CERAMIC MEMBRANES FOR REUSE · 2017-2019 PILOT, AUSTRALIA IMPACT OF OZONE DOSE (200 LMH; 118 GFD) PRESENTATIE NAAM 22 april 2020 Figure 11 . 200 lmh critic al flux test with different

CERAMIC MEMBRANES FOR REUSE

22 April 2020

Holly Shorney-Darby, PhD, PE, Jumeng Zheng, PhD, and Roberto Floris, PhD

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• Clement, J., Tian, X.Y., Tan, T. W. (2009). Development and Application of an Alternative Innovative

Treatment Scheme for Water Reuse, OZ Water Conference, in Melbourne, March 16–18.

• Dow, N., Murphy, D., Clement, J., and Duke, M. (2013). OUTCOMES OF THE AUSTRALIAN

OZONE/CERAMIC MEMBRANE TRIAL ON SECONDARY EFFLUENT, Water magazine.

• Zheng, J., Shorney-Darby, H., and Galjaard, G. (2015). Ceramic Microfiltration For Treating Secondary

Wastewater Effluent: Influence Of Pretreatment On The Operational Performance, AWWA AMTA

Conference, Orlando, FL.

• Martijn,B., Hornstra, L., and Cornelissen E., (2019). A novel method using natural occurring viruses for log

removal determination in full scale ceramic microfiltration, IWA LET, Edinburgh, Scotland, June.

• Metawater

CERAMIC MEMBRANES FOR REUSE 22 April 2020

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

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AGENDA

▪ Introduction to CeraMac® and Metawater ceramic microfilter

▪ Pre-treatment to optimize the performance

▪ Examples of performance

o Flux

o Cleaning protocols

o Treated water quality

o Suitability for downstream RO

• Advantages and disadvantages of ceramic membranes for reuse


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PWNT

The Netherlands


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HISTORY OF CERAMAC® DEVELOPMENT


▪ Upgrade treatment at Andijk III (120 Mld; 36 mgd)

▪ Experiences with polymeric membranes at Heemskerk

▪ Ceramic micro filtration process (>0,1 µm)

Multiple elements in one pressure vessel

Advantages compared to other filtration processes

o long life expectancy > 20 years?

o capability to use strong cleaning chemicals

and oxidants like ozone

o no risk of fiber breakage

o lower life cycle costs

o lower climate footprint

Early concept – multiple membranes in one vessel

Test prototype in R&D facility

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METAWATER CERAMIC MICROFILTER MODULE

▪ Metawater ceramic microfiltration module; > 100 installations in Japan

▪ Membrane filtration area 25 m2 (269 ft2)

▪ Nominal pore size of 0.1 μm

▪ 2000 filtration channels

Feed water


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CERAMIC MEMBRANES

Robust filtration barrier as a membrane (log removal credits, CDPH)

4.0 log Cryptosporidium removal

4.0 log Giarida removal

1.0 log virus removal

Proven >15 year service life

>20 years for 0.4 m2 membrane system

15 years for 25 m2 membrane system

Courtesy of Metawater


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CONFIGURATIONS

Multiple membranes in vessel

C1, C19, C37, C90 by PWNT

Single membrane element per vesselby Metawater

Co

urt

esy

of

Met

aw

ate

r


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ANDIJK III WATER TREATMENT PLANT (10 X C90)


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Location Membrane Pre-treatment

Bedok, Singapore 269 sqft (25 m2) Pre-coag, pre-ozone

Asian client 4.3 sqft (0.4 m2) Pre-coag, pre-chlorination andpre-ozone

Australia - Melbourne 269 sqft (25 m2) Pre-coag, pre-ozone

2017 - 2019 Australia pilot 269 sqft (25 m2) Pre-coag, pre-ozone

Medemblik, NL 4.3 sqft (0.4 m2) Pre-coag, pre-ozone

▪ Secondary effluent reuse filtration Metawater installation Tokyo, Japan since 2010

(Pretreatment is biofilters, PACl coagulation, and ozone)

▪ Pilot-scale evaluations continue

BACKGROUND


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SMALL SCALE (0.4 M2 MEMBRANE)


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PWNT C1 PILOT (25 M2 MEMBRANE)


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▪ 12 month pilot

▪ TOC = 6 to 7 mg/L

▪ Turbidity = 5 to 6 NTU

▪ Temperature = 29 oC

▪ Initial testing showed PACl better than ferric coagulant

▪ Ozone dosed directly upstream of membrane - contact time unknown

Clement, Tian, and Tan (2009)

COAGULATION & OZONE PRE-TREATMENT (BEDOK, SINGAPORE)


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Coagulant Flux Ozone Fouling Rate

(mg/L) (gfd) (lmh) (mg/L) (psi/day) (kPa/day)

2 – PACl 119 200 0 >0.5 >3

2 - FeCl3 119 200 0 >2.9 >20


0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

TM

P(K

pa

/da

y)

Days

FeCl3

PACL

COAGULATION PRE-TREATMENT (BEDOK, SINGAPORE)


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COAGULATION & OZONE PRE-TREATMENT (BEDOK, SINGAPORE)


0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4

4.5

Ozone Dose (mg/L)

TM

P I

ncre

ase (

kp

a/d

ay)

0 2 4 6

PACl Flux Ozone Fouling Rate

(mg/L) (gfd) (lmh) (mg/L) (psi/day) (kPa/day)

2 119 200 0 0.6 4

2 119 200 2 - 6 0.07 - 0.1 0.5 - 0.7

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• Secondary effluent

• Target ozone residual > 0.8 mg/L

• Contact time not stated, few seconds

• DOC = 10 to 15 mg/L

• 90 day CIP target

• PACl coagulant (3 mg as Al3+/L)

Dow, Murphy, Clement, and Duke; Water, (2013)

Higher flux not possible due to equipment size limitations

108 gfd (182 lmh)

100 gfd (169 lmh)

87 gfd (147 lmh)

TMP(bar)(psi)

44

36

22

15

7

0

29


AUSTRALIAN PILOT – MELBOURNE

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Flux = 96 gfd (162 lmh)PACl = 3 mg/L as Al3+

Ozone = 0.5 mg/L

TMP

(bar)(psi)

36

22

15

7

0

29

OZONE & COAGULATION PRE-TREATMENT AT AUSTRALIAN PILOT

Dow, Murphy, Clement, and Duke; Water, (2013)


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▪ Pilot with small membrane – 4.3 sqft (0.4 m2)

▪ Approx 8 weeks testing

▪ TOC = 14 mg/L

▪ Turbidity = 3 NTU

▪ Ozone contactor = 1 minute

▪ Coagulation = 2 minutes

▪ Total ozone contact time = 3 minutes

ASIAN CLIENT


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Asian client (from Zheng, Shorney-Darby, and Galjaard, 2015)

Coagulant Flux Ozone Fouling Rate

(mg/L PACl as Al3+) (gfd) (lmh) (mg/L) (psi/day) (kPa/day)

Up to 7 59 100 0 0.07 0.5

Up to 7 119 200 0 1.3 9.3

IN-LINE COAGULATION PRE-TREATMENT


Flux (lmh)

TMP

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Parameter Units Value

Flux (max instantaneous)

lmh189

(111 gfd)

BW interval min 32

EBW frequency days 1 per day

Coagulant dose mg/L 6 mg/L Al3+

Coagulant mixing min 2.9

CIP target interval days >30

ASIAN CLIENT (PILOT RESULTS FOR PRE-COAGULATION)


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Asian client (from internal PWNT report)

▪ 59 gfd (100 lmh) for direct filtration

▪ 119 gfd (200 lmh) for In-line coagulation and pre-ozone alone

▪ 178 gfd (300 lmh) for combined pre-ozone and coagulation pretreatment

>10mg/L applied ozonedose

TMP (10 °C)

(kPa)(psi)

36

29

22

15

7

0

TMP UNDER DIFFERENT PRE-TREATMENT CONDITIONS


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Asian client (Zheng, Shorney-Darby, and Galjaard (2015))

chlorinated feed unchlorinated feed

SDI OF MEMBRANE FILTRATE


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chlorinated feed unchlorinated feed

SDI OF MEMBRANE FILTRATE


Withozone

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LC-OCD – EXAMPLE CHROMATOGRAM

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

0 20 40 60 80 100

OC

D s

ign

al (

a.u

.)

retention time (minute)

Humic substances

Biopolymers

Building blocks

Low MW acids

Low MW neutrals


Huber, S., Balz, A., Albert, M., and Pronk , W. (2011) Characterisation of aquatic humic and non-humic matter with size-exclusion chromatography- organic carbon detection - organic nitrogen detection (LC-OCD-OND), Water Research, 45( 2 011) 879 -885.

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NOM CHANGE & REMOVAL WITH PRE-OZONE & COAGULATION


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Asian client (PWNT, internal report, 2014)

TOC CONCENTRATION SACHTOCKLAR PACI (6 MG/L AL3+) FLUX OF 112 GFD (189 LMH) WITH CHLORINATED FEED WATER


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2017-2019 PILOT, AUSTRALIAOZONE INFLUENCE ON MEMBRANE PERFORMANCE


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2017-2019 PILOT, AUSTRALIAIMPACT OF OZONE DOSE (200 LMH; 118 GFD)

22 april 2020PRESENTATIE NAAM

Figure 11. 200 lmh critical flux test with different ozone concentration on the membrane surface

TMP

(psi)

36

29

22

15

7

0

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2017-2019 PILOT, AUSTRALIAIMPACT OF COAGULANT DOSE

22 april 2020PRESENTATIE NAAM

150 lmh (88 gfd), then 130 lmh (77 gfd) on 16-2-18 until 19-2-18, then 150 lmh

TMP

(psi)

36

29

22

15

7

0

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▪ Coagulation and ozone pre-treatment to ceramic membranes

▪ Measure ozone demand and decay

▪ Systematic water quality evaluation

o Organic characterization LC-OCD

o Metals

o General water quality

o Biological quality

▪ Bench-scale ion exchange pre-treatment

Andijk drinking water plants are located in the right circle and the wastewater plant is the left circle. arrow on the left indicates the

WWTP effluent on the IJssel Lake.

DUTCH WWTW SECONDARY EFFLUENT


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Parameter units SIX®-inlet SIX®-treated

Bromide ug/L 318 76

DOC mg/L 11.3 5.0

Biopolymers mg/L 1.1 0.7

Humic substances mg/L 5.9 1.7

Building Blocks mg/L 1.7 1.4

Neutrals mg/L 2.0 1.1

Acids mg/L ND ND

LanXess S5128 resin; 20 ml/l - contact time: 30 minutes

SIX ® TESTS – DUTCH WWTW SECONDARY EFFLUENT


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0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

DOC Biopolymers Humic Substances Building Blocks

Pe

rce

nta

ge

re

mo

val

Organic fraction removals by resin dose

15mL/L 25 mL/L 35 mL/L

LanXess S5128 resin; contact time: 30 minutes; bench-scale results


SIX ® TESTS – DUTCH WWTW SECONDARY EFFLUENT

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LOG REMOVAL OF NATURAL VIRUSES (DUTCH WWTW STUDY)

Martijn,B., Hornstra, L., and Cornelissen E., (2019). “A novel method using natural occurring viruses for log removal determination in full scale ceramic

microfiltration” IWA LET, Edinburgh, Scotland, June.

Treatment Log removal of natural viruses

Conventional sand filter 1.9 to 3.4

SIX® + microfiltration 4.2 to 4.7

SIX® + ILCA®+ microfiltration 4.6 to 6.1


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▪ Specialized mixing inserts

▪ No stirrers, G-value is created by inserts

▪ Concrete or steel versions depending on size

▪ Low capital costs (compared to conventional

coagulation)

▪ Small footprint (low contact times)

▪ No moving parts, low maintenance

ILCA® - IN-LINE COAGULATION AND ADSORPTION


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Site Achieved flux Pre-treatment Other highlights

Bedok, Singapore 118 gfd (200 lmh) PACl + ozone Ozone greatly reduced fouling rate

Australian Pilot108 gfd (182 lmh)[higher flux possible]

PACl + ozone

Ozone > 0.8 mg/L residual on

membrane (>>90 day CIP interval); PACl

dose at 3 mg/L Al3+

ACC 178 gfd (300 lmh) PACl + ozoneLow SDI, but high ozone dose needed

(e.g., ~ 10 mg/L)

ACC 112 gfd (189 lmh) PAClOptimized dose at approx. 2 to 6 mg/L as

Al3+

2019 Australian pilot 118 gfd (200 lmh) PACl + ozoneOzone 0.6 to 0.9 mg/L on membrane;

96% recovery

Medemblik, NL 118 gfd (200 lmh) Coagulant, ion exchange, ozone Broader water quality evaluation

PILOT PERFORMANCE


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▪ Ceramic membranes perform well for secondary effluent reuse filtration

▪ Coagulation necessary for fouling control, PACl often used

▪ Ozone on the membrane surface:

o Increase sustainable flux

o Reduce CIP frequency

o Lower operating TMP

o Provide disinfection and oxidation (but ozone demand is often high)

▪ Ceramac® may be more favorable option where footprint and water scarcity are factors

CONCLUSIONS


QUESTIONS?

Documents

CERAMIC MEMBRANES FOR REUSE · 2017-2019 PILOT, AUSTRALIA IMPACT OF OZONE DOSE (200 LMH; 118 GFD) PRESENTATIE NAAM 22 april 2020 Figure 11 . 200 lmh critic al flux test with different