Chachapoyas: the cloud people

Chachapoyas: the cloud people

The first evidence of this mysterious people dates back to 800 a.D.,before the Inca age. The key to the Cachapoyas culture is their cultof the dead. They had enormous respect for their ancestors and theyhid them away for protection. Their funerary sites were built in remote,hidden and inaccessible locations of the Peruvian Andes...

A Photo story by Stefano Torrione/LightMediation

2363-20: Peru, department of Amazonas, province of Chachapoyas. The mausoleum and Sarcophagus complex of Ayachaqui, in Jucusbamba canyon, ascribable to the Chillao people, one of the many autonomousclans that formed part of the Chachapoyan nation.

Contact - Thierry Tinacci - LightMediation Photo Agency +33 (0)6 61 80 57 21 email:[email protected]

2363-01: Peru, department of Amazonas, province of Chachapoyas, Leimebamba district. The Andeanpeople of Chachapoyas inhabited northern Peru from IX to XV century. This ancient culture honored its

2363-02: Peru, department of Amazonas, province of Chachapoyas, Leimebamba district. Laguna de losCondores. Local guide Martin Aguilar along the muddy path of the Laguna Negra that leads to the

2363-03: Peru, department of Amazonas, province of Chachapoyas, Leimebamba district. Laguna de losCondores, one of the sites of Chachapoyas culture. In this area covered by a thick Amazonian vegetation

2363-04: Peru, department of Amazonas, province of Chachapoyas, Leimebamba district. Laguna de losCondores.

2363-05: Peru, department of Amazonas, province of Chachapoyas, Leimebamba district. Laguna de losCondores. Hidden in a narrow natural shelter, l00 meters above the Laguna de los Condores, the funeral

2363-06: Peru, department of Amazonas, province of Chachapoyas, Leimebamba district. Laguna de losCondores. The remains of the ancient site of Llaqtacocha, on the way to the "chullpas" (mausoleums).

2363-07: Peru, department of Amazonas, province of Chachapoyas, Leimebamba district. Local guideMartin Aguilar is about to climb the steep ladders that lead to the "chullpa" (funerary site) of Laguna de los

2363-08: Peru, department of Amazonas, province of Chachapoyas, Leimebamba district. Laguna de losCondores. One of the herdsmen of the Laguna loads up the horses for the trip back to Leimebamba, one

2363-02: Peru, department of Amazonas, province of Chachapoyas, Leimebamba district. Laguna de los Condores. Local guide Martin Aguilar along the muddy path of the Laguna Negra that leads to the "chullpa"(funerary site).

2363-09: Peru, department of Amazonas, province of Chachapoyas, Leimebamba district. Laguna de losCondores.

2363-10: Peru, department of Amazonas, province of Chachapoyas, Leimebamba district. Laguna de losCondores. A high crag with a view to heaven-like Laguna Negra was where the Chaschas decided to build

2363-11: Peru, department of Amazonas, province of Chachapoyas, Leimebamba district. Laguna de losCondores. The remains of the ancient site of Llaqtacocha, on the way to the "chullpas" (mausoleums).

2363-12: Peru, department of Amazonas, province of Chachapoyas, Leimebamba district. Laguna de losCondores. The young wife of one of the herdsmen who work in the pastures of the Laguna Negra pokes

2363-13: Peru, department of Amazonas, province of Chachapoyas, village of Cocta. A woman invokesGod's mercy.

2363-14: Peru, department of Amazonas, province of Chachapoyas. Market day in the village of Cocta.

2363-15: Peru, department of Amazonas, province of Chachapoyas. Market day in the village of Cocta. 2363-16: Peru, department of Amazonas, province of Chachapoyas. The school of the village of Kruspata.

2363-17: Peru, department of Amazonas, province of Chachapoyas. A young mother and her baby in theirhome in the village of Kruspata.

2363-18: Peru, department of Amazonas, province of Chachapoyas. The village of Kruspata.

2363-19: Peru, department of Amazonas, province of Chachapoyas. A young boy helps in the cornharvest in the village of Kruspata.

2363-21: Peru, department of Amazonas, province of Chachapoyas. The funerary site of Revash issituated at an altitude of 2,800 m above sea level in the calcareous rock formation of Cerro Carbón in Alto

2363-22: Peru, department of Amazonas, province of Chachapoyas. The mausoleum and Sarcophaguscomplex of Ayachaqui, in Jucusbamba canyon, ascribable to the Chillao people, one of the many

2363-23: Peru, department of Amazonas, province of Luya, Karajia, a funerary site 48 km from the town ofChachapoyas. Anthropomorphic wooden coffins located under a mountain cliff. They contained the

2363-24: Peru, department of Amazonas, province of Chachapoyas. The mausoleum and sarcophaguscomplex of Ayachaqui, in Jucusbamba canyon, ascribable to the Chillao people, one of the many

2363-25: Peru, department of Amazonas, province of Chachapoyas, Leimebamba. A mummy from theLaguna de los Condores exhibited for the first time in Europe at the Archaeological Museum of Alto Adige

2363-40: Peru, department of Amazonas, province of Chachapoyas, Leimebamba. Marcelita Hidalgo was born here and she works for the Leimebamba Museum. She takes care of the mummies in an air-conditionedroom created for their preservation.



2363-28: Peru, department of Amazonas, Chachapoyas district, Leimebamba. A mummy from the Lagunade los Condores exhibited for the first time in Europe at the Archaeological Museum of Alto Adige in

2363-29: Peru, department of Amazonas, province of Chachapoyas, Leimebamba. A mummy from theLaguna de los Condores.





2363-25: Peru, department of Amazonas, province of Chachapoyas, Leimebamba. A mummy from the Laguna de los Condores exhibited for the first time in Europe at the Archaeological Museum of Alto Adige inBolzano, Italy.

2363-34: Peru, department of Amazonas, province of Chachapoyas, Leimebamba. Mummies from theLaguna de los Condores.



2363-37: Peru, department of Amazonas, province of Chachapoyas, Leimebamba. Peruvian archaeologistSonia Guillen who is responsible for the study and conservation of the mummies at Leimebamba Museum.

2363-38: Peru, department of Amazonas, province of Chachapoyas, Leimebamba. One of the mummiesfound at the mausoleum of Laguna de los Condores now safe and protected in the Museum of

2363-39: Peru, department of Amazonas, province of Chachapoyas, Leimebamba. Marcelita Hidalgo wasborn here and she works for the Leimebamba Museum. She takes care of the mummies in an

Chachapoyas: the Cloud People / 2363-45: Peru, department of Amazonas, province of Chachapoyas,Leimebamba. Marcelita Hidalgo was born here and she works for the Leimebamba Museum. She takes

2363-41: Peru, department of Amazonas, province of Luya. An old Quechua woman sits outside herhouse in the village of Puente de Santo Tomàs.

2363-42: Peru, department of Amazonas, province of Chachapoyas, in the town of Leimebamba. 2363-43: Peru, department of Amazonas, province of Chachapoyas, town of Leimebamba. A family offarmers leaves the village after selling wood to shopkeepers.

2363-44: Peru, department of Amazonas, town of Chachapoyas. German anthropologist Peter Lerche infront of his house with one of his children. Mr Lerche has been one of the first explorers to study the

2363-45: Peru, department of Amazonas, town of Chachapoyas. A local band plays for a town feast at LosMaderos bar.

2363-46: Peru, department of Amazonas, town of Chachapoyas. Young people dance at a musical partyat Los Maderos bar.

2363-47: Peru, department of Amazonas, province of Chachapoyas. Visitors at the archaeological site ofKuelap.

2363-48: Peru, department of Amazonas, town of Chachapoyas. Faith-healer Jorge "Calamina" cures apatient with rituals in the back of his repair shop.

2363-49: Peru, department of Amazonas, province of Chachapoyas. A dog in the village of Kruspata.

2363-38: Peru, department of Amazonas, province of Chachapoyas, Leimebamba. One of the mummies found at the mausoleum of Laguna de los Condores now safe and protected in the Museum of Leimebambatogether with more than 250 mummies and 2000 objects from the Chachapoyas.

2363-50: Peru, department of Amazonas, province of Chachapoyas. A group of students from the villageof Coechan prepare for a parade.

2363-51: Peru, department of Amazonas, province of Chachapoyas. An old woman spins wool in thetraditional way in front of her home in the village of Coechan.

Chachapoyas:the cloudpeople.

My journey on Chachapoyas' tracks begana few years ago in Italy. In 2006Chachapoyas mummies, discovered in theremote region of Amazonas, innortheastern Peru, were exhibited inBolzano for the first and only time inEurope. Back from the University ofVienna, twelve mummies fromLeimebamba Museum, in the PeruvianAndes, were displayed in the hometown ofone of the most famous mummies in theworld, the Similaun Man.It was the last day of the exposition; somespecialists were opening the casescontaining the mummies and werepreparing their trip back to Peru.I had already seen mummies before, but Iwas surprised by Leimebamba women'smaternal care in taking them on their lapand carrying them across the museum notat all perturbed by the idea of death. Onlylater I found out that only some Peruviansare allowed to touch mummies and thatonly a few among them have accepted todo it because of superstition and popularbeliefs.Archaeologist Sonia Guillen was theresponsible of the Peruvian delegation,she was the one who rescued themummies and she told me about theincredible story of the discovery of such animportant archaeological heritage.Who are we talking about? Who are theChachapoyas?

The first evidence of this mysteriouspeople dates back to 800 a.D., before the

Inca age. Much of what we do know aboutthese light-skinned and fair-haired warriorsis based on archaeological evidence fromfunerary sites, ruins, pottery, and otherartefacts.The Chachapoyas territory was located inthe northern regions of the Andes inpresent-day Peru. It encompassed thetriangular region formed by the confluenceof the rivers Marañón and Utcubamba inthe zone of Bagua, up to the basin of theAbiseo river, where the ruins of Pajátenare located.Their culture had Andean roots; thereason for an Andean people to inhabitthe Amazonian Andes seems to be theneed to expand agrarian land, asevidenced by extensive terracingthroughout the region. The agriculturalenvironments of both the Andes and thecoastal region, characterized by itsextensive desert areas and limited soilsuitable for farming, became insufficientfor sustaining a population like theancestral Peruvians, which had grown for3000 years. In the thick and cloudytropical woods of this inhospitable regionthey built self-sufficient, fortified towns.The major urban centres, such as Kuélapand Gran Pajáten, may have developedas a defensive measure against the Huari,a Middle Horizon culture that coveredmuch of the coast and highlands.Chachapoyas grew potatoes and quinoa,and corn at lower altitudes, they importedyucca and fruit from the forest, theycarved wood and were excellent weavers.In the fifteenth century, the Inca Empireexpanded to incorporate the Chachapoyasregion. Their incorporation into the IncaEmpire had not been easy, due to theirconstant resistance to the Inca troops.The name Chachapoya is in fact the namethat was given to this culture by the Incaand its meaning may have been derivedfrom the Quechua construction sacha

puya, or "people of the clouds", probablybecause they occupied a high rainfall andhardly accessible land.It was due to the harsh treatment of theChachapoyas by the Inca during the yearsof subjugation that many of theChachapoyas initially chose to side withthe Spanish colonialists when they arrivedin Peru. By 1547, the Spanish colonisationeffectively ended the Chachapoyasindependence and their history vanishedenveloped in the clouds of their mysteriesand of their unexplored land.The key to the Cachapoyas culture is theircult of the dead. They had enormousrespect for their ancestors and they hidthem away for protection.They treated corpses with quite simpleprocedures; the skin was embalmedthrough some natural treatment using oil,lime and aromatic herbs; they were put infoetal position and wrapped up in bundleslike cocoons called fardi, and they werefinally decorated with stylized drawingsthat gave them human looks. But theextraordinary part was the place of burial.Their funerary sites were built in remote,hidden and inaccessible locations, and wecan notice the presence of two funeralpatterns. One of them is represented bysarcophagi, anthropomorphic woodencoffins placed vertically and located incaves that were excavated in the highestplace of the precipices, as we can see inKarajia and Ayachaqui. The other funeralpattern consists in groups of mausoleums(chullpas) constructed like tiny houseslocated in caves worked in cliffs, like theones found at Laguna de los Condores.All this can be interpreted, together with adesire of protection, as a symbolic returnto sacred nature, to the mountains adoredby all Andean peoples. The recent discovery of the mummies,which was told me in Bolzano by thearchaeologist who saved them, inspired

my trip to Peru in the Chachapoyas' land.

The road to Amazonas is long; Chiclayo is500 km far from the town of Chachapoya.We ride along the North-eastern carretterathat skirts Maranon River. Here theCordillera dives into Amazonia, in the areathat the first map of Peru (1900) drawn bythe Italian explorer Antonio Raimondireported as "region inexplorada". "It is stillunexplored, unknown and scarcelyvisited", says German anthropologistPeter Lerche, one of the first researchersof Chachapoyas culture who moved toAmazonas over thirty years ago. He fell inlove with this place and its people and hisaffection had been rewarded: he is one ofthe rare foreigners who have been electedalcalde (mayor) of the city ofChachapoyas. Mr. Lecher has worked forNational Geographic Magazine, he hasopened passages through the forest, hehas discovered chullpas (mausoleums),he has climbed untouched rocky walls toreach and closely observe the funerarytreasures of the Chachapoyas.

I met again archaeologist Sonia Guillen inLeimebamba, a remote outpost ofAmazonas that is now the centre ofChachapoyas culture since the mummiesfrom the Laguna de Los Condores foundtheir definitive collocation in its small butexcellent museum. The events that have brought to thediscovery of over 200 mummies sound likea tale from the olden days.Laguna de los Condores is ten hours walkfrom Leimebamba. It is a remote placewhere they say it rains 14 months a yearand it was frequented only by theherdsmen and cattle of Don Julio Ullilen,the owner of the homestead. Hisherdsmen spotted the signs of a funerarysite on the cliff over the lake anddiscovered the tombs in November 1996.

herdsmen spotted the signs of a funerarysite on the cliff over the lake anddiscovered the tombs in November 1996.They began looting the mausoleums,ripping apart mummy bundles andscattering artefacts in search for gold. Thebrouhaha surrounding the discovery of themummies first reached Don Julio, whoproclaimed himself owner of themummies. But when the rumours aboutthe discovery got to Lima, to the ears ofthe archaeologists leaded by SoniaGuillen, Sonia conducted a vigorousrescue operation, moving objects from thelake to the community. For months, withthe help of Leimebamba people, thearchaeologists recovered the remains ofthe ancient warriors of the clouds one byone. Among the group there was XavierFarje, who is now my guide to the Lagoon.It has been raining for days, the path isfeo, very treacherous, and in order toavoid sinking in the mud like two of ourhorses did, we have to check the groundby means of a long stick. Xavier walksrapidly along the path; he is regarded asthe best guide of the area. We spend thenight in the herdsmen's hut, not thelooters, but two young boys who work forDon Julio in turns of fifteen days at theLaguna. We leave at dawn for the chullpa.The lake is like a black water basinsurmounted by foggy peaks. We cross theremains of the village of Laqtacocha andwe reach the lagoon shore. We hardlyclimb wooden ladders and lianas amongthe thick vegetation and still we can't seeany sign of the necropolis. More than ahundred meters above the lake, thechullpa reveals itself at last. Nothing elsehas been touched in this sacred placemade of tiny burial buildings perched high

on a ledge. A skull lies on the woodenplanks that once covered the buildings,some cloth shreds are scattered aroundthe place, the last traces of the pillage. Awell-preserved rock painting in a nicheattracts me; in their protected cleft, thetombs enjoy a dry microclimate in a regionthat is notorious for its rainfall. It is this, asmuch as the mummification that has led tothe remarkable preservation of theircontents. It is still raining very hard andXavier asks me if I have any children. "Ihave two" is my answer. "I have gotthree," he tells me. "If you want to seethem again, we'd better stop here. Goingfurther is impossible". The council of theelders of Leimebamba and Don Julio hadgranted me permission to go further alongthe ridge of the rock face to reach anotherchullpa that has been recently discoveredand that still keeps its hosts inside.Xavier's words convince me to stop hereand we start our way back toLeimebamba.In this area, as anthropologist Lerche toldme, there are several other burial sites,but exploration is made difficult by themountainous configuration of the land andthe environmental conditions of the cloudforest. The sacred nature deeplyworshipped by the Chachapoyas stillprotects the mystery of their burial cult.Back to Leimebamba I meet MarcelitaHidalgo at the museum. In theair-conditioned room with 200 mummiesfrom the Laguna I observe her moving the"bundles" in an extremely natural manner.I look around me, there are no smells andthe atmosphere is totally calm. Sheescorted the mummies to Bolzano on theirtravel to Europe, she was once ahousewife and now her main occupation istaking care of her precious ancestors.Leimebamba Museum, supported by theBioanthropology Foundation Peru, offerednew jobs to local people and represents a

good opportunity for the development ofone of the most disadvantaged regions ofPeru. For the ones that, like Marcelita,have overcome superstitions and popularbeliefs, the mummies symbolize the prideof a people who have faith in the mostauthentic and powerful nature.

Captions.

2363-01: Peru, department of Amazonas,province of Chachapoyas, Leimebambadistrict. The Andean people ofChachapoyas inhabited northern Perufrom IX to XV century. This ancient culturehonored its dead, embalming and placingthem in ornate sarcophagi and layingthem to rest in remote and inaccessibleareas. The "chullpa" of Laguna de losCondores is located in Leimebambadistrict; it ia a funerary site built on thevertical cliffs that drop down into the darklake. More than 200 mummies from theancient warrior of the clouds have beenfound there.

2363-02: Peru, department of Amazonas,province of Chachapoyas, Leimebambadistrict. Laguna de los Condores. Localguide Martin Aguilar along the muddy pathof the Laguna Negra that leads to the"chullpa" (funerary site).

2363-03: Peru, department of Amazonas,province of Chachapoyas, Leimebambadistrict. Laguna de los Condores, one ofthe sites of Chachapoyas culture. In thisarea covered by a thick Amazonianvegetation a group of archaelogists foundsix mausoleums containing more than 200mummies of the ancient Chachapoyas inAugust 1997.

2363-04: Peru, department of Amazonas,province of Chachapoyas, Leimebambadistrict. Laguna de los Condores.

2363-05: Peru, department of Amazonas,province of Chachapoyas, Leimebambadistrict. Laguna de los Condores. Hiddenin a narrow natural shelter, l00 metersabove the Laguna de los Condores, the

funeral site composed of six chullpas ortombs remained abandoned for almost500 years.

2363-06: Peru, department of Amazonas,province of Chachapoyas, Leimebambadistrict. Laguna de los Condores. Theremains of the ancient site of Llaqtacocha,on the way to the "chullpas"(mausoleums).

2363-07: Peru, department of Amazonas,province of Chachapoyas, Leimebambadistrict. Local guide Martin Aguilar is aboutto climb the steep ladders that lead to the"chullpa" (funerary site) of Laguna de losCondores.

2363-08: Peru, department of Amazonas,province of Chachapoyas, Leimebambadistrict. Laguna de los Condores. One ofthe herdsmen of the Laguna loads up thehorses for the trip back to Leimebamba,one day and a half away.

2363-09: Peru, department of Amazonas,province of Chachapoyas, Leimebambadistrict. Laguna de los Condores.

2363-10: Peru, department of Amazonas,province of Chachapoyas, Leimebambadistrict. Laguna de los Condores. A highcrag with a view to heaven-like LagunaNegra was where the Chaschas decidedto build their huge funerary chambers. Sixalmost intact mausoleums containingmore than 200 mummies have beendiscovered on one of the steep woodedslopes bordering the Laguna de LosCondores, one day and a half away fromLeimebamba.

2363-11: Peru, department of Amazonas,province of Chachapoyas, Leimebambadistrict. Laguna de los Condores. Theremains of the ancient site of Llaqtacocha,

on the way to the "chullpas"(mausoleums).

2363-12: Peru, department of Amazonas,province of Chachapoyas, Leimebambadistrict. Laguna de los Condores. Theyoung wife of one of the herdsmen whowork in the pastures of the Laguna Negrapokes the fire to cook dinner.

2363-13: Peru, department of Amazonas,province of Chachapoyas, village ofCocta. A woman invokes God's mercy.

2363-14: Peru, department of Amazonas,province of Chachapoyas. Market day inthe village of Cocta.

2363-15: Peru, department of Amazonas,province of Chachapoyas. Market day inthe village of Cocta.

2363-16: Peru, department of Amazonas,province of Chachapoyas. The school ofthe village of Kruspata.

2363-17: Peru, department of Amazonas,province of Chachapoyas. A youngmother and her baby in their home in thevillage of Kruspata.

2363-18: Peru, department of Amazonas,province of Chachapoyas. The village ofKruspata.

2363-19: Peru, department of Amazonas,province of Chachapoyas. A young boyhelps in the corn harvest in the village ofKruspata.

2363-20: Peru, department of Amazonas,province of Chachapoyas. Themausoleum and Sarcophagus complex ofAyachaqui, in Jucusbamba canyon,ascribable to the Chillao people, one ofthe many autonomous clans that formed

part of the Chachapoyan nation.

2363-21: Peru, department of Amazonas,province of Chachapoyas. The funerarysite of Revash is situated at an altitude of2,800 m above sea level in the calcareousrock formation of Cerro Carbón in AltoUtcubamba Valley. It is composed by agroup of small painted houses that hostedthe mummies of the members of theChachapoyas élite.

2363-22: Peru, department of Amazonas,province of Chachapoyas. Themausoleum and Sarcophagus complex ofAyachaqui, in Jucusbamba canyon,ascribable to the Chillao people, one ofthe many autonomous clans that formedpart of the Chachapoyan nation.

2363-23: Peru, department of Amazonas,province of Luya, Karajia, a funerary site48 km from the town of Chachapoyas.Anthropomorphic wooden coffins locatedunder a mountain cliff. They contained themummies of the Chachapoyas mosthonorable members. Locally calledPurunmachos, the coffins are 2.50 mt talland they were discovered by Peruvianand American archaeologists in 1983.

2363-24: Peru, department of Amazonas,province of Chachapoyas. Themausoleum and sarcophagus complex ofAyachaqui, in Jucusbamba canyon,ascribable to the Chillao people, one ofthe many autonomous clans that formedpart of the Chachapoyan nation. Thesarcophagi still contain mummies.

2363-25: Peru, department of Amazonas,province of Chachapoyas, Leimebamba. Amummy from the Laguna de los Condoresexhibited for the first time in Europe at theArchaeological Museum of Alto Adige inBolzano, Italy.

exhibited for the first time in Europe at theArchaeological Museum of Alto Adige inBolzano, Italy.



2363-28: Peru, department of Amazonas,Chachapoyas district, Leimebamba. Amummy from the Laguna de los Condoresexhibited for the first time in Europe at theArchaeological Museum of Alto Adige inBolzano, Italy.

2363-29-30-31-32-33-34-35-36: Peru,department of Amazonas, province ofChachapoyas, Leimebamba. A mummyfrom the Laguna de los Condores.

2363-37: Peru, department of Amazonas,province of Chachapoyas, Leimebamba.Peruvian archaeologist Sonia Guillen whois responsible for the study andconservation of the mummies atLeimebamba Museum.

2363-38: Peru, department of Amazonas,province of Chachapoyas, Leimebamba.One of the mummies found at themausoleum of Laguna de los Condoresnow safe and protected in the Museum of

Leimebamba together with more than 250mummies and 2000 objects from theChachapoyas.`2363-39: Peru, department of Amazonas,province of Chachapoyas, Leimebamba.Marcelita Hidalgo was born here and sheworks for the Leimebamba Museum. Shetakes care of the mummies in anair-conditioned room created for theirpreservation.

2363-40: Peru, department of Amazonas,province of Chachapoyas, Leimebamba.Marcelita Hidalgo was born here and sheworks for the Leimebamba Museum. Shetakes care of the mummies in anair-conditioned room created for theirpreservation.

2363-41: Peru, department of Amazonas,province of Luya. An old Quechua womansits outside her house in the village ofPuente de Santo Tomàs.

2363-42: Peru, department of Amazonas,province of Chachapoyas, in the town ofLeimebamba.

2363-43: Peru, department of Amazonas,province of Chachapoyas, town ofLeimebamba. A family of farmers leavesthe village after selling wood toshopkeepers.

2363-44: Peru, department of Amazonas,town of Chachapoyas. Germananthropologist Peter Lerche in front of hishouse with one of his children. Mr Lerchehas been one of the first explorers tostudy the Chachapoyas. He is now alcalde(mayor) of the town of Chachapoyas.

2363-45: Peru, department of Amazonas,town of Chachapoyas. A local band playsfor a town feast at Los Maderos bar.

2363-46: Peru, department of Amazonas,town of Chachapoyas. Young peopledance at a musical party at Los Maderosbar.

2363-47: Peru, department of Amazonas,province of Chachapoyas. Visitors at thearchaeological site of Kuelap.

2363-48: Peru, department of Amazonas,town of Chachapoyas. Faith-healer Jorge"Calamina" cures a patient with rituals inthe back of his repair shop.

2363-49: Peru, department of Amazonas,province of Chachapoyas. A dog in thevillage of Kruspata.

2363-50: Peru, department of Amazonas,province of Chachapoyas. A group ofstudents from the village of Coechanprepare for a parade.

2363-51: Peru, department of Amazonas,province of Chachapoyas. An old womanspins wool in the traditional way in front ofher home in the village of Coechan.

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Chachapoyas: the cloud people