Chapter 4 terminology

The Pharmacy The Pharmacy Technician 4ETechnician 4E

Chapter 4Chapter 4Medical TerminologyMedical Terminology

Topic OutlineTopic Outline

TerminologyTerminology Organ system terminologyOrgan system terminology Cardiovascular SystemCardiovascular System Endocrine SystemEndocrine System Gastrointestinal SystemGastrointestinal System Integumentary SystemIntegumentary System Lymph and Blood SystemsLymph and Blood Systems Muscular SystemMuscular System

Nervous SystemNervous System Skeletal SystemSkeletal System Female Reproductive Female Reproductive

SystemSystem Respiratory SystemRespiratory System Urinary SystemUrinary System SensesSenses Drug ClassificationsDrug Classifications Medical AbbreviationsMedical Abbreviations

Basic Elements of a Medical WordBasic Elements of a Medical Word Medical science terminology is made up of a small Medical science terminology is made up of a small

number of ROOT words (mostly Greek and Latin number of ROOT words (mostly Greek and Latin words).words).

1.1. Word RootWord Root2.2. Combining FormCombining Form3.3. SuffixSuffix4.4. PrefixPrefix

These four parts of a word are known as These four parts of a word are known as ELEMENTS.ELEMENTS.

E.g. E.g. Peri – o - dont – ic ( Peri – o - dont – ic (Periodontic: around the Periodontic: around the teeth)teeth)

RootRootPrefix + Prefix + SuffixSuffix

C.V.C.V.

Word RootWord Root

Main part or foundation of a word.Main part or foundation of a word. Identify what part of the body a term is related to.Identify what part of the body a term is related to. All words have at least one word root.All words have at least one word root. A word root may be used alone or be combined with A word root may be used alone or be combined with

other elements to form a complete word.other elements to form a complete word. E.g. E.g. GastrGastr (word root) + (word root) + itisitis (suffix) = (suffix) = GASTRITISGASTRITIS (complete (complete

word).word).

TerminologyTerminology Most root words originate from either Greek or Most root words originate from either Greek or

Latin words. Latin words.

Words developed from theWords developed from the Greek Greek language are language are often used to refer to often used to refer to diagnosis and surgery.diagnosis and surgery.

Words from the Words from the Latin language Latin language generally refer to generally refer to thethe anatomy anatomy of the body.of the body.

Root - Part of BodyRoot - Part of Body

Card - heartCard - heart Cyst - bladderCyst - bladder Gastr - stomachGastr - stomach Hemat - bloodHemat - blood Hepat - liverHepat - liver My - muscleMy - muscle Pector – chestPector – chest Neur - nerveNeur - nerve

Pneum - lungPneum - lung Ocul - eyeOcul - eye Derma - skinDerma - skin Ven - veinVen - vein Mast - breastMast - breast Oste - boneOste - bone Nephr - kidneyNephr - kidney Ot - earOt - ear

Combining FormsCombining Forms

Correct pronunciation of medical words is very Correct pronunciation of medical words is very important.important.

In order to make the pronunciation of root words In order to make the pronunciation of root words easier, sometimes it is necessary to insert a vowel easier, sometimes it is necessary to insert a vowel after the root.after the root.

The combination of a root word and a vowel is The combination of a root word and a vowel is known as a known as a COMBINING FORMCOMBINING FORM..

““O” is the most common combining vowelsO” is the most common combining vowels

IEIE: gastr / o : gastr / o = pronounced as = pronounced as GASTROGASTRO

Word root Combining vowel

Combining WordsCombining Words

When a word has more than one root, a combining When a word has more than one root, a combining vowel is used to link the root to each other.vowel is used to link the root to each other.

E.g. osteoarthritisE.g. osteoarthritis oste/ o / arthr/ itisoste/ o / arthr/ itis

Word root

Combining vowel

Word root suffix

Slashes separate elements

SuffixesSuffixes

A suffix is added to the END of a word root or A suffix is added to the END of a word root or combining form to modify its meaning.combining form to modify its meaning.

Adding a suffix to the end of a word root, creates a Adding a suffix to the end of a word root, creates a noun or adjective with a different meaning.noun or adjective with a different meaning.

Meanings of certain suffixesMeanings of certain suffixes

-al -al = pertaining to = dent/al (pertaining to teeth)= pertaining to = dent/al (pertaining to teeth)

-er -er = one who = speak/er (one who speaks)= one who = speak/er (one who speaks)

-able -able = capable of being = playable (capable of being = capable of being = playable (capable of being played)played)

PrefixesPrefixes A syllable or syllables placed BEFORE a word or word A syllable or syllables placed BEFORE a word or word

root to alter its meaning or create a new word.root to alter its meaning or create a new word.

Some prefixes:Some prefixes: Hyper- (excessive)Hyper- (excessive) Pre- (before)Pre- (before) Post- (after)Post- (after) Homo- (same)Homo- (same) Hypo- (under)Hypo- (under)

HypoinsulinemiaHypoinsulinemia

Hypo / insulin / emiaHypo / insulin / emia

PrefixWord root

suffix

LOW INSULIN BLOOD

Notice that there is no combining vowel in this word because the prefix ends with a vowel and the suffix begins with a vowel.

Cardiovascular SystemCardiovascular System

The Cardiovascular System distributes blood throughout the The Cardiovascular System distributes blood throughout the body using blood vessels called body using blood vessels called arteries, capillaries, and veins.arteries, capillaries, and veins. Blood transports nutrients to the body’s cells and carries Blood transports nutrients to the body’s cells and carries

waste products away from them. waste products away from them. Blood is made up of red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, Blood is made up of red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets,

and plasma. and plasma. Erythrocytes Erythrocytes (red blood cells) transport oxygen from the (red blood cells) transport oxygen from the

lungs to the body and carbon dioxide from the cells to the lungs to the body and carbon dioxide from the cells to the lungs. lungs.

LeukocytesLeukocytes (white blood cells) fight bacterial infections by (white blood cells) fight bacterial infections by producing antibodies.producing antibodies.

Cardiovascular System Cont.Cardiovascular System Cont.

The heart The heart pumps blood through the cardiovascular system.pumps blood through the cardiovascular system. Blood pressures are reported as systole/diastole, i.e., Blood pressures are reported as systole/diastole, i.e.,

120/80. 120/80. A A sphygmomanometer sphygmomanometer is used to measure blood pressure.is used to measure blood pressure. Blood pressure Blood pressure is reported (in mm Hg) and includes two is reported (in mm Hg) and includes two

number sequence. number sequence. Systolic phase Systolic phase is the increased pressure when blood is is the increased pressure when blood is

forced out of the heart.forced out of the heart. The The diastolic phase,diastolic phase, or relaxation phase, is the second or relaxation phase, is the second

number reported in blood pressure monitoring.number reported in blood pressure monitoring.


angi angi = vessel= vessel aort aort = aorta= aorta card card = heart= heart oxy oxy = oxygen= oxygen pector pector = chest= chest

phleb phleb = vein= vein stenosis stenosis = narrowing= narrowing thromb thromb = clot= clot vas(cu) vas(cu) = blood = blood

vesselvessel ven ven = vein= vein


CardiomyopathyCardiomyopathy = disease of the heart muscle= disease of the heart muscle MyocardialMyocardial = concerning heart muscle= concerning heart muscle TachycardiaTachycardia = = abnormal rapid heart actionabnormal rapid heart action PhlebitisPhlebitis = inflammation of a vein= inflammation of a vein ThrombosisThrombosis = blood clot = blood clot HypertensionHypertension = high blood pressure = high blood pressure

The Endocrine SystemThe Endocrine System

Consists of the glands that secrete hormones, chemicals that Consists of the glands that secrete hormones, chemicals that assist in regulating body functions.assist in regulating body functions.

Includes the pituitary gland, the adrenal glands, the thyroid Includes the pituitary gland, the adrenal glands, the thyroid gland, and the gonads (ovaries and testes).gland, and the gonads (ovaries and testes).

Pituitary gland Pituitary gland = produces multiple hormones and is = produces multiple hormones and is located located at the base of the brain. It controls at the base of the brain. It controls the body’s the body’s growth and the activity of the other growth and the activity of the other glands. glands.

Thyroid gland Thyroid gland = located just below the larynx and releases = located just below the larynx and releases hormones important for regulating hormones important for regulating

body body metabolism.metabolism.

The Endocrine System Cont.The Endocrine System Cont.

Parathyroid glands Parathyroid glands = = located on the thyroid gland. located on the thyroid gland. Thymus gland Thymus gland = located beneath the sternum. = located beneath the sternum. PancreasPancreas = known for its production of insulin and = known for its production of insulin and

glucagon. glucagon. Adrenal glands Adrenal glands = located on top of the kidneys and = located on top of the kidneys and

produce such hormones as aldosterone, produce such hormones as aldosterone, cortisol (hydrocortisone), androgens, and cortisol (hydrocortisone), androgens, and estrogens. estrogens.

Medulla region Medulla region = = adrenal glands produce the adrenal glands produce the catecholamines adrenaline (epinephrine) catecholamines adrenaline (epinephrine) and noradrenaline (norepinephrine).and noradrenaline (norepinephrine).

Endocrine SystemEndocrine System

lipid lipid = fat= fat NephrNephr= kidney= kidney ThymThym = thymus= thymus

adrenaadrena = adrenal= adrenal glucgluc = sugar= sugar panceat panceat = =

pancreaspancreas somat somat = body= body

Endocrine SystemEndocrine System

HyperlipidemiaHyperlipidemia = high fat/lipids in the blood.= high fat/lipids in the blood. HypothyroidismHypothyroidism = a deficiency of thyroid hormone. = a deficiency of thyroid hormone. SomaticSomatic = pertaining to the body.= pertaining to the body.

The Gastrointestinal (GI) TractThe Gastrointestinal (GI) Tract

Located in the abdomen and contains the organs that are Located in the abdomen and contains the organs that are involved in the digestion of foods and the absorption of involved in the digestion of foods and the absorption of nutrients.nutrients.

Organs include Organs include the stomach, small and large intestine, the stomach, small and large intestine, gallbladder, liver, and pancreas.gallbladder, liver, and pancreas.

Alimentary tract Alimentary tract refers to the system that goes from the mouth refers to the system that goes from the mouth to the anus. It contains organs such as lips, tongue, teeth, to the anus. It contains organs such as lips, tongue, teeth, salivary glands, pharynx, esophagus, rectum, and anus, in salivary glands, pharynx, esophagus, rectum, and anus, in addition to the GI tract.addition to the GI tract.

Several organs contribute to the digestion of foods by secreting Several organs contribute to the digestion of foods by secreting enzymes into the small intestine when food is present. enzymes into the small intestine when food is present.

Ducts carry bile from the liver (Ducts carry bile from the liver (hepatic ducthepatic duct) and the gallbladder ) and the gallbladder ((cystic ductcystic duct) to the duodenum. ) to the duodenum.

Gastrointestinal TractGastrointestinal Tract

Consists of organs that are involved in digestion of Consists of organs that are involved in digestion of foods and the absorption of nutrientsfoods and the absorption of nutrients

GastritisGastritis = inflammation of the stomach.= inflammation of the stomach. GastroenteritisGastroenteritis = inflammation of the = inflammation of the stomach stomach

and Hepatitisand Hepatitis = inflammation of the liver. = inflammation of the liver. AppendicitisAppendicitis = inflammation of the appendix= inflammation of the appendix ColitisColitis = inflamed or irritable = inflamed or irritable the the

intestinal intestinal tract tract coloncolon HematemesisHematemesis = vomiting of blood= vomiting of blood DiarrheaDiarrhea = liquid bowel movement= liquid bowel movement

Alimentary TractAlimentary Tract

chol chol = bile= bile colcol = colon= colon DuodenDuoden

=duodenum=duodenum EnterEnter = intestine= intestine

esophagesophag = = esophagusesophagus

gastrgastr = stomach= stomach hepathepat = liver= liver laparlapar = abdomen= abdomen Pancreat Pancreat = pancreas= pancreas

The Integument SystemThe Integument System Refers to the covering of the body and is the body’s first line of Refers to the covering of the body and is the body’s first line of

defense, acting as a barrier against disease and physical hazards. defense, acting as a barrier against disease and physical hazards. Helps control body temperature by releasing heat through sweat or Helps control body temperature by releasing heat through sweat or

by constricting blood vessels to act as insulation. by constricting blood vessels to act as insulation. It includes the skin, hair, and nails. It includes the skin, hair, and nails. HairHair is made of keratinized cells. is made of keratinized cells.

Finger nails Finger nails and toenails are also composed of keratin. and toenails are also composed of keratin. The mammary The mammary glands, or breasts, are also considered part of the glands, or breasts, are also considered part of the

integumentary system.integumentary system. The skin is composed of the The skin is composed of the epidermis and dermisepidermis and dermis. The epidermis . The epidermis

has no blood or nerves and is constantly discarding dead cells. The has no blood or nerves and is constantly discarding dead cells. The dermis, which is made of living cells, contains capillaries, nerves, dermis, which is made of living cells, contains capillaries, nerves, and lymphatics. The dermis also contains the sebaceous glands, and lymphatics. The dermis also contains the sebaceous glands, sweat glands, and hair.sweat glands, and hair.

The subcutaneous layer The subcutaneous layer of tissue is beneath the dermis but is of tissue is beneath the dermis but is closely interconnected to it. It separates the skin from the other closely interconnected to it. It separates the skin from the other organs (for example, the muscular system, as in the illustration).organs (for example, the muscular system, as in the illustration).

The Integument SystemThe Integument System The Integument System is the covering of the body and the The Integument System is the covering of the body and the first line of defense against diseases and physical hazards.first line of defense against diseases and physical hazards.

necrnecr = death = death DermaDerma = skin= skin cutane cutane = skin= skin mast mast = breast= breast onychonych = nail= nail MycoMyco = fungal= fungal LactLact = milk= milk

The Integument SystemThe Integument System

DermatitisDermatitis = skin inflammation= skin inflammation ErythrodemraErythrodemra = abnormal redness of skin= abnormal redness of skin LactationLactation = secretion of milk= secretion of milk MastectomyMastectomy = surgical removal of breast= surgical removal of breast OnychomycosisOnychomycosis = fungal infection of nails = fungal infection of nails PachydermaPachyderma = abnormal thickness of skin = abnormal thickness of skin SubcutaneousSubcutaneous = beneath the skin= beneath the skin TransdermalTransdermal = through the skin= through the skin

The Lymphatic SystemThe Lymphatic System

The Lymphatic System is the center of the The Lymphatic System is the center of the body’s immune body’s immune system system and is responsible for and is responsible for collectingcollecting plasma water that plasma water that leaves the blood vessels, filtering it for impurities through its leaves the blood vessels, filtering it for impurities through its lymph nodes.lymph nodes.

The Spleen The Spleen is the largest organ in the system and is is the largest organ in the system and is responsible for removing old red blood cells from the responsible for removing old red blood cells from the circulation.circulation.

Lymphocytes Lymphocytes are a type of white blood cell that attacks are a type of white blood cell that attacks bacteria and disease cells by releasing bacteria and disease cells by releasing antibodies. antibodies.

The thymus, tonsils, spleen, and adenoids The thymus, tonsils, spleen, and adenoids are lymphoid are lymphoid organs outside the network of the lymphatic system.organs outside the network of the lymphatic system.


aden aden = gland= gland cytcyt = cell= cell hemo, hemathemo, hemat = blood= blood lymphlymph = lymph= lymph splensplen = spleen= spleen PhiliaPhilia = attraction of= attraction of


AdenopathyAdenopathy = lymph node disease= lymph node disease HematomaHematoma = a collection of clotted blood= a collection of clotted blood HemophiliaHemophilia = a disease in which the blood does = a disease in which the blood does

not clot normallynot clot normally LymphomaLymphoma = lymphatic system tumor= lymphatic system tumor

The Muscular SystemThe Muscular System

Word muscles comes fromWord muscles comes from mus=mouse; cle=little mus=mouse; cle=little and resembles a and resembles a mouse moving under a cover.mouse moving under a cover.

The body contains more than The body contains more than 600 muscles 600 muscles which give shape and which give shape and movement to it. movement to it.

The skeletal muscles are striated, i.e. made up of fibers and The skeletal muscles are striated, i.e. made up of fibers and attached to the bones by tendons. attached to the bones by tendons.

Voluntary action Voluntary action - the action of most muscles and is controlled - the action of most muscles and is controlled consciously. consciously.

Involuntary muscles Involuntary muscles operate automatically and are found in the operate automatically and are found in the heart, the stomach, or in the walls of blood vessels.heart, the stomach, or in the walls of blood vessels.

Some muscles produce an outward or Some muscles produce an outward or flexor movement flexor movement and these and these are called agonist muscles. are called agonist muscles.

Antagonist muscles Antagonist muscles are the ones that contract or bring the limb are the ones that contract or bring the limb back to the original position.back to the original position.


mymy = muscle= muscle fibrfibr = fiber= fiber tendintendin = tendon= tendon


FibromyalgiaFibromyalgia = chronic pain in the muscles= chronic pain in the muscles MyoplastyMyoplasty = plastic surgery of muscle tissue= plastic surgery of muscle tissue TendonitisTendonitis = inflammation of a tendon= inflammation of a tendon

The Nervous SystemThe Nervous System The Nervous System is the The Nervous System is the most complex most complex of the body organ of the body organ

systems because there are systems because there are over 100 billion over 100 billion neurons in the brain neurons in the brain alone.alone.

The neuron (nerve cell), The neuron (nerve cell), the basic functional unit in this system, the basic functional unit in this system, transmits information from the brain to the entire body.transmits information from the brain to the entire body.

The primary parts of this system are The primary parts of this system are the brain and the spinal the brain and the spinal cordcord, called the central nervous system (CNS)., called the central nervous system (CNS).

There are subdivisions of the peripheral nervous system called There are subdivisions of the peripheral nervous system called the autonomic nervous system and the somatic nervous system. the autonomic nervous system and the somatic nervous system.

The autonomic nervous systemThe autonomic nervous system controls the automatic controls the automatic functions of the body, e.g., breathing, digestion, etc. functions of the body, e.g., breathing, digestion, etc.

The somatic nervous system The somatic nervous system controls the voluntary actions of controls the voluntary actions of the body, e.g., muscle movements.the body, e.g., muscle movements.

The Nervous SystemThe Nervous System

CerebCereb = cerebrum= cerebrum EncephalEncephal = brain= brain MeningMening = menignes= menignes MyelMyel = spinal cord= spinal cord NeurNeur = nerve= nerve

The Nervous SystemThe Nervous System

EncephalitisEncephalitis = inflammation of the brain= inflammation of the brain NeuralgiaNeuralgia = severe pain in a nerve= severe pain in a nerve NeuromaNeuroma = tumor or nerve cells= tumor or nerve cells

The Skeletal SystemThe Skeletal System

Protects soft organs and provides structure and support for Protects soft organs and provides structure and support for the body’s organs. the body’s organs.

Contains Contains 206 bones 206 bones called axial (skull and spinal column).called axial (skull and spinal column). Ligaments and Cartilage Ligaments and Cartilage are connective tissue that hold are connective tissue that hold

together the skeletal systems with joints.together the skeletal systems with joints. JointsJoints range from rigid to those allowing full motion (e.g., the range from rigid to those allowing full motion (e.g., the

ball and socket joints of the hips and shoulders).ball and socket joints of the hips and shoulders).

Skeletal SystemSkeletal System

arthrarthr = joint= joint CalcaneCalcane = heel bone= heel bone carp carp = wrist= wrist cranicrani = cranium= cranium DactylDactyl= finger or toe= finger or toe femorfemor = thigh bone= thigh bone myelmyel = bone marrow= bone marrow


OsteOste = bone= bone ped, podped, pod = foot = foot pelvpelv = pelvis= pelvis Spondy Spondy = backbone= backbone sternstern = sternum, breastbone= sternum, breastbone VertebrVertebr = backbone, vertebrae= backbone, vertebrae


ArthralgiaArthralgia = joint pain= joint pain ArthritisArthritis = inflammation of a joint= inflammation of a joint CarpalCarpal = pertaining to carpus in the wrist= pertaining to carpus in the wrist OsteoarthritisOsteoarthritis = chronic disease of bones= chronic disease of bones

The Reproductive SystemThe Reproductive System

The Reproductive System produces hormones (e.g. estrogen, The Reproductive System produces hormones (e.g. estrogen, progesterone), controls menstruation, and provides for progesterone), controls menstruation, and provides for childbearing.childbearing.

Contains the vagina, uterus, fallopian tubes, ovaries, and the Contains the vagina, uterus, fallopian tubes, ovaries, and the external genitalia.external genitalia.

The mammary glands The mammary glands (located in breast tissue) produce and (located in breast tissue) produce and secrete milk at childbirth.secrete milk at childbirth.

The vaginaThe vagina is a muscular tube that leads from an external is a muscular tube that leads from an external opening to the cervix and uterus. opening to the cervix and uterus.

The uterus The uterus is a hollow, pear-shaped organ. is a hollow, pear-shaped organ. The fallopian tubesThe fallopian tubes transport eggs from the ovary to the transport eggs from the ovary to the

uterus. uterus. The ovaries The ovaries are located on each side of the uterus. are located on each side of the uterus.

The Female The Female ReproductiveReproductive System System

Gynec Gynec = woman= woman Hyster Hyster = uterus= uterus lactlact = milk= milk

mastmast = breast= breast metrmetr = uterus= uterus ovariovari = ovary= ovary uteruter = uterine= uterine

The Female Reproductive SystemThe Female Reproductive System

GynecologyGynecology = the study of the female reproductive = the study of the female reproductive organsorgans

AmenorrheaAmenorrhea = absence of menstruation= absence of menstruation DysmenorrheaDysmenorrhea = menstrual pain= menstrual pain EndometriosisEndometriosis = abnormal growth of uteral tissue= abnormal growth of uteral tissue ViginitiesViginities = inflammation of the vagina= inflammation of the vagina

The Male Reproductive SystemThe Male Reproductive System The Male Reproductive System produces The Male Reproductive System produces sperm sperm and secretes the and secretes the

hormone hormone testosterone. testosterone. The testes (also called testicles) The testes (also called testicles) are the primary male sex organs. are the primary male sex organs.

They are oval-shaped organs enclosed in the scrotum.They are oval-shaped organs enclosed in the scrotum. The seminal glandsThe seminal glands, located at the base of the bladder, produce , located at the base of the bladder, produce

part of the seminal fluid. part of the seminal fluid. The Vas Deferens The Vas Deferens are ducts that allow the passage of the sperm are ducts that allow the passage of the sperm

from the testes. from the testes. The prostate gland The prostate gland is located at the upper end of the urethra. is located at the upper end of the urethra. The penis (glans penis) The penis (glans penis) is the external organ for urination and is the external organ for urination and

sexual intercourse. sexual intercourse. The urethra, The urethra, by which urine and semen leave the body, is inside by which urine and semen leave the body, is inside

the penis.the penis.

The Male Reproductive SystemThe Male Reproductive System

Andr Andr = male= male testtest = testicle= testicle ProstatProstat = prostate gland= prostate gland Sperm Sperm = sperm= sperm vasvas = duct, vessel= duct, vessel VasiculVasicul =seminal vesicles=seminal vesicles

The Male Reproductive SystemThe Male Reproductive System

ProstatitisProstatitis = inflammation of prostate = inflammation of prostate AspermiaAspermia = inability to produce semen = inability to produce semen

The Respiratory SystemThe Respiratory System The Respiratory System brings oxygen into the body through inhalation and The Respiratory System brings oxygen into the body through inhalation and

expels carbon dioxide gas through exhalation. It produces sound for expels carbon dioxide gas through exhalation. It produces sound for speaking and helps cool the body.speaking and helps cool the body.

Respiratory muscles (especially Respiratory muscles (especially the diaphragm) the diaphragm) expand the lungs expand the lungs automatically, causing air to be inhaled into the upper respiratory tract. automatically, causing air to be inhaled into the upper respiratory tract.

The pleural cavity The pleural cavity surrounds the lungs and provides lubrication for surrounds the lungs and provides lubrication for respiration. respiration.

The pharynx The pharynx directs food into the esophagus and air into the trachea. directs food into the esophagus and air into the trachea. The larynx The larynx contains the vocal cords. contains the vocal cords. The tracheaThe trachea, or windpipe, connects to the two , or windpipe, connects to the two bronchibronchi (bronchial tubes) that (bronchial tubes) that

enter the lungs.enter the lungs. As air enters through the nose, it is warmed, moistened, and filtered. As air enters through the nose, it is warmed, moistened, and filtered.

Inside the lungs, the bronchial tubes branch out and lead to the alveolar Inside the lungs, the bronchial tubes branch out and lead to the alveolar sacs that are the site of gas exchange within the lungs. sacs that are the site of gas exchange within the lungs.

AlveoliAlveoli are specialized tissues that are responsible for the exchange of gases are specialized tissues that are responsible for the exchange of gases between the blood and inhaled air.between the blood and inhaled air.

The Respiratory SystemThe Respiratory System

aer, aeroaer, aero = air, gas= air, gas pneum, pulmon pneum, pulmon = lung= lung pectorpector = chest= chest BronchBronch = bronchus= bronchus oxox = oxygen= oxygen capniacapnia = carbon dioxide= carbon dioxide

The Respiratory SystemThe Respiratory System

Apnea Apnea = temporary failure to breath= temporary failure to breath BronchitisBronchitis = inflammation of the bronchial membrane= inflammation of the bronchial membrane CynosisCynosis = blue discoloration of the skin= blue discoloration of the skin HypercapniaHypercapnia = excessive carbon dioxide in the = excessive carbon dioxide in the

bloodblood HypoxiaHypoxia = low blood oxygen level= low blood oxygen level PneumoniaPneumonia = inflammation of the lungs= inflammation of the lungs SinusititsSinusitits = inflammation of the sinuses= inflammation of the sinuses

The Urinary TractThe Urinary Tract

The Urinary Tract is responsible for removing wastes from the The Urinary Tract is responsible for removing wastes from the blood and includes the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and blood and includes the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethras.urethras.

The Kidney The Kidney is the primary organ of the urinary tract. is the primary organ of the urinary tract. The Nephron The Nephron is the functional unit of the kidney. There are is the functional unit of the kidney. There are

several million nephrons in the kidneys. several million nephrons in the kidneys. Urine is produced as plasma water and is filtered throughUrine is produced as plasma water and is filtered through the the

glomerulus, glomerulus, the filtrate is then collected in the filtrate is then collected in the tubule. the tubule. Waste materials from the blood may also be filtered into the Waste materials from the blood may also be filtered into the

tubule or may be secreted into the tubule at sites other than tubule or may be secreted into the tubule at sites other than the glomerulus. the glomerulus.

Urine Urine is the filtrate that moves along the tubule.is the filtrate that moves along the tubule. Urine leaves the kidney through the Urine leaves the kidney through the uretersureters and collects in and collects in the the

bladderbladder. It is excreted from the bladder through the . It is excreted from the bladder through the urethra.urethra.


cyst cyst = bladder= bladder vesicvesic = bladder= bladder renren = kidney= kidney nephrnephr = kidney= kidney uriauria = urine= urine


AnuriaAnuria = inability to produce urine= inability to produce urine CystitisCystitis = inflammation of the bladder= inflammation of the bladder NephritisNephritis = inflammation of the kidney = inflammation of the kidney PolyuriaPolyuria = excessive urination= excessive urination UremiaUremia = toxic blood condition caused by kidney = toxic blood condition caused by kidney

failurefailure

The EarsThe Ears The Ears perform hearing, as well as the maintenance of body The Ears perform hearing, as well as the maintenance of body

equilibrium.equilibrium. The External ear The External ear functions to capture sound waves and channels them functions to capture sound waves and channels them

inside the ear.inside the ear. The tympanic membrane (eardrum) The tympanic membrane (eardrum) is a funnel-shaped structure with is a funnel-shaped structure with

an opening to outside. It contains glands that make an opening to outside. It contains glands that make earwax (cerumen) earwax (cerumen) that protects the external ear.that protects the external ear.

Malleus, incus, and stapes are Malleus, incus, and stapes are three bony structures that transmit three bony structures that transmit sound from a vibrating tympanic membrane to the cochlea and located sound from a vibrating tympanic membrane to the cochlea and located in the middle ear. in the middle ear.

The eustachian tube The eustachian tube connects the middle ear to the nose and throat, connects the middle ear to the nose and throat, serving to equalize the air pressure on both sides of the tympanic serving to equalize the air pressure on both sides of the tympanic membrane.membrane.

The labyrinth The labyrinth is the principal structure in the inner ear is which is the principal structure in the inner ear is which consists of the consists of the vestibule, the cochleavestibule, the cochlea, and the , and the semicircular canals.semicircular canals.

The cochlea The cochlea contains the organ of hearing. When sound waves are contains the organ of hearing. When sound waves are transmitted to the cochlea, it converts them into nerve impulses that transmitted to the cochlea, it converts them into nerve impulses that are sent to the brain for interpretation. The semicircular canals and the are sent to the brain for interpretation. The semicircular canals and the vestibule are primarily responsible for body equilibrium.vestibule are primarily responsible for body equilibrium.

Senses: HearingSenses: Hearing

BelpharBelphar = eyelid= eyelidcorcor = pupil= pupillacrimlacrim = tear= tearcornecorne = cornea= corneareinrein = retina= retinabibi = two= twoopiaopia = vision= vision

The EyesThe Eyes The Eyes are the organs that provide sight. The Eyes are the organs that provide sight. The eyelids The eyelids protect the eye and assist in its lubrication. protect the eye and assist in its lubrication. The conjunctiva The conjunctiva is the blood-rich membrane between the eye and the eyelid. is the blood-rich membrane between the eye and the eyelid. There are several glands that secrete fluids to protect and lubricate the eye; There are several glands that secrete fluids to protect and lubricate the eye;

the lacrimal glandthe lacrimal glands above each eye secrete tears and s above each eye secrete tears and the meibomian glandsthe meibomian glands produce sebum. produce sebum.

Canalicula (tear ducts)Canalicula (tear ducts) drains excess fluid into the eye. drains excess fluid into the eye. The eye has three layers. The outer layer The eye has three layers. The outer layer is composed of the is composed of the sclera and the sclera and the

cornea.cornea. The sclera The sclera is the white part of the eye. is the white part of the eye. The cornea The cornea is transparent so is transparent so the iris the iris

(the color of the eye) and (the color of the eye) and the pupil the pupil (the opening of the eye) are visible. (the opening of the eye) are visible. The middle layer The middle layer is called is called the choroidthe choroid and contains blood vessels that nourish and contains blood vessels that nourish

the entire eye. the entire eye. In the third layer,In the third layer, the lens focuses light rays on the lens focuses light rays on the retinathe retina. . The The vitreous humor vitreous humor (one of two fluids in the eye) fills the space between the (one of two fluids in the eye) fills the space between the

retina and the lens. retina and the lens. Rods and cones Rods and cones within the retina they are responsible for visual reception. within the retina they are responsible for visual reception. The optic nerve The optic nerve within the retina transmits the nerve impulses to the brain within the retina transmits the nerve impulses to the brain

for interpretation.for interpretation.

Senses: SightSenses: Sight

BlepharitisBlepharitis = inflammation of the eyelid= inflammation of the eyelid ConjunctivitisConjunctivitis = inflammation of the conjunctiva= inflammation of the conjunctiva RetinitisRetinitis = inflammation of the retina= inflammation of the retina

Drug Classifications “anti” means Drug Classifications “anti” means “Against”“Against”

1.1. Antacid Antacid ==relieves gastritis, ulcer pain, heartburn, relieves gastritis, ulcer pain, heartburn, indigestionindigestion

2.2. AntianginalsAntianginals==relieves heart painrelieves heart pain3.3. AnticoagulantsAnticoagulants ==dissolves or prevents blood clotsdissolves or prevents blood clots4.4. Anticonvulsants Anticonvulsants ==prevents seizuresprevents seizures5.5. AntidepressantsAntidepressants=prevents depression=prevents depression6.6. AntidiarrhealsAntidiarrheals = =stops diarrhea (loose stool)stops diarrhea (loose stool)7.7. Antiemetics Antiemetics ==prevents nausea and vomitingprevents nausea and vomiting

Drug Classifications “anti” means Drug Classifications “anti” means “Against”“Against”

AntihistamineAntihistamine = = blocks the effects of histamineblocks the effects of histamineAntihyperlipidemiaAntihyperlipidemia = = lowers high cholesterollowers high cholesterolAntihypertensive Antihypertensive == reduces high blood pressurereduces high blood pressureAnti-inflammatoryAnti-inflammatory = = reduces inflammationreduces inflammation AntipruriticsAntipruritics = = prevents or relieves itchingprevents or relieves itchingAntispasmodicsAntispasmodics = relieves intestinal cramping= relieves intestinal crampingAntitussiveAntitussive = relieves coughing = relieves coughing

Other ClassesOther Classes Decongestant Decongestant

== de + Conges + tant de + Conges + tant reduce nasal congestionreduce nasal congestion

Analgesic Analgesic = = an + alges + ic an + alges + ic without pain, pain killerwithout pain, pain killer

Hypoglycemic Hypoglycemic = hypo + glyc + emic = hypo + glyc + emic reduces blood sugar levelreduces blood sugar level

hypolipidemic hypolipidemic = = hypo + lipid + emic hypo + lipid + emic reduces cholesterol or lipid reduces cholesterol or lipid

levelslevels

Contraceptive Contraceptive = = contra + cep + tive contra + cep + tive prevents pregnancyprevents pregnancy

Spermicide Spermicide = = sperm + I + cide sperm + I + cide kills spermkills sperm

Pharmacy AbbreviationsPharmacy Abbreviations

Most common abbreviationsMost common abbreviations RouteRoute FormForm TimeTime MeasurementMeasurement

AbbreviationsAbbreviationsadad = right ear= right earasas = left ear= left earauau = each ear= each ear

IMIM = intramuscular= intramuscularIVIV = intravenous= intravenousodod = right eye= right eyeosos = left eye= left eye

ouou = each eye= each eyepopo = by mouth= by mouthslsl = sublingually= sublingually

AbbreviationsAbbreviations

elixelix = elixir= elixirsuppsupp = suppository= suppositoryungung = ointment= ointmentacac = before meals= before mealspcpc = after meals= after mealshshs = at bedtime= at bedtimeqdqd = every day= every dayprnprn = as needed= as neededqidqid = four times a day= four times a daytidtid = three times a day= three times a daybidbid = two times a day= two times a day

AbbreviationsAbbreviations

gttgttgmgmgrgrllmcgmcgmgmgmeqmeqmlmlqsqsdispdisp

= drop= drop= gram= gram= grain= grain= liter= liter= microgram= microgram= milligram= milligram= milliequivalent= milliequivalent= milliliter= milliliter= a sufficient quantity= a sufficient quantity= dispense= dispense

Terms to RememberTerms to RememberTerms to RememberTerms to Remember1. Through the Skin1. Through the Skin2. Blood Tumor2. Blood Tumor3. Ven 3. Ven 4. Ot 4. Ot 5. Gastr 5. Gastr 6. Hardening of Artery6. Hardening of Artery7. Muscle Repair 7. Muscle Repair 8. Otalgia 8. Otalgia 9. Liver Tumor 9. Liver Tumor 10. Card 10. Card 11. Cyst 11. Cyst 12. Derma12. Derma13. Loss Of Appetite13. Loss Of Appetite

14. Hemat 14. Hemat 15. Hepat 15. Hepat 16. Mast 16. Mast 17. Increase In White Blood Cells17. Increase In White Blood Cells18. Nephr 18. Nephr 19. Neur 19. Neur 20. Ocul 20. Ocul 21. Oste 21. Oste 22. Brain Inflammation 22. Brain Inflammation 23. Pector 23. Pector 24. Pneum 24. Pneum 25. My25. My

Terms to RememberTerms to RememberTerms to RememberTerms to Remember26. Alimentary tract26. Alimentary tract27. Alveoli27. Alveoli28. Combining vowel28. Combining vowel29. Conjunctiva29. Conjunctiva30. Cornea30. Cornea31. Diastolic phase31. Diastolic phase32. Endocrine system32. Endocrine system33. Eustachian tube33. Eustachian tube34. Flexor movement34. Flexor movement35. Integumentary system35. Integumentary system

36. Lacrimal gland36. Lacrimal gland37. Lymphocytes37. Lymphocytes38. Nephron38. Nephron39. Neuron39. Neuron40. Osseous tissue40. Osseous tissue41. Prefix41. Prefix42. Retina42. Retina43. Root word43. Root word44. Suffix44. Suffix45. Systolic phase45. Systolic phase46. Tympanic membrane46. Tympanic membrane

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Chapter 4 terminology