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Chapter 2 – The Sea Floor
The World’s Oceans
Southern Ocean
Crust
Continental Drift
Alfred Wegener (1880-1930)
Continental Drift
Matching Geologic Formations
Matching Geologic Formations
Continental Drift
Plate Tectonics
and
Continental Drift
Mid-Ocean Ridges Worldwide
Mid-Atlantic Ridge
Mid-Atlantic Ridge, Iceland
Mid-Atlantic Ridge, Iceland
Lithospheric Plates
Plates in contact
Volcanic and earthquake activity
When Continents Collide
The Himalayan Mountains formed as the Indian plate collided with the Asian plate
India
China
San Andreas Fault
Alfred Wegener (1880-1930)
Continental Drift -- History
Continental Drift -- History
Continental Drift -- History
Continental Drift -- History
Continental Drift -- History
Illustration from Wegener’s 1912 book proposing Continental Drift
Ocean Sediments
Sediment core samples from ocean floor
Mineral (non-living sources) sediments
Ocean Sediments
Amazon River Mouth
Calcareous ooze
Ocean Sediments
Biogenous (from living sources) sediments (ooze)
Foraminiferans
Calcareous ooze components
Coccolithophorids
Calcareous ooze components
Radiolarian tests
Silaceous ooze components
Diatom tests
Silaceous ooze components
Microfossils – data on oceanic temperatures
Fossil Foraminiferans
Ocean Sediments
Geologic Provinces of the Ocean
Continental Shelf
Submarine Canyon off Monterrey
Geologic Provinces of the Ocean
Shelf Break off New Jersey
Geologic Provinces of the Ocean
Oregon Coast (from the west – looking east)
Continental Slope
Geologic Provinces of the Ocean
Geologic Provinces of the Ocean
Geologic Provinces of the Ocean
Abyssal Plain off New Jersey (4000-6000 m)
Deep Ocean Basins
Hot Spots and Island Formation
Mid-ocean ridge
Mid-ocean ridge
Black Smoker off Galapagos Islands
Anatomy of a Black Smoker