Chapter 11 Satellite Systems - Asia University

Wireless and Mobile System InfrastructureCopyright © 2016, Dharma P. Agrawal and Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved 1
Chapter 11
Satellite Systems
Adapted from class notes by Prof. Leszek T. Lilien, CS, Western Michigan University
and Prof. Dharma P. Agrawal & Qing-An Zeng, University of Cincinnati
Most slides based on publisher’s slides for 1st and 2nd edition of: Introduction to Wireless and Mobile Systems by Agrawal & Zeng
© 2016, Dharma P. Agrawal and Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved.
Copyright © 2016, Dharma P. Agrawal and Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved 2
Outline
Introduction
Beneficiaries of GPS
Applications of GPS
Introduction
Satellites being above the earth can cover a larger area.
Source:
IEEE
Spectrum
2016
Introduction (cont.)
The information to be transmitted from a mobile user should be correctly received by a satellite and forwarded to one of the earth stations (ESs).
Satellite Transmission Line of Sight (LOS)
Picture source: Internet, 2016
Satellite Communication
(35786km)
dish dish
WCB/McGraw-Hill The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2002
Dish at Sunset
?
?
?
?
Parabolic Dish Antenna
WCB/McGraw-Hill The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2002

Satellite Receiver
Satellite Receiver
Copyright © 2016, Dharma P. Agrawal and Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved 13 http://blog.xuite.net/mr.coffee/diary/59133778-
http://blog.gtwang.org/diy/diy-digital-tv-antenna/
Satellite Orbits
Geosynchronous Orbit vs. Geostationary Earth Orbit (GEO)
Copyright © 2016, Dharma P. Agrawal and Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved 15888km(103m14R)(2004)
Application Areas of Satellite System
Traditionally
13(1993)
6.1(2016)
Copyright © 2016, Dharma P. Agrawal and Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved 16https://www.ey.gov.tw/Page/5A8A0CB5B41DA11E/2032c331-68e4-4094-8d5f-911c81082d17
2017
720km(2017), 99min, 2 times/day
Meteorological satellites ()

(Radio Occultation)
(GPS & GLONASS)
GPS

Copyright © 2016, Dharma P. Agrawal and Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved 19https://www.nspo.narl.org.tw/tw2015/projects/FORMOSAT-7/program-description.html
(FORMOSAT-7/COSMIC-2)
Copyright © 2016, Dharma P. Agrawal and Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved 20http://www.nspo.narl.org.tw/Upload/NEWS/000628/1080414.pdf

2020/5/1
6/25
Radio and TV broadcast satellites
https://eshop.cht.com.tw/Web/Enterprise/Product TV
2016
Copyright © 2016, Dharma P. Agrawal and Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved 22Picture source: -,,2001
Satellite News Gathering() SNG

Source:
Application Areas of Satellite System Traditionally
Military satellites
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Positioning_System
20180km(31/32/72 pcs) (<5 meters error)
Telecommunications
Backbone for global networks
Global mobile communication
Geostationary Earth Orbit
Satellite Orbits
Fast Slow
Earth-satellite Parameters for a Stable Orbiting Path
p. 262 (288)
Fig. 11.2
Earth-Satellite Parameters (Cont.)
By Prof. Natalija Vlajic, CSE, York University, CA
Types of Satellite Systems Four different types of satellite orbits have
been identified depending on the shape and diameter of each orbit: GEO (Geostationary Earth Orbit) at 36,000 kms
above earth’s surface. (almost all TV and radio broadcast satellite and backbone satellites)
LEO (Low Earth Orbit) at 500-1500 kms above earth’s surface. (e.g., paging, tracking and low- rate two-way messaging systems , weather satellites)
MEO (Medium Earth Orbit) or ICO (Intermediate Circular Orbit) at 6000-20000 kms above earth’s surface. (e.g., GPS)
HEO (Highly Elliptical Orbit).
Orbits of Different Satellites
HEO(Highly Elliptical Orbit)
Earth-Satellite Parameters
Inclination() The plane of the satellite orbit with respect to earth
p. 263 (289)
Fig. 11.3
GEO Systems
One kind of the geosynchronous satellites
GEO Systems (Cont.)
GEO Systems (Cont.)
Satellite Coverage (Footprint): area on the Earth where the satellite signal can be received
p. 264 (290)
Elevation() and
Footprint
Elevation()
http://ftp.slps.tn.edu.tw/eduweb/natural/.ppt
0o
90o
Intensity Level of the Footprint of GEO Satellites
p. 264 (290)
Fig. 11.5
Satellite Beam Geometry
p. 265 (291)
Fig. 11.6
Copyright © 2016, Dharma P. Agrawal and Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved 44By Prof. Natalija Vlajic, CSE, York University, CA
Satellite Communication Delay
p. 265 (291)
Fig. 11.7
Variation of Delay in MS as a Function of Elevation Angle
p. 266 (292)
Fig. 11.8
LEO and MEO Orbits
Alternatives to geostationary orbits
Stronger signals
Needs more satellites (66 for Iridium system)
MEO: Medium earth orbiting (>10,000Km)
LEO
MEO
LEO Systems (cont.)
History of Satellite Systems
History of Satellite Systems
Teledesic Example • 288 satellite
SoftBank 10 OneWeb () (internet)2017 648
75 300 648 1,200 87.9 18
OneWeb201974 SapceXStarlink300 2020.03.28(SoftBank)
NASA-Eyes on the earth 3D
Source: http://climate.nasa.gov/Eyes/eyes.html
http://eyes.nasa.gov/earth/
NASA-Eyes on the earth 3D
Copyright © 2016, Dharma P. Agrawal and Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved 57Source: http://climate.nasa.gov/Eyes/eyes.html
http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-39931556
CubeSat
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CubeSat
Ncube-2, a Norwegian CubeSat (10 cm cube)
A CubeSat is made up of multiples of 10×10×10 cm cubic units. CubeSats have a mass of no more than 1.33 kilograms per unit, CubeSats are most commonly put in orbit by deployers on the International Space Station.
Academia accounted for the majority of CubeSat launches until 2013, when over half of launches were for non-academic purposes.
Designed by California Polytechnic State University (Cal Poly)
and Stanford University in 19999
International Space Station
http://www.popularmechanics.com/space/satellites/g2951/7-of-the-biggest-things-put-in-space/
The International Space Station (ISS) is larger than a football field. Weighing in at 450 tons (that's just shy of 900,000 pounds)(2011)
The Largest Satellite
NASA 18
Source: https://www.storm.mg/article/1367271
87,000,000km(290; 253) 357000km 57000km GEO 35800km(24hrs) GPS 20000km(12hrs) LEO < 2000km
Eart
h
350km ARRC HTTP-3 > 100km () < 12km 10.6km()

Mars One Ventures 3:20
Mars One Ventures 2019 1 15
Different Frequency Bands
p. 266 (292) Table 11.1
Different Frequency Bands (cont.)
Downlink Uplink
C band: 4(downlink) - 6(uplink) GHz
the first to be designated and has become overcrowded because of terrestrial microwave networks
Ku band: 12(downlink) -14(uplink) GHz
rain interference is the major problem
Ka band: 19(downlink) - 29(uplink) GHz
equipment needed to use the band is still very expensive
Different Frequency Bands (Cont’d)
Different Frequency Bands (cont.)
Atmospheric Attenuation
Atmospheric Attenuation (cont.)
p. 267 (293)

Satellite System Infrastructure
p. 268 (296)
Fig. 11.10
Satellite Path Diversity
p. 270 (296) Fig. 11.11
p. 272 (298) Fig. 11.13
Global Positioning System (GPS)
Used in applications such as military targeting, navigation, tracking down stolen vehicles, guiding civilians to the nearest hospital, exact location of the callers for E-911 emergency.
The first GPS satellite was launched in Feb. 1978.
p. 274 (301) Fig. 11.15
GPS Nominal Constellation of 24 Satellites GPS system consists of a network of 24 orbiting
satellites called “NAVSTAR” placed in 6 different orbital paths with 4 satellites in orbital plane.
The orbital period of these satellites is 12 hours.
Each satellite is expected to last approx. 7.5 years.
p. 274 (301) Fig. 11.15
GPS Master Control and Monitor Station Network
p. 275 (301) Fig. 11.16
The Triangulation Technique [© 2002 IEEE]
p. 276 (303)
Fig. 11.17
The Triangulation Technique (cont.)
A cycle
The Triangulation Technique (cont.)
4GPS 3D: () () https://kknews.cc/science/oarlejp.html
GPS 1:30
Global Navigation Satellite System(GNSS)
GPS
GLONASS
(Beidou)(BDS)
2020
DorisIRNSS
GLONASSGlobal Navigation Satellite System
https://my.garmin.com.tw/blog/archives/9067
A-GPS (Assisted GPS)
Assisted GPS, generally abbreviated as A- GPS or aGPS, is a system which can, under certain conditions, improve the startup performance of a GPS satellite-based positioning system.
Many mobile phones combine A-GPS and other location services including Wi-Fi Positioning System and cell-site triangulation and sometimes a hybrid positioning system
Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assisted_GPS
2011IMESIndoor
2013Apple iBeaconvia BLEBluetooth Low Energy
https://www.ctimes.com.tw/DispCols/tw
P10.2 (Handover)
P10.15CDMA(Near-far) FDMA
P11.1(HEO)
P11.2850km (Elevation)35oMS (Delay) ( Inclination Elevation)
Homework #4 (Due in two weeks)-1:
P11.10 (;Inclination) (Elevation)
: P11.10, 15
Homework #4 (Due in two weeks)-2:
Questions?

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Chapter 11 Satellite Systems - Asia University