Chapter 10: Thinking and Chapter 10: Thinking and LanguageLanguage

Concentrate

Solve the Problem

Speak up!

Think before you speak.

Talk to the Animals

100

1. A mental grouping of objects or 1. A mental grouping of objects or events is called a:events is called a:

• A) mental image.• B) concept.• C) abstract representation.• D) cognition.

2. When we think of a “bird” we are 2. When we think of a “bird” we are more likely to think of a robin than a more likely to think of a robin than a penguin because a robin fits our:penguin because a robin fits our:

• A) perception.• B) cognition.• C) formal concept.• D) prototype.

3. When following this procedure to 3. When following this procedure to solve problems, you will always arrive at solve problems, you will always arrive at a correct solution.a correct solution.

• A) trial-and-error• B) heuristic• C) algorithm• D) insight

4. Jim misplaced his keys. He knew they 4. Jim misplaced his keys. He knew they were in the house, so he first looked on the were in the house, so he first looked on the hook, then on the dresser, then in other hook, then on the dresser, then in other places he has found them in the past. He places he has found them in the past. He is using the strategy of:is using the strategy of:

• A) trial-and-error.• B) heuristics.• C) algorithm.• D) insight.

5.5. A team of researchers have A team of researchers have discovered an area of the brain discovered an area of the brain activated during sudden flashes of activated during sudden flashes of insight, it was the:insight, it was the:

• A) right temporal lobe.• B) left parietal lobe.• C) prefrontal cortex.• D) amygdala.

6. When the United States went to war 6. When the United States went to war with Iraq on the false assumption it had with Iraq on the false assumption it had weapons of mass destruction, this was an weapons of mass destruction, this was an example of:example of:

• A) heuristics.• B) fixation.• C) ignorance.• D) confirmation bias.

7. Our tendency to approach a problem 7. Our tendency to approach a problem a certain way, i.e., a way successful in a certain way, i.e., a way successful in the past, is called:the past, is called:

• A) prototype.• B) heuristics.• C) mental set.• D) algorithm.

8. Mary was out of coffee filters. She did 8. Mary was out of coffee filters. She did not think of using a paper towel, so she not think of using a paper towel, so she went without coffee. Her failure was one went without coffee. Her failure was one of:of:

• A) representativeness heuristic.• B) algorithms.• C) functional fixedness.• D) availability heuristic.

9. Gambling is perpetuated, in part, by 9. Gambling is perpetuated, in part, by the ease we have of remembering the the ease we have of remembering the times we won. This is an example of:times we won. This is an example of:

• A) false memory.• B) availability heuristic.• C) false prototypes.• D) concept misattribution.

10. Politicians know that labeling military 10. Politicians know that labeling military action as a “pre-emptive strike” gains action as a “pre-emptive strike” gains more support than, “invasion.” This is more support than, “invasion.” This is an example of:an example of:

• A) lying. • B) framing.• C) false advertising.• D) political psychobabble.

11. The rules of a language, its ___, 11. The rules of a language, its ___, helps determine the meaning being helps determine the meaning being communicated.communicated.

• A) nanogram• B) linguistics• C) syntax• D) morpheme

12. The smallest unit of language that 12. The smallest unit of language that carries meaning is called a:carries meaning is called a:

• A) morpheme.• B) phoneme.• C) babble.• D) telegraphic speech.

13. By the time infants are about 13. By the time infants are about 10 years old, 10 years old,

• A) they should be speaking full sentences.

• B) they should be putting two words together.

• C) their babbling is universal across all cultures.

• D) their babbling has features of the household language.

14. The stage of speech in which a 14. The stage of speech in which a young child says things like, “go car,” young child says things like, “go car,” and, “momma come,” is called:and, “momma come,” is called:

• A) one-word speech.• B) telegraphic speech.• C) babbling.• D) morpheme speech.

15. Chomsky believes our capacity for 15. Chomsky believes our capacity for language is natural and quick due to:language is natural and quick due to:

• A) behavioral conditioning.• B) sequential developmental stages.• C) language being entirely inborn.• D) a language acquisition device.

16. According to Worf (1956), differences 16. According to Worf (1956), differences among languages cause differences in among languages cause differences in perceptions and thinking. This idea is perceptions and thinking. This idea is called:called:

• A) displacement hypothesis.• B) linguistic determinism.• C) perceptual change theory.• D) linguist shift.

17. Deaf children are unable to learn a 17. Deaf children are unable to learn a language: language:

• A) if their parents are hearing and don’t sign.

• B) if their parents are deaf and sign.• C) in some languages more than

others.• D) regardless of what they are

exposed to.

18. Wallace Lambert (1992) found that 18. Wallace Lambert (1992) found that bilingual education:bilingual education:

• A) resulted in a loss in vocabulary for the English speaking children.

• B) had no benefit to Canadian students.• C) resulted in higher levels of English

proficiency.• D) resulted in higher levels of

self-esteem for Hispanics.

19. Thinking without language:19. Thinking without language:

• A) is not possible. • B) can improve your performance on

the basketball court.• C) is found only in animals.• D) occurs more often in cultures

without language.

20. Students wanting to improve their 20. Students wanting to improve their test scores should:test scores should:

• A) should study every chance they get.• B) should spend 5 minutes every day

imagining themselves getting an “A”.• C) should think more often.• D) spend 5 minutes every day

imagining themselves studying.

21. Most researchers who work with 21. Most researchers who work with Apes conclude their mental Apes conclude their mental accomplishments: accomplishments:

• A) are around the level of a 2-year-old human.

• B) include self-recognition.• C) include empathy and reasoning.• D) all of the above.

22. Chimpanzees can use language: 22. Chimpanzees can use language:

• A) to meaningfully communicate with symbols.

• B) if taught to speak at an early age.

• C) to obey commands.• D) just like people.

23. Bees communicate:23. Bees communicate:

• A) in a quick series of buzzing sounds.

• B) with their antennae. • C) by a complex dance to tell

where the flowers are.• D) all of the above.

24: Human communication differs from 24: Human communication differs from animal communication in our use of:animal communication in our use of:

• A) vocal sounds.• B) syntax.• C) phonemes.• D) morphemes.

25. Animal researchers have shown 25. Animal researchers have shown that chimpanzees and apes can:that chimpanzees and apes can:

• A) communicate with one another.• B) show insight.• C) comprehend the syntax of

human speech.• D) all of the above.

Stop here, or continue as a review

1. A mental grouping of objects or 1. A mental grouping of objects or events is called a:events is called a:

A) mental image.B) concept.C) abstract representation.D) cognition.

396

2. When we think of a “bird” we are 2. When we think of a “bird” we are more likely to think of a robin than a more likely to think of a robin than a penguin because a robin fits our:penguin because a robin fits our:

A) perception.B) cognition.C) formal concept.D) prototype.

396

3. When following this procedure to 3. When following this procedure to solve problems, you will always arrive at solve problems, you will always arrive at a correct solution.a correct solution.

A) trial-and-errorB) heuristicC) algorithmD) insight

397

4. Jim misplaced his keys. He knew they 4. Jim misplaced his keys. He knew they were in the house, so he first looked on the were in the house, so he first looked on the hook, then on the dresser, then in other hook, then on the dresser, then in other places he has found them in the past. He places he has found them in the past. He is using the strategy of:is using the strategy of:

A) trial-and-error.B) heuristics.C) algorithm.D) insight.

398

5.5. A team of researchers have A team of researchers have discovered an area of the brain discovered an area of the brain activated during sudden flashes of activated during sudden flashes of insight, it was the:insight, it was the:

A) right temporal lobe.B) left parietal lobe.C) prefrontal cortex.D) amygdala.

398

6. When the United States went to war 6. When the United States went to war with Iraq on the false assumption it had with Iraq on the false assumption it had weapons of mass destruction, this was an weapons of mass destruction, this was an example of:example of:

A) heuristics.B) fixation.C) ignorance.D) confirmation bias.

399

7. Our tendency to approach a problem 7. Our tendency to approach a problem a certain way, i.e., a way successful in a certain way, i.e., a way successful in the past, is called:the past, is called:

A) prototype.B) heuristics.C) mental set.D) algorithm.

400

8. Mary was out of coffee filters. She did 8. Mary was out of coffee filters. She did not think of using a paper towel, so she not think of using a paper towel, so she went without coffee. Her failure was one went without coffee. Her failure was one of:of:

A) representativeness heuristic.B) algorithms.C) functional fixedness.D) availability heuristic.

400

9. Gambling is perpetuated, in part, by 9. Gambling is perpetuated, in part, by the ease we have of remembering the the ease we have of remembering the times we won. This is an example of:times we won. This is an example of:

A) false memory.B) availability heuristic.C) false prototypes.D) concept misattribution.

402

10. Politicians know that labeling military 10. Politicians know that labeling military action as a “pre-emptive strike” gains action as a “pre-emptive strike” gains more support than, “invasion.” This is more support than, “invasion.” This is an example of:an example of:

A) lying. B) framing.C) false advertising.D) political psychobabble.

406

11. The rules of a language, its ___, 11. The rules of a language, its ___, helps determine the meaning being helps determine the meaning being communicated.communicated.

A) nanogramB) linguisticsC) syntaxD) morpheme

411

12. The smallest unit of language that 12. The smallest unit of language that carries meaning is called a:carries meaning is called a:

A) morpheme.B) phoneme.C) babble.D) telegraphic speech.

411

13. By the time infants are about 13. By the time infants are about 10 months old, 10 months old,

A) they should be speaking full sentences.B) they should be putting two words

together.C) their babbling is universal across all

cultures.D) their babbling has features of

the household language.412

14. The stage of speech in which a 14. The stage of speech in which a young child says things like, “go car,” young child says things like, “go car,” and, “momma come,” is called:and, “momma come,” is called:

A) one-word speech.B) telegraphic speech.C) babbling.D) morpheme speech.

413

15. Chomsky believes our capacity for 15. Chomsky believes our capacity for language is natural and quick because:language is natural and quick because:

A) behavioral conditioning.B) sequential developmental stages.C) language being entirely inborn.D) a language acquisition device.

414

16. According to Worf (1956), differences 16. According to Worf (1956), differences among languages cause differences in among languages cause differences in perceptions and thinking. This idea is perceptions and thinking. This idea is called:called:

A) displacement hypothesis.B) linguistic determinism.C) perceptual change theory.D) linguist shift.

418

17. Deaf children are unable to learn a 17. Deaf children are unable to learn a language: language:

A) if their parents are hearing and don’t sign.

B) if their parents are deaf and sign.C) in some languages more than others.D) regardless of what they are exposed to.

414

18. Wallace Lambert (1992) found that 18. Wallace Lambert (1992) found that bilingual education:bilingual education:

A) resulted in a loss in vocabulary for the English speaking children.

B) had no benefit to Canadian students.C) resulted in higher levels of English

proficiency.D) resulted in higher levels of self-

esteem for Hispanics.420

19. Thinking without language:19. Thinking without language:

A) is not possible. B) can improve your performance on

the basketball court.C) is found only in animals.D) occurs more often in cultures

without language.

421

20. Students wanting to improve their 20. Students wanting to improve their test scores should:test scores should:

A) should study every chance they get.B) should spend 5 minutes every day

imagining themselves getting an “A”.C) should think more often.D) spend 5 minutes every day

imagining themselves studying.

421

21. Most researchers who work with 21. Most researchers who work with Apes conclude their mental Apes conclude their mental accomplishments: accomplishments:

A) are around the level of a 2-year-old human.

B) include self-recognition.C) include empathy and reasoning.D) all of the above.

426

22. Chimpanzees can use language: 22. Chimpanzees can use language:

A) to meaningfully communicate with symbols.

B) if taught to speak at an early age.

C) to obey commands.D) just like people.

427

23. Bees communicate:23. Bees communicate:

A) in a quick series of buzzing sounds.

B) with their antennae. C) by a complex dance to tell

where the flowers are.D) all of the above.

428

24: Human communication differs from 24: Human communication differs from animal communication in our use of:animal communication in our use of:

A) vocal sounds.B) syntax.C) phonemes.D) morphemes.

4286

25. Animal researchers have shown 25. Animal researchers have shown that chimpanzees and apes can:that chimpanzees and apes can:

A) communicate with one another.B) show insight.C) comprehend the syntax of human

speech.D) all of the above.

428

AnswersAnswers

1. B2. D3. C4. B5. A6. D7. C8. C

9. B10. B11. C12. A13. D14. B15. D16. B

17. A18. C19. B20. D21. D22. A23. C24. B

25. D