Ch. 12 Sec. 2 The Partition of AfricaThe Partition of Africa

Before the Imperialism of 1800’s Ottoman empire ruled much of N. Africa West Africa – Usman dan Fodio, set up a

successful Islamic state and inspired other Muslim reform movements

East Africa – had long been influenced by Islam with profitable port cities

South Africa – the Zulus emerged under ruthless leader Shaka Sets off migrant wars and then the arrival of

Boers

European Contact Increases Explorers push into the interior using the

great African rivers (Niger, Nile, Congo) Missionaries follow

Build schools, churches and medical clinics But treat like children (paternalistic)

David Livingston – best known Met with less bias than other Europeans Opposed slave trade (open up to Christianity and

trade) Henry Stanley – journalist sent to find him

Turned to economic interests of the African interior

African Scramble

1871 King Leopold II (African king) hires Stanley to explore Private interests of conquest and profit

Causes Britain, France, Germany to join scramble Berlin Conference used to prevent conflict

Europeans met to agree on how to divide Africa In the 20 years that followed

Partition most of Africa, take resources, little regard for Africans

Leopold expelled after horrors reported Boer War

British acquired S. Africa, Boers resist after discovery of gold and diamonds

British win at great cost set up the Union of South Africa

Resistance

Menelik II united rival princes and modernizes the country Army fights off the Italians and remains

independent

Western-educated African elite Emerges and by early 1900’s leaders

are begin nationalist movements towards independence

Ch. 12 Sec. 3Europe in Muslim RegionsEurope in Muslim Regions

Muslim Empires

1500’s Ottomans (Middle East), Safavids (Persia) and

Mughals (India)

1700’s All in decline due to corruption and discontent Muslim reform movements arose

Stressed spiritual devotion and strict rules on how to act

Some opposed foreign expansion in Muslim areas In addition, faced threats from Western

Imperialists

Ottoman Problems

Ideas of nationalism spread from Western Europe, people from within the empire begin to rebel Pashas wanted more power Some look to Western ideas on reforming the

government and its rigid rules Sultans reject reform look towards autocracy

Young Turks (liberals) overthrew Sultan but WW I interrupts planned reforms

Nationalist tensions triggered a brutal genocide of Armenians (Christian) by the Turks (Muslim)

Accused of supporting Russian plans against Ottomans

Egypt

Early 1800’s semi-independent province in Ottoman empire Muhammad Ali “Father of Modern Egypt”

Introduced political and economic reforms Built a well-trained modern army and

conquered neighboring lands Dies in 1849 with Egypt on its way to

becoming a Middle Eastern power Successors lack same skills

Suez canal built with high interest loans, can’t pay off

Shares in canal bought by Britain leads to their control of Egypt as a protectorate

Persia Russia

Wanted territory to protect its southern frontier and expand into central Asia

Britain Wanted to protect its interests in India

Early 1900’s discovery of oil Heightened interests in Persia and both plotted

to control oil fields Persian government granted concessions and

foreign powers sent troops to protect Outraged nationalists split into two groups

Adopt western ways Muslim religious leaders condemn Persian govt. and

west