Chapter 18 Pages 409 - 431. Criteria used to determine Psychological Disorder Behaviors, patterns or mental processes that cause serious personal problems
Criteria used to determine Psychological Disorder Behaviors,
patterns or mental processes that cause serious personal problems
or suffering Exaggeration of certain behaviors or mental
Psychological Disorders
Slide 3
Typicality Degree to which is average or typical or behavior or
mental process Example: if somebody rearranges their locker after
every single period, is that abnormal.?
Slide 4
Maladaptivity Behavior impairs an individuals ability to
function adequately in everyday life Examples: Alcohol abuse
Suicide Abusive to others
Slide 5
Emotional Discomfort Suffering helplessness, hopelessness, and
worthlessness, often suffering from depression or anxiety Often
loose interest in activity they used to enjoy
Slide 6
Socially Unacceptable Behavior Behavior that violates a
societys accepted norms Culture-bound syndrome- cluster of symptoms
that define or describe an illness, often the behavior is seen
differently by different cultures Example: banging ones head in
Middle East culture person is seen as being possessed by an evil
spirit or jinn, in the United States seen as a psychological
disorder What are exceptions? Or norms that have changed over time?
Example: during the years of slavery a runaway slave was seen as
someone who was mad or crazy, of course now it seems completely
understandable.
Find a partner: interview one of the following professionals 1.
Police officer 2. Attorney 3. Judge 4. Psychologists Ask question:
Does the insanity plea allow people to get away with crimes?
Slide 9
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. DSM
American Psychiatric Association Used as the guidelines to
determine if somebody has a mental illness The following slides are
all the disorders that are listed in the DSM
Slide 10
Anxiety disorder DSM lists the following as Anxiety disorders
Phobic disorder Panic disorder Generalized anxiety disorder
Obsessive-compulsive disorder Stress disorders
Slide 11
Phobias Intense irrational fear of something What are your
phobias? Social Phobia: intense fear of social situation and having
people make fun of you or feeling humiliated Do you know anyone
with this phobia?
Slide 12
Panic Disorder and Agoraphobia Panic attack- characteristic of
these disorders, shortness of breath, dizziness, rapid heart rate,
trembling or shaking, sweating, choking etc. can last a few minutes
to several hours. Agoraphobia- fear of being in places in which
escape would be impossible for difficult What might be some
examples? 50-80% of people with phobic disorder are one of the
above Both of these disorders can lead to avoidance behaviors How
could this be disruptive for daily life?
Slide 13
Role Play! With a partner take about 5 minutes to create a
scenario demonstrating a simple phobia, social phobia, panic
disorder, or agoraphobia. Include in your skit avoidance behavior
to mask or manage the fear Be ready to discuss ways in which
anxiety disorders affect peoples work and social life.
Slide 14
Generalized Anxiety Disorder Excessive or unrealistic worry
about life circumstance that lasts for more then 6 months Most
common anxiety disorder Often people with GAD have other anxiety
disorders too
Slide 15
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder OCD Obsessions- unwanted thoughts
or ideas that occur over and over again (fear of somebody breaking
into the house) Compulsive- repetitive ritual behaviors, often
involving checking and/or cleaning something over and over again
(rechecking the locks on windows and doors of the house a dozen
times or more before can relax)
Slide 16
Post-traumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Occurs have severe trauma:
war, rape, child abuse, natural disaster etc. Not everyone who
experiences a trauma will develop this Flashbacks Nightmares
Numbness of feeling Avoidance of situations related to trauma
Difficulty sleeping, relaxing Symptoms can start up to 6 months
after trauma and last for years Acute Stress disorder- similar to
PTSD, but coming on sooner and not lasting as long
Slide 17
Psychological Views on Anxiety Disorders Based on learning
theorists ideas- if child picks up spiders and adult freaks out
then child learns to be phobic (think classical and operant
conditioning)
Slide 18
Biological views Born with disorders Example: if one identical
twin shows disorder the other has a 45% of developing the same
Passed down through the gene pool, ancestors more likely to survive
and reproduce if they had fears of real dangers, such as heights,
snakes etc.
Slide 19
Journal What avoidance behaviors have you used to reduce
anxiety about a particular situation or object, explain how facing
the situation rather then avoiding might help you overcome it?
Slide 20
Dissociative Disorder Do you sometimes space our during class?
Do you sometimes miss a turn off because you were thinking of
something else? Do you get so involved in a book or show that you
dont hear your name? If you answered yes to any or all of the
questions you have dissociated. Dont worry you are not crazy!
Slide 21
Dissociative Disorder People will remove themselves mentally
from a stressful/ traumatic situation to lesson the anxiety
Sometimes people will lose their memory or identity
Slide 22
Dissociative Amnesia Forget the events surrounding a
stressful/traumatic event Can last a few days to years Not
associated with head injury Common during war time or natural
disasters
Slide 23
Dissociative Fugue Not only forgetting personal information and
events, but relocating and taking on a new identity When fugue ends
the no longer remember being in the fugue state
Slide 24
Dissociative Identity Disorder Multiple personality disorder
(movie Sybil retells one of the most extreme and famous cases of
this) Two or more personalities with in the same person Each
personality has different voice, personality, facial expression
Personalities control the individual when they are in that state
Common in children who have experienced severe abuse
Slide 25
Depersonalization Disorder Feelings of being outside body
watching events going on around you Again most often happens after
traumatic or stressful event
Slide 26
Explaining dissociative disorders psychoanalytic theory (Freud,
Young) Believed person is trying to resist undesirable urges or
events from the past Learning Theory- people have learned to not
think about disturbing events as a way to avoid feelings of guilt,
shame, or pain No clear explanation as to the source for
dissociative disorders
Slide 27
True/False Quiz Fold sheet of paper in half (long ways) Write
10 true/false questions on dissociative disorders on the left hand
side of sheet Write the answer to each question on the same line on
the right hand of sheet Switch with class mate and have them take
your quiz
Slide 28
Mood Disorders Extreme emotions that are not connected to real
event or situatation Depression- feelings of helplessness,
hopelessness, worthlessness, guilt, sadness Bipolar disorder- cycle
of moods from depression to manic (elated, hyper-active etc.)
Depression very common- every six months 8% of women and 4% of men
will be diagnosed with depression8 18% of population will
experience major depression in lifetime
Slide 29
Somatoform Disorders Psychological distress through physical
symptoms
Slide 30
Depression with 5 out of 9 Persistent depressed mood for most
of day Loss of interest or pleasure in all activities Significant
weight loss or gain due to changes Sleeping more or less than usual
Speeding up or slowing down of physical and emotional reactions
Fatigue or loss of energy Feelings of worthlessness or unfounded
guilt Reduced ability to concentrate or make meaningful decisions
Recurrent thoughts of death or suicide
Slide 31
Bipolar Manic phase can be characterized by following: Inflated
self-esteem Inability to sit still or sleep restfully Pressure to
keep talking and switching from topic to topic Racing thoughts
(referred to as flight of ideas) Difficulty concentrating
Slide 32
Theories on Mood Disorders Psychoanalytic (Freud)- loss of real
or imagined loved one as child, internalized feelings then directs
as oneself Learning Theorists- people learn helplessness makes them
prone to depression Cognitive Theorists- habitual style of
explaining life events Internal- may fault Stable- problem can not
be changed Global- problem too big to solve
Slide 33
Biological explanation Mood Disorders 20 25% of people with
mood disorder has a family member that also has it 2
neurotransmitters: serotonin and noradrenalin if deficient in
either mood disorder, if both often depression
Slide 34
Schizophrenia Characterized with a loss of contact with reality
symptoms Hallucinations Delusions Thought disorders Catatonic
stupor *estimated that 2 million people in us have
schizophrenia
Slide 35
Paranoid schizophrenia Delusions/hallucinations- related to
single theme
Slide 36
Disorganized schizophrenia Disorganized speech and thought can
also have hallucinations, but are more random and disorganized then
paranoid schizophrenia
Slide 37
Catatonic Schizophrenia Disturbance of movement, may hold very
uncomfortable position for hours even after hands and legs swell
Activity can slow to stupor or become very agitated
Slide 38
Psychoanalytic Explanation Overwhelming of ego by urges from
id/ causing intense conflict
Slide 39
Psychological Views Family environment can push/ cause
schizophrenia, such as a pushy, or critical parent
Slide 40
Biological Views Schizophrenic people have smaller frontal
lobes then normal brain, affects: Attention Memory Abstract
thinking Language Suggested that difficulty forming pathways and
synopses in that part of brain
Slide 41
Biological continued Causes Heredity- 10% increased chance if
one parent has/35 40% if both Complications during pregnancy-
influenza (increased risk if born in winter/flu season), maternal
starvation Look at the Multifactorial model of Schizophrenia on
page 429 (copy it for your exam)
Slide 42
Personality Disorders Patterns of inflexible traits that
disrupt social life/ work etc Enduring traits that become part of
persons personality vs. psychological disorders which exhibit
episodes of illness, but can be distinguished from persons
personality
Slide 43
Personality disorders/characteristics Paranoid- suspicious,
distrust others motives Schizoid- detachment from social behavior
Schizotypal- acute discomfort in close relationships Antisocial- no
concern for others Borderline- instability in interpersonal
relationships and self- image Histrionic- excessive emotionality,
need for attention Narcissistic- Grandiosity, need for admiration,
lack of empathy Avoidant- social inhibition, feelings of inadequacy
Dependent- submissive, clinging Obsessive-Compulsive- obsession
with orderliness, perfectionism, and control
Slide 44
Theories Psychoanalytic- lack of development of superego
(children rejected never develop sense of guilt) Learning
Theorists- children learn from violent role models, or anti-social
role models Cognitive Theorists- see other peoples behavior as
threatening, use it to justify anti-social behaviors Biological-
higher in individuals with parents who have it/ differences in
frontal part of lobe of the brain which handles emotions
