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Chapter 2: Values and Ethics. This chapter will cover. Value assumptions Conflicts between value assumptions Value priorities Ideal values versus real values Ethics in argumentation Ethical decision making . Values and Ethics. Assumptions. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Chapter 2: Values and Ethics
This chapter will cover
• Value assumptions
• Conflicts between value assumptions
• Value priorities
• Ideal values versus real values
• Ethics in argumentation
• Ethical decision making
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Values and Ethics
Assumptions
• Unstated (and often unconscious) beliefs
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Value Assumptions and Conflicts
Values
• Beliefs, ideals, or principles that are considered worthy and held in high regard.
• Truth• Loyalty• Freedom
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Beliefs about how the world is
Chapter 3
Beliefs about how the world should be
• What is more important
• Form the foundation of an argument.
Values Assumptions
Value assumptions:Reality assumptions:
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Value Assumptions and Conflicts
Value Conflict
• When two competing values cannot be held to the same degree in a given argument or situation:
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Skill Understand that different values form the basis
of many arguments and that conflicts are often based on differing value priorities.
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Value Conflicts
Issue: When my roommate asks how she looks in her new outfit, should I tell her that she has hideous taste in clothes?
Reason: She expects and deserves an honest answer.
Conclusion: I’ll tell her its ugly and that she should never buy her own clothes because she couldn’t dress a scarecrow!
Value Assumption?Honesty
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Ethics- A Dimension of Values
Ethics
• Standards of conduct that reflecting what we consider to be right or wrong
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Ethics- A Dimension of Values
Morals
• Principles that distinguish right from wrong behavior
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Ethics
Why we have disagreements
• We hold many values in common, but to different degrees…
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Ethics
• Libertarianism: promote individual liberty• Utilitarianism: promote the greatest general happiness/minimize unhappiness• Egalitarianism: promote equality for all• Religious: promote faith spirituality• Prima facie values: universal ethical principles
Some Common Ethics
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Ideal Values and Real Values
Ideal Values
• Held by an individual in a theoretical sense
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Ideal Values and Real Values
Real Values
• Theoretical and practiced
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Ethics
U.S. Declaration of Independence
"We hold these truths to be self ‑ evident, that all [men] are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable rights*, that among these are life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness."
* Natural (life and liberty) vs legal
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Ethics in Argumentation
• Honesty in conclusions• Do not omit or distort• Thoroughly research claims made• Listen respectfully to opposing viewpoints• Be willing to revise position• Credit secondary sources
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Ethical Decision Making
How do we know what our principles and standards are?
• Role Exchange Test• The Universal Consequences Test• The New Cases Test• The Higher Principles Test
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Common Rationalizations
• If It’s Necessary, It’s EthicalThe False Necessity Trap
• If It’s Legal and Permissible, It’s Ethical• I Was Just Doing It For You
Ethics in action
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Common Rationalizations
• I’m Just Fighting Fire With Fire• It Doesn’t Hurt Anyone, & Everyone’s Doing It• It’s O.K. If I Don’t Gain Personally• I’ve Got It Coming (I Deserve It)• I can still be objective
Ethics in action
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Toulmin’s Model
A Method for Discovering Assumptions
ClaimsReasonsWarrants
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Toulmin’s Model:
Claim
• A statement of an individual’s belief or stand upon an issue
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Toulmin’s Model
Warrant
• The unstated but necessary link between reasons and claims
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Toulmin’s ModelClaim:We will have to leave at 5 a.m. to make our flight
Reason: We will be driving in rush hour traffic.
Warrant: ?
Rush hour traffic moves more slowly than other traffic
because
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Chapter 2: Values and Ethics
Checkup
• What are value conflicts• Name some ethics to use in an argument• Difference between ideal and real values• What are some common rationalizations