Ch. 29: CIVIL RIGHTSCh. 29: CIVIL RIGHTS Brown vs. Board of Education, Brown vs. Board of Education,

Topeka, KansasTopeka, Kansas Thurgood MarshallThurgood Marshall Dec. 1955: Rosa ParksDec. 1955: Rosa Parks Walking for JusticeWalking for Justice Martin Luther King Jr.Martin Luther King Jr.

Civil DisobedienceCivil Disobedience Passive ResistancePassive Resistance

Little Rock, Arkansas 1957Little Rock, Arkansas 1957 Ike Takes ActionIke Takes Action GrassrootsGrassroots

SCLSSCLS SNCCSNCC

Sit InsSit Ins TVTV Freedom RidersFreedom Riders James MeredithJames Meredith Birmingham, Alabama 1963Birmingham, Alabama 1963

March on Washington, July 1963March on Washington, July 1963 Civil Rights Act of 1964Civil Rights Act of 1964 2424thth Amendment Amendment Selma, Alabama 1965Selma, Alabama 1965 Voting Rights Act 1965Voting Rights Act 1965 De Jure SegregationDe Jure Segregation De Facto SegregationDe Facto Segregation Watts RiotsWatts Riots Malcom XMalcom X Ballots or BulletsBallots or Bullets Stokely CarmichaelStokely Carmichael Black PanthersBlack Panthers Thurgood MarshallThurgood Marshall Death of KingDeath of King Death of Robert KennedyDeath of Robert Kennedy Columbia University 1968Columbia University 1968 Civil Rights Act 1968Civil Rights Act 1968 MayorMayor Loss of SupportLoss of Support

Background Refresher Civil Rights Act 1875 (no Civil Rights Act 1875 (no

segregation) declared segregation) declared unconstitutional in 1883unconstitutional in 1883

Jim Crow LawsJim Crow Laws Plessy vs. Ferguson 1896:Plessy vs. Ferguson 1896:

Separate but equal legalSeparate but equal legal Coming back from war to Coming back from war to

fight for own freedomfight for own freedom Finding discrimination in Finding discrimination in

North (job competition)North (job competition)

Brown vs. Board of EducationBrown vs. Board of EducationTopeka, Kansas 1954Topeka, Kansas 1954

9 yr. old 9 yr. old Linda Brown denied right to attend white schoolLinda Brown denied right to attend white school 4 blocks 4 blocks from house – told to cross RxR yard & take bus to black school 21 from house – told to cross RxR yard & take bus to black school 21 blocks awayblocks away

The Supreme Court ruled that The Supreme Court ruled that Plessy vs. FergusonPlessy vs. Ferguson was was unconstitutional & ordered integration of schoolsunconstitutional & ordered integration of schools

Thurgood MarshallThurgood Marshall attorney for Brown family attorney for Brown family (we see him (we see him again)again)

Affected 12 mil. children in 21 statesAffected 12 mil. children in 21 states

Reaction to Brown DecisionReaction to Brown Decision Many southern states defiantMany southern states defiant GA: Keep segregation in GA: Keep segregation in

placeplace Feared losing control of Feared losing control of

schoolsschools Emmett Till murder (video)Emmett Till murder (video)

2nd Brown Ruling 1955: Ordered district courts to enforce desegregation.

Ajibawo Bennett, Chicago, ILAjibawo Bennett, Chicago, ILReaction to the Reaction to the ““Murder of Emmett TillMurder of Emmett Till””

I remember when Emmett Till died I remember when his mama cried

I remember the two men that killed him I remember when they took Emmett away

I remember when I waited all day, for him to come back

I remember the bruises on his back I wish I never remembered

The Death of Emmett TillThe Death of Emmett TillBob Dylan w/Cynthia GoodingBob Dylan w/Cynthia Gooding

Twas down in Mississippi not so long agoTwas down in Mississippi not so long agoWhen a young boy from Chicago town stepped When a young boy from Chicago town stepped

through a Southern doorthrough a Southern doorThis boyThis boy’’s dreadful tragedy I can still remember s dreadful tragedy I can still remember

well, well, The color of his skin was black & his name was The color of his skin was black & his name was

Emmett TillEmmett Till

Some men, they dragged him to a barn & there Some men, they dragged him to a barn & there they beat him upthey beat him up

They said they had a reason, but I disremember They said they had a reason, but I disremember what.what.

They tortured him & did some things too evil to They tortured him & did some things too evil to repeatrepeat

There was screaming sounds inside the barn, There was screaming sounds inside the barn, there was laughing sounds on the streetthere was laughing sounds on the street

Then they rolled his body down a gulf amidst a Then they rolled his body down a gulf amidst a blood red rainblood red rain

And they threw him in the waters wide to cease And they threw him in the waters wide to cease his screaming painhis screaming pain

The reason that they killed there, and IThe reason that they killed there, and I ’’m sure it m sure it ainain’’t no lie,t no lie,

Cause he was born in black skin, boy, and he Cause he was born in black skin, boy, and he was born to diewas born to die

And then to stop the United States of yelling for And then to stop the United States of yelling for a trial,a trial,

Two brothers they confessed that they had killed Two brothers they confessed that they had killed poor Emmett Tillpoor Emmett Till

But on they jury there were men who helped But on they jury there were men who helped the brothers commit this awful crime,the brothers commit this awful crime,

And so this trial was a mockery, but nobody And so this trial was a mockery, but nobody seemed to mind.seemed to mind.

I saw the morning papers but I could not bear I saw the morning papers but I could not bear to seeto see

The smiling brothers walkinThe smiling brothers walkin’’ down the down the courthouse stairscourthouse stairs

For the jury found them innocent & the brothers For the jury found them innocent & the brothers they went free,they went free,

While EmmettWhile Emmett’’s body floats the foam of a Jim s body floats the foam of a Jim Crow Southern seaCrow Southern sea

If you canIf you can’’t speak out against this king of thing, t speak out against this king of thing, a crime that a crime that ‘‘s so unjust,s so unjust,

Your eyes are filled with menYour eyes are filled with men’’s clay, your mind s clay, your mind is filled with dustis filled with dust

Your arms & legs they must be in shackles & Your arms & legs they must be in shackles & chains, & your mind it must refuse to flow,chains, & your mind it must refuse to flow,

For you let this human race fall down so God For you let this human race fall down so God awful lowawful low

This song is just a reminder to your fellow manThis song is just a reminder to your fellow manThat this kind of thing still lives today in that That this kind of thing still lives today in that

ghost-robbed Ku Klux Klanghost-robbed Ku Klux KlanBut if all of us folks that thinks alike, if we all But if all of us folks that thinks alike, if we all

could givecould giveWe could make this great land of ours a greater We could make this great land of ours a greater

place to liveplace to live

Bus BoycottsBus Boycotts

Segregation on city busesSegregation on city buses Dec. 1955: Rosa ParksDec. 1955: Rosa Parks refused to refused to

give her seat to a white man (required give her seat to a white man (required by law)by law)

Arrested sparking bus boycott by NAACPArrested sparking bus boycott by NAACP Walking for Justice:Walking for Justice: African African

Americans refused to ride busAmericans refused to ride bus Car pools or walkedCar pools or walked Lasted 381 daysLasted 381 days

Lead by Martin Luther King Jr.Lead by Martin Luther King Jr. New young preacher in townNew young preacher in town

1956: Supreme Court declares bus 1956: Supreme Court declares bus segregation unconstitutionalsegregation unconstitutional

Martin Luther King Jr.Martin Luther King Jr. Non –violent leader of the Non –violent leader of the

Civil Rights MovementCivil Rights Movement Followed Gandhi & Henry Followed Gandhi & Henry

David Thoreau: David Thoreau: Civil Civil DisobedienceDisobedience – Refusing – Refusing to obey unjust lawsto obey unjust laws

Passive ResistancePassive Resistance:: Non- Non-violent protestviolent protest

We will not hate you, but we cannot obey

your unjust laws

Little Rock, ArkansasLittle Rock, Arkansas Desegregation crisis Desegregation crisis

escalating in Little Rock, AR escalating in Little Rock, AR in 1957in 1957

Admitted black students to Admitted black students to state college w/o Federal state college w/o Federal mandatemandate

Gov. Orval Faubus in election Gov. Orval Faubus in election year, needs votes of year, needs votes of segregationistsegregationist

Gov. Faubus ordered the NatGov. Faubus ordered the Nat’’l l Guard to keep 9 black Guard to keep 9 black students from attending students from attending Central High SchoolCentral High School

Fed. Judge ordered them to Fed. Judge ordered them to be admitted the next daybe admitted the next day

Students faced angry white Students faced angry white mob: in dangermob: in danger

Ike Takes ActionIke Takes Action Secretly Ike thought Secretly Ike thought

this was a state issuethis was a state issue Sent in military to Sent in military to

enforce integrationenforce integration NatNat’’l Guard under Fed. l Guard under Fed.

Control Control Protected students Protected students

Faubus closed all Faubus closed all public schools to avoid public schools to avoid integrationintegration

Civil Rights Act 1957Civil Rights Act 1957 Attorney General has Attorney General has

control over desegregationcontrol over desegregation 11stst since Reconstruction since Reconstruction

GrassrootsGrassrootsStarted with people, not politiciansStarted with people, not politicians

SCLC (Southern Christian Leadership Coalition):SCLC (Southern Christian Leadership Coalition): King helped create King helped create Stage non-violent demonstrations for voter registrationStage non-violent demonstrations for voter registration across segregated across segregated

southsouth Ella Baker: Established 65 branches of SCLC & helped create SNCCElla Baker: Established 65 branches of SCLC & helped create SNCC

SNCC (Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee):SNCC (Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee): Shaw Shaw University, Raleigh, NCUniversity, Raleigh, NC Student activist movement: Student activist movement: College students involved in movementCollege students involved in movement Hired white volunteers to helpHired white volunteers to help

Feb. 1960: Greensboro, NC Feb. 1960: Greensboro, NC WoolworthWoolworth’’ss

Black students sat at Black students sat at segregated lunch countersegregated lunch counter

Refused to leaveRefused to leave Whites would dump food Whites would dump food

over their headsover their heads Non-violent protestNon-violent protest Whites get violent, beating Whites get violent, beating

studentsstudents Caught on videoCaught on video TVTV brought face of racism brought face of racism

into the homeinto the home

Freedom RidersFreedom Riders Black & white volunteers Black & white volunteers

riding interstate buses to test riding interstate buses to test integration lawsintegration laws

If it promoted violence, If it promoted violence, Kennedy would have to take Kennedy would have to take actionaction

Fire bomb thrown on 1 bus, Fire bomb thrown on 1 bus, others beaten & killedothers beaten & killed

No protection for Freedom No protection for Freedom Riders in Montgomery (as Riders in Montgomery (as promised)promised)

White mob waitingWhite mob waiting Even those critical of Freedom Even those critical of Freedom

Riders were outraged that Riders were outraged that police did not protect thempolice did not protect them

Kennedy followed IkeKennedy followed Ike’’s s precedent & sent Fed. precedent & sent Fed. Marshals to protect themMarshals to protect them

Ordered all interstate travel Ordered all interstate travel facilities desegregatedfacilities desegregated

James MeredithJames Meredith

Won federal court case allowing him to attend Ole MissWon federal court case allowing him to attend Ole Miss Gov. Ross Barnett refused to let him enrollGov. Ross Barnett refused to let him enroll Kennedy sent troops to ensure MeredithKennedy sent troops to ensure Meredith ’’s enrollments enrollment 9/30/62: Riots broke out on campus: his parents house was shot at9/30/62: Riots broke out on campus: his parents house was shot at Similar incident at University of Alabama – Gov. George Wallace Similar incident at University of Alabama – Gov. George Wallace

refused Vivian Malone & Jimmy Hood entrancerefused Vivian Malone & Jimmy Hood entrance Let to integration of collegesLet to integration of colleges

Birmingham, AlabamaBirmingham, AlabamaMost Segregated City in AmericaMost Segregated City in America

Known for strictly Known for strictly segregated society & racial segregated society & racial violenceviolence 18 bombs in 6 yrs. (57-63)18 bombs in 6 yrs. (57-63)

March 1963 March 1963 – Children– Children’’s s Crusade Crusade police use fire police use fire hoses & police dogs on hoses & police dogs on marchersmarchers

• Footage shown around the world

• Kennedy forced Gov. George Wallace to integrate the University of Alabama

March on WashingtonMarch on Washington 7/28/63:7/28/63: 200,000+ 200,000+

marching for civil rights marching for civil rights (black & white)(black & white)

Martin Luther King Jr. gaveMartin Luther King Jr. gave his speech & broke from its his speech & broke from its outline & started outline & started his his famous famous ““I Have A DreamI Have A Dream”” speechspeech

I Have A DreamI Have A Dream

I have a dream that one day this nation will rise up and live out the true meaning of its creed ‘We hold

together these truths to be self evident; that all men are created equal.’…I have a dream that my

four little children will one day live in a nation where they will not be judged by the color of their skin but by the content of their character…I have a dream that one day the state of Alabama…will be transformed into a situation where little black boys and black girls will be able to join hands with little white boys and white girls and walk together as

sisters and brothers.

More ViolenceMore Violence

1616thth St. Baptist Church St. Baptist Church bombed in bombed in BirminghamBirmingham 4 young girls killed4 young girls killed

Civil Rights Act Civil Rights Act 1964:1964: Prohibits Prohibits discrimination based discrimination based on color,on color, creed, creed, religion, genderreligion, gender

2424thth Amendment: Amendment: Abolished poll taxesAbolished poll taxes

Addie Mae Collines

Denise McNair

Carol Robertson

Cynthia Wesley

Freedom Summer: 1964Freedom Summer: 1964 Not all blacks have right to Not all blacks have right to

votevote 90% kept away from polls90% kept away from polls 3 civil rights volunteers 3 civil rights volunteers

disappeared in Mississippidisappeared in Mississippi Michael SchwernerMichael Schwerner Andrew GoodmanAndrew Goodman James Chaney: beaten James Chaney: beaten

before shotbefore shot Mississippi BurningMississippi Burning KKK with support from KKK with support from

local police responsiblelocal police responsible Still no voting rightsStill no voting rights

Schwerner

Goodman

Chaney

MississippiMississippi’’s Freedom s Freedom Democratic Party (MFDP)Democratic Party (MFDP)

Split in Democratic partySplit in Democratic partyJohnson feared this would cost him Johnson feared this would cost him

Southern votesSouthern votesGave 2 of MississippiGave 2 of Mississippi’’s 40 seats to MFDPs 40 seats to MFDP

Selma, AlabamaSelma, Alabama Only 3% of majority black Only 3% of majority black

population could votepopulation could vote Martin Luther King hoped this Martin Luther King hoped this

campaign would draw violence to campaign would draw violence to help convince Johnson to support help convince Johnson to support Fed. Voting lawsFed. Voting laws

1 protestor killed: Jimmie Lee 1 protestor killed: Jimmie Lee JacksonJackson

Reason for Reason for 50 mile march from 50 mile march from Selma to MontgomerySelma to Montgomery

• 5/7/65: 600 marchers set out only to be met by club wielding & gas throwing police

• Shown on TV causing more people to join march

• Johnson publicly addressed Congress using words of the movement “We Shall Overcome”

• 3/21/65: 25,000 marchers set out

Video

Voting Rights Act 1965Voting Rights Act 1965Eliminated Literacy Exams & gave Eliminated Literacy Exams & gave Federal government control of the Federal government control of the

voter registration processvoter registration processBlack votership tripledBlack votership tripled

Northern SegregationNorthern Segregation De Jure SegregationDe Jure Segregation:: By Law By Law De Facto Segregation:De Facto Segregation: By Custom By Custom When blacks moved North after WWII, When blacks moved North after WWII, whites left for the burbswhites left for the burbs Blacks began to find themselves in Blacks began to find themselves in slumsslums

Why?Why? Very poor & unequal conditions: Very poor & unequal conditions: housing, education, health care etc.housing, education, health care etc. Unemployment 2x that of whitesUnemployment 2x that of whites

Watts RiotsWatts Riots Sparked over DWI arrestSparked over DWI arrest 8/11/65: California8/11/65: California 6 days, 34 dead, $30 million6 days, 34 dead, $30 million Whites donWhites don’’t understand why t understand why

– blacks were just given – blacks were just given voting rightsvoting rights

Angry over unequal conditionsAngry over unequal conditions

Malcolm XMalcolm X

Malcolm LittleMalcolm Little Member of Nation of Islam called for blacks to retaliate, Member of Nation of Islam called for blacks to retaliate,

militantmilitant Challenged KingChallenged King Believed blacks should be separate from white society (did Believed blacks should be separate from white society (did

not like white people)not like white people)

Ballots or BulletsBallots or Bullets After pilgrimage to Mecca, After pilgrimage to Mecca,

he changed broke away he changed broke away from Nation of Islam by from Nation of Islam by changing his attitude changing his attitude toward whitestoward whites

““If you & I donIf you & I don’’t use the t use the ballot, weballot, we’’re going to be re going to be forced to use the bullet. forced to use the bullet. So let us try to the ballotSo let us try to the ballot””

Shot will giving speech in Shot will giving speech in Harlem 2/21/65Harlem 2/21/65 b/c he left Nation of Islam?b/c he left Nation of Islam?

Black PowerBlack Power Stokely CarmichaelStokely Carmichael::

Leader of SNCCLeader of SNCC, beaten , beaten while under arrestwhile under arrest Calls for Black Power: Call Calls for Black Power: Call

for black people to define for black people to define their goalstheir goals

Encouraged black prideEncouraged black pride More militantMore militant than King than King King believed it would King believed it would

provoke more violence provoke more violence against African Americansagainst African Americans

Black PanthersBlack Panthers Founded by Huey Newton & Founded by Huey Newton &

Bobby SealeBobby Seale Organized to fight against Organized to fight against

police brutality in ghettospolice brutality in ghettos Program for the PeopleProgram for the People::

black communities for black communities for blacksblacks

Wanted blacks exempt from Wanted blacks exempt from military servicemilitary service

• Many gun battles with police & FBI

Death of King & KennedyDeath of King & Kennedy King knew his live was in King knew his live was in

dangerdanger In Memphis supporting In Memphis supporting

striking garbage workersstriking garbage workers 3/4/68: 3/4/68: KingKing assassinated assassinated

by by JJames Earl Rayames Earl Ray Lead to urban riots in 125 Lead to urban riots in 125

citiescities Robert KennedyRobert Kennedy killed in killed in

same year (6/4/68)same year (6/4/68) Bashara Sirhan a Jordanian Bashara Sirhan a Jordanian

militant upset over militant upset over KennedyKennedy’’s support of s support of IsraelIsrael

Columbia University 1968Columbia University 1968

Students took over several administration buildings for 6 Students took over several administration buildings for 6 days to protest unequal facilitiesdays to protest unequal facilities

Police were very brutal, throwing students down stairs etc.Police were very brutal, throwing students down stairs etc. 700 arrested & 73 expelled700 arrested & 73 expelled

The LegacyThe Legacy Civil Rights Act 1968Civil Rights Act 1968::

Banned discrimination in Banned discrimination in public housingpublic housing

More blacks attending & More blacks attending & finishing schoolfinishing school

More acceptance of black More acceptance of black dress, culture etc.dress, culture etc.

More blacks in govMore blacks in gov’’t positions, t positions, esp. esp. mayormayor

Achieved much, but still long Achieved much, but still long way to goway to go

Loss of supportLoss of support forfor movement because of movement because of violence & escalating tensions violence & escalating tensions in Vietnamin Vietnam

Many thought LBJ didnMany thought LBJ didn’’t do t do enough for civil rightsenough for civil rights