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Chapter 1:
THEORIES OF LEADERSHIP
“The strength of the group is in the strength of the leader.”
Vince Lombardi
Introduction
After reading this chapter, you should have knowledge about the following:
1. The concept of leadership2. Canadian leaders in sport and
fitness 3. Theories of leadership from past to
present4. Matching leadership behaviours to
the group and the situation
Good leadership is absolutely essential to any organization
Contents What Is Leadership?
Two Contrasting Examples of Successful Leadership
Canadian Leaders in Sport and Fitness
Studying Leadership
Can Leadership Be Learned?
What is Leadership?
What is Leadership? Leaders help groups set goals, envision the possibilities and
make commitments
Leaders can have a positive influence on the lives and behaviours of others
Leaders are not necessarily people who do great things but rather people who inspire others to do great things
YMCA Definition of Leadership
We measure the effectiveness of a leader not in terms of the leadership he exercises, but in terms of the leadership he evokes; not in terms of power over
others, but in terms of the power released in others; not in terms of the
goals she sets up and the direction she gives, but in terms of goals and plans of action others work out for themselves
with her help; not in terms alone of products and projects completed, but in
terms of growth of competence, sense of responsibility, and personal satisfaction
among many participants
Leadership versus Management
Managers Direct or control operation or
performance
Are concerned with logistics
Leaders Set the overall vision and
inspire
Influence interpersonal relationships and motivation
May show management ability
“Leadership is the knack of getting somebody to do something you want done because he wants to do
it.”
Dwight D. Eisenhower
Leadership versus Supervision
Supervisors Oversee or inspect the quality of
the work done
Pass judgment on the group members’ performance
Leaders May function as supervisors
BUT also encourage group members to set and achieve their own personal standards
The Person at the Top
Sometimes leaders find themselves in their positions because of their assigned status and leadership ability may be lacking.
On the other hand, people who earn their status as leaders because of their actions may be a source of either support or irritation to the official leaders
Two Contrasting Examples of Successful
Leadership
Success Starts at the Top
Reaching the Peak
Two Contrasting Examples of Successful Leadership
Vince Lombardi
Both coached teams to outstanding records, but their personal styles were at opposite ends of the spectrum
vs. John Wooden
Vince Lombardi
Legendary NFL coach
“Winning isn’t everything. It’s the only thing.”
An extreme example of a task-oriented leader who asked everything of his players
Not everyone liked working for him, but almost every professional football player wanted to have him as a coach because he would bring out their best performances
John Wooden
Influenced personal development of his players
A person who taught on a constant basis based on his “pyramid of success”
Although his practices were very demanding, there was always the sense of people having fun playing a simple game
The Pyramid of Success
Industriousness Friendship Loyalty Cooperation Enthusiasm
Self-control Alertness Initiative Intentness
Condition Skill Teamwork
Poise Confidence
Competitive greatness
Ambition & Sincerity
Adaptability & Honesty
Reliability & Resourcefulness
Strength & Integrity
Faith & Patience
Canadian Leaders In Sports and Fitness
Wayne Gretzky “The Great One”
Rewrote the NHL record books: Winning four Stanley Cups Scoring 1,016 goals Assisting on 2,223 others Amassing an amazing total of 3,239 points
Captained the Edmonton Oilers
Executive director of Team Canada (Olympic gold medal in 2002)
Co-owner and coach of the NHL’s Phoenix Coyotes
Carol Anne Letheren
Former CEO of the Canadian Olympic Committee
A member of the International Olympic Committee
Trailblazer for women in sport
Lived and advocated the Olympic values
Jack Donohue
The head coach of Canada’s national basketball team
Extraordinary ability to motivate players using pioneering sport psychology strategies
Continues to have an impact on coaching education for Basketball Canada and the National Coaching Development Program
Beckie Scott Cross-country skiing
2002 Olympic gold medal 2006 Olympic silver medal
Ardent advocate for drug-free sport
An elected member of the IOC’s Athletes’ Commission
Charitable work (UNICEF and Right to Play)
On Board of Directors for the 2010 Olympic and Paralympic Winter Games
Cassie Campbell
A role model, ambassador, and author in women’s hockey
Played on six world championship teams and captained the national team to two Olympic gold medals
First woman to work as a colour analyst on Hockey Night in Canada
Charitable work (Ronald McDonald House’s Cassie Campbell Street Hockey Festival, and Chevrolet Safe and Fun Hockey program)
Clara Hughes A multitalented athlete (cycling &
skating)
The only person to win multiple medals in both the Summer and Winter Olympics
A public speaker, a television commentator and a humanitarian
Does extensive work for Right to Play
Involved with a school program that introduces Canadian children to the benefits of sport and physical activity
Dick Pound Has been one of the most
influential members of the International Olympic Committee
Largely responsible for making the Olympics a multibillion dollar industry
The current chairman of the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA)
Outspoken in his efforts to eliminate cheaters from amateur and professional sport
David Patchell-Evans Started off as a champion rower
before a body-crushing motorcycle accident
Devoted himself to helping other Canadians realize the importance of staying physically fit
Owns and operates >50 GoodLife Fitness Clubs
The key person in the establishment in 1993 of Can-Fit-Pro Inc.
Silken Laumann To everyone’s amazement she won the bronze medal despite
severe injury 10 weeks prior to 1992 Summer Olympics
Canada’s Sports Hall of Fame
Member of the Canadian Olympic Association
Charitable commitment to
children Ronald McDonald Children’s
Charities Silken’s ActiveKids Movement Right to Play
Michael “Pinball” Clemons
Came to Canada as a player deemed too small to make it in American football
Successful CFL playing career that spanned 12 seasons
In 2004, became the first black coach in the history of the CFL to hoist the Grey Cup in victory
Motivational speaking abilities
Leads the Toronto Argonauts in a campaign to help eliminate bullying in schools
Rick Hansen World-class athlete
Man In Motion World Tour (1985): 40,000 km through 34 countries Raised more than $26 million for spinal
cord research Goal - a fully accessible and inclusive
society
Appointed a Companion of the Order of Canada (1987)
The Rick Hansen Foundation has generated more than $178 million for research into a cure for spinal cord injury
Danièle Sauvageau
Coached the Canadian women’s hockey team to a world championship in 1999
Became the first female coach of a major junior male team
CHA coach of the year (2000)
The first coach in 50 years to lead a Canadian hockey team to an Olympic gold medal (2002)
Leaders or Celebrities?
Many individuals who have achieved special recognition in sport – even “icon” status
– have not necessarily displayed special leadership
skills. For example, Terry Fox is recognized as an icon and a positive role
model. Unfortunately, he never had the opportunity to
realize his potential as a group leader.
Studying Leadership
Trait Theory of Leadership Great leaders are born, not made
A summary of the personality traits of leaders vs. non-leaders: Drive and ambition The desire to lead and influence Honesty and integrity Self-confidence Intelligence In-depth technical knowledge
Possessing certain personality traits only makes it more likely that an individual can become an effective leader
Personality Theory of Leadership 4 leader personality types:
OrganizedLike structure & rules
Very dependable.
CuriousInnovative
Problem solvers
ActiveFun loving
Adventuresome
Warm & empathetic Strong communication
Strive for harmony
Personality Theory of Leadership We usually have a preferred way of functioning
Because we are all a blend of the four types, we can function from each perspective when necessary
Important to understand all the types to capitalize on your strengths and build on your weak areas
Behaviour Theory of Leadership Two distinct leadership
dimensions
Task orientation leadership–
Emphasis on achieving performance goals
Relationship orientation leadership –
Emphasis on interpersonal relationships
Low Task Behaviour High
High task andlow relationship
Low task andlow relationship
High relationship andhigh task
High relationship andlow task
High
Relationship Behaviour
Low
Comprehensive Theory of Leadership Leadership success is a
function of the leader’s behaviour, the group members’ characteristics and situational factors
A change in any element affects the outcome or effectiveness of leadership
A leader needs to be sensitive to the characteristics of each group member
Telling
(Members are unable and willing)
Delegating
(Members are able and willing)
Selling
(Members are unable and unwilling)
Partying
(Members are able and unwilling/apprehensive)
Low Task Behaviour High
High Low
Relationship Behaviour
Low
Comprehensive Theory of LeadershipGroup Member Characteristics
A task-oriented leader will bring out the best in group members who: Have low affiliation needs Have a high need to achieve goals Accept authority Like careful, detailed planning Prefer material rewards
A relationship-oriented leader will bring out the best with members who: Seek opportunities to socialize Have low achievement needs Are independent thinkers Tolerate ambiguity Prefer intrinsic rewards
Comprehensive Theory of Leadership
Situational factors:
A relationship-oriented leader will excel when
The task is unstructuredThe degree of stress is lowRoles are unclear or flexible
The group is smallTime constraints are loose
A task-oriented leader will excel when
The task is structuredThe degree of stress is high
Roles are clearly definedThe group is large
Deadlines must be met.
Situational Theory of Leadership Leadership styles range from highly autocratic (directive) through
democratic (participative) to highly laissez-faire
The most effective leadership behaviour depends on the followers’ ability and motivation
AUTOCRATIC………………………….………………..DEMOCRATIC……………………………………………..LAISSEZ-FAIRE
Leader-Centred Follower-Centred
Leader permits group to function independently within set limits.
Leader defines limits and asks group to make decision.
Leader presents problem, welcomes suggestions, makes decision.
Leader makes tentative decision subject to input from group
Leader presents decision and invites feedback.
Leader makes decision and “sells” it.
Leader makes decision and announces it.
Task-oriented leader who makes all decisions
Directs the group by command or request
Effective when:
• the group needs complete direction, (members are novices and respect the leader’s superiority)
• the group is unable to work through a group decision-making process
• there is a crisis (well-suited to medical or military situations)
Autocratic (Directive) Leadership Style
Democratic (Participative) Leadership Style
Group members contribute to the overall organizational goals
Key attributes: Group goal setting = team management Open negotiation Delegation of control over own performance Sharing of the team’s successes and failures
Value placed on achieving consensus Leader retains right to make final decision
if disagreement persists
Laissez-Faire Leadership Style
Leader is informed but steps back from decision making and acts as a resource
Effective when the group has become competent and is functioning well
Leader does not abandon the group but instead retains responsibility for seeing that it continues to function
Benevolent Dictator Asks group members for advice, puts on a show of considering
their feelings and opinions, but then makes own administrative decisions
Initially viewed quite favourably
Eventually resentment sets in
Leaders with this style do not normally last long
Can Leadership Be Learned?
Can Leadership Be Learned?
Leadership can be learned through experience
It is a lifelong day-by-day learning process built on continued self-examination, introspection and self-searching honesty
People need to refine their strengths and improve their weaknesses
Although many leadership skills can be learned in the classroom, practical experience is necessary