, still posed a threat to San Martin.

• San Martin lead his army over the Andes to Chile.

• There he met up with Bernardo O’Higgins and finally freed Chile.

• In 1822, San Martin and Bolivar had a historic meeting at Guayaquil, Ecuador.

• San Martin turned his army over to Bolivar and retired to France.

• On December, 1924, Bolivar defeats the Spanish at the Battle of Ayacucho (Peru).

• This was the last major battle of Latin America’s fight for independence.

Ideas and Revolution—Struggling Towards Democracy • After Simon Bolivar organized the Republic of Venezuela and

the Constitution of Bolivia, Latin America descended into a period of chaos which made Bolivar very unhappy.

• Before his death in 1830, Bolivar said: “Those who worked for South American independence have plowed the sea”.

• Latin American independence is again one example of how Enlightenment ideas have changed the world. Even today in many countries, democratic ideals inspire people to fight for independence and to overthrow oppressive governments.

• HW—research recent historic events of the past 20-25 years.

• What events could be compared to Simon Bolivar’s movement for Latin American independence?

• Create a poster to present your country or event.

Mexico Ends Spanish Rule

• A Cry for Freedom:

• Unlike South America, Mexico was a cultural mix of ethnic and racial groups.

• In Mexico, Indians and mestizos, not Creoles, led the revolution.

Mexico Ends Spanish Rule

• A Cry for Freedom: • On September 16, 1810,

Padre Miguel Hidalgo launches the Mexican revolt.

• Hidalgo was a priest, but a strong believer in Enlightenment ideas.

• He led 80,000 Indians and mestizos to Mexico City.

• The Spanish army and creoles united to defeat Hidalgo in 1811.

• Another priest, Jose Maria Morelos, led the revolt after Hidalgo’s defeat, but also loses.

• Pic of Hidalgo • Fade in pic of Morales

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Mexico Ends Spanish Rule

• Mexican Independence:

• In 1820, a revolution in Spain created unrest on the peninsula.

• Fearing loss of privileged, Mexico’s creoles united in support for Mexico’s independence from Spain.

• In 1821, Agustin de Iturbide—who had earlier defeated Morales, made peace with the rebels and proclaimed independence.

• In 1823, the region of central America declared their own independence from Mexico and named themselves the United Provinces of Central America.

Brazil’s Royal Liberator

• A Bloodless Revolution: • In 1807, as Napoleon’s armies headed towards Lisbon, the

Portuguese prince John, boarded ships and sailed for Brazil.

• They also took the royal court and the entire royal treasury.

• For 14 years, Brazil was the center of the Portuguese empire. • During this time, Brazilians were developing their own sense of

nationalism.

• In 1815, Napoleon was defeated and the royal family returned to Portugal, keeping Brazil as a colony.

• In 1822, creole’s demanded their own independence by providing a petition with 8,000 signatures to King John’s son, Dom Pedro.

• On September 7, he officially declared Brazil’s independence.

• Brazil had won their independence through a bloodless revolution.

Independence Brings Disunity

• Independence bring Poverty and Disunity:

• By 1830, nearly all Latin American regions win independence.

• However, all the wars had left the country poor and devastated.

• Bolivar’s united Gran Colombia splits into Colombia, Ecuador and Venezuela.

• By 1941, Central American provinces had split into republics of El Salvador, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Guatemala and Honduras.

Review

• Terms and Names:

• Peninsulares

• Creoles

• Mulattos

• Simón Bolívar

• José de San Martín

• Miguel Hidalgo

• José Morelos

Forming and Supporting Opinions

Think about the background of many creole revolutionaries. What do you think might have been their tendencies as government leaders: towards democracy or authoritarianism?

• Think about…

• Their education

• Their professions

• Their economic interests

Analyzing Themes

Power and Authority:

Consider the following statement: “Through its policies, Spain gave up its right to rule in South America.” Do you agree or disagree? Explain.

Did Spain ever have the right to rule?

• Think about…

• Spanish colonial society

• Whhy independence movements arose

• Who gained the power that Spain lost