Chapter 6 - Adverbs & Prepositions

8/9/2019 Chapter 6 - Adverbs & Prepositions

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Chapter 6

Adverbs and prepoitions

Faharol Razi Shaari

PPT Jitra


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Adverb

Adverbs are commonly known as modifying

words.

Adverbs are words that modify verbs,adjectives or other adverbs.

They also often tell when, where, why or

under what conditions something happens.


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Modifies a verb

She walked slowly along the path.( How did she walk? )

They danced gracefully at the concert(How did they dance?)

He writes neatly( How does he write?)

The students read loudly(How do the students read?)


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Modifies an adjective

The man built a very big mansion.( How big was the mansion)

adjective

Modifies the

adjective big


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Modifies another adverb

She drove down the lane.

She drove slowly down the lane.

She drove quite slowly down the lane.

adverb

Modifies slowly


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Formation of adverbs

A. Derivational adverbs

Most adverbs especially adverbs of manner and

some adverb of degree are formed from adjectivesby adding the suffixes y, - ly, - ily, and ally.

able ably bad badly

gentle gently wise wisely

terrible terribly certain - certainly


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. Cont.

Gay gaily

Busy busily

Crazy crazily

Basic basically

Historic historicallyAccident - accidentally


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B. Simple adverbs

Many simple adverbs denote position and direction

like near, out, under, and down.

The police tried hard to catch the robber (adverb)

Painting is a hard job (adjective) modifies the noun job

She came home early yesterday (adverb)

I am going out for an early lunch today (adjective)


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C. Compound adverbs

Compound adverbs are formed by combining two ormore elements into a single word

some + how = somehow

any + where = anywhere

some + where = somewhere

I have seen this somewhere

Somehow, he managed to finish his work


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Functions of adverbs

1. As adverbials

the function of adverbs as adverbials is to give usMORE

INFORMATION ON THE ACTION or the circumstances of the

action. It tells us how, where, or when an action happened.

My aunt is temporarily putting up with me. (adverb of duration)

Alice shrieked loudly when she sawMawi (adverb of manner)

John goes away on holiday twice a year (adverb of frequency)

She completely forgot about the meeting (adverb of degree)


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2. As modifiers

the function of adverbs as modifiers is to ADD

INFORMATION TO ANOTHER WORD. Such adverbs are

usually adverb of degree

Nur Amalina scored exceptionally well in her SPM exam

(as modifiers of other adverbs)

Fear Factor is an extremely exciting game.

(as modifiers of adjectives)

The sun is right above our head.

(as modifiers of prepositional phrases)


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Adverb of time

Adverb of duration

Adverb of frequency Adverb of place

Adverb of direction

Adverb of manner

Adverb of degree


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Adverb of time

Are used to specify the precise time or to provide

information about the time of an action in relation to

some other point in time, often now. Adverb of

time answer the question when

I hurt my ankle yesterday

We shall now start the meeting

I will receive the parcel from him tomorrow

She is currently working as a marketing manager


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Adverb of duration

Tell us how long something lasts or takes.

These adverbs answer the question how long

I have been trying to contact you since last night

Jane spent all afternoon baking cookies

The tan family has been controlling the share market

for more than two decades


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Adverbs of frequency

Are used to indicate how often we do things or how

many times something happens. Answers the

question how often

Always, nearly, usually, very often, often, sometimes,

occasionally, almost never, seldom, never.

The newspapers are delivered daily to my house

Sean seldom comes here because of his busy work schedule

Endangered animals like tigers are often danger of being

killed.


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Adverbs of place

Used to inform us an incident or event takes place.

Most common adverbs of place also function as

prepositions. Adverb of place answer the question

where or where to. E.g inside, outdoors, outside,anywhere, around, near, underneath, downstairs.

The famous chicken rice shop is there.

Tanissha buried her jewellery box outside.

I dropped my pen somewhere around here.


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Adverbs of direction

Used to indicate destinations. They often go with

movement verbs like go. Adverbs of direction

answer the question in what direction or where

to or where from

The couple just laughed and drove ahead.

The owner does not want anyone trampling around.

They left the base camp and climbed higher.


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Adverb of manner

Gives more information about the way in which anevent or action takes place or to describe the way inwhich something is done. These adverbs answer the

question how or in what manner? E.g. fast, badly, easily, quietly, warmly, politely, carefully, finely,

Stella stroked her cat gently

Aaron neatly stacked the books up. Her mannerisms are distinctly different from her twin

sisters


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Adverbs of degree

Make the meaning of a verb, adverb or adjective

stronger or weaker by placing qualities or ideas on a

scale. These adverbs answer the questions to what

extent or how much

Taylor practically won all the races.

Nisha is really good at her work

The contract workers cleaned the area thoroughly.


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Order of adverbs

Subject and verb

Manner

Place

Frequency

time

Tanissha exercises

Earnestly

Here

Every morning

Before breakfast

Tanissha exercises earnestly here every morning

before breakfast.


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Interrogative adverbs

How ? In what way ?

Why ? For what reason?

When ? At what time?

Where ? In what place ?

How high are the PetronasTwin Tower ?

Why were they angry ?

When do you need to paythe bill?

Where is KLPAC situated ?

Interrogative adverbs are questioning words such as

where, when, why, and how. They are not

only used to introduce questions but also to introduce

various types of clauses.


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Linking adverbs

Are used to link ideas or clauses. Also calledconjunctive adverbs

He broke his arm; therefore, he will not be coming to worktomorrow.

Malek did not attend the revision classes. Consequently, hewas reprimanded by his teacher.

These herbal supplements are very effective. Besides, theyare not very expensive.

Two of the workers were retrenched, and, as a result,everyone went on strike.


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Common linking words

Linking adverbs Functions

Too, also, besides, furthermore, as

well, moreover, at the same time

To introduce a related point or to add

an extra place of information

Again, likewise, equally, similarly, in the

same way

To add a new fact that illustrates the

same point as the one you have just

made

Yet, instead, however, alternatively, on

the contrary, nevertheless

To add a sentence that contrasts with

the previous one or to give a different

point of view


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Sentence adverbs

Are used to convey the speakers belief on the

content of what he is saying or to show the speakers

attitude or viewpoint towards certain events.

Hes surprisingly only 16 years old

I will inform you, perhaps, by 7 oclock.

Fortunately, the event went on smoothly.

Apparently, they have been trying to use the online banking

system for weeks.


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Common sentence adverbs

Really, surely, luckily, actually, perhaps,

certainly, surprisingly, blindly, clearly,

apparently, naturally, admittedly, naturally,

hopefully, fortunately, supposedly.


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Focussing adverbs

Are used when we want to indicate or focus on the mainquality of something or on the most relevant thing involved inwhat we are saying. For example when we want to indicatethe main reason for something, we use focussing adverbs like

especially, particularly or exclusively. Focussing adverbs arealso used to express some kind of restriction (e.g.just, only,merely) and to refer back to something (too, also, either)

Even Ram heard about the incident.

Only Sherry has the key to the guest room.

Ramli Ibrahim is specifically interested in Indian classicaldance.


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Prepositions

Many of the most common words in English

are prepositions.

Prepositions also have special functions aspart of a verb or adverb.

Some words can function both as prepositions

and as adverbs or even conjunctions


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Forms of preposition

PrepositionsPrepositions

Simple prepositionSimple preposition

Monosyllabic

( in, on )

Monosyllabic

( in, on )

Polysyllabic

(inside,without)

Polysyllabic

(inside,without)

Derived from

participles

(barring, concerning)

Derived from

participles

(barring, concerning)

omplex preposition

omplex preposition

As for, apart from, on

top of, because of,along with, instead of,

except for, etc.

As for, apart from, on

top of, because of,along with, instead of,

except for, etc.


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Chapter 6 - Adverbs & Prepositions