CEP Final Report Nigeria_annexes_ok

Consortium AGRIFOR Consult 46

7. Annexes

A. Technical annexes 47

Technical annex 1 : Environmental maps 47Technical annex 2 : Reference list of environmental and policy documents, statements

and action plans, and other relevant technical information 64B. Administrative annexes 77

Administrative annex 1: Study methodology / work plan 77Administrative annex 2: Consultants’ itinerary 79Administrative annex 3: List of persons / organizations consulted 80Administrative annex 4: List of documentation consulted 84Administrative annex 5: Curricula vitae of the consultants 86Administrative annex 6: Terms of reference 88

MapsMap 1: Physical map of Nigeria and linguistic groups 47Map 2: Geopolitical zones 48Map 3: Climatogrammes 49Map 4: Ecological Zones 50Map 5: Forestry map 51Map 6: Vegetation index 52Map 7: Soil use 52Map 8: National parks 53Map 9: Commodjty activities areas 54Map 10: The coastal zones of the gulf of Guinea 55Map 11: Primary marine productivity in the gulf of Guinea (1997) 55Map 12: Priority sites for conservation in the gulf of Guinea 56Map 13: Freshwater priorities for conservation action in the guld of Guinea (WWF) 57Map 14: Currents affecting the gulf of Guinea 58Map 15: High risk impact zones from offshore oil spills 58Map 16: Ecological regions of the Níger delta 59Map 17: Ecological zones of the Níger delta 60Map 18: Soil fertility in the Níger delta 60Map 19: Oil exploration and appraisal fields in the Níger delta 61Map 20: Pipelines and flow stations in the Níger delta 61Map 21: Solid minerals resources in the Níger delta 61Map 22: West Africa gas pipeline 62Map 23: Population density in the Níger delta 63Map 24: Existing and recommended transportation in the Níger delta 63Map 25: SPDC’s flares out programme 64

DiagramsDiagram 1: Diameter class distribution in high forest 51Diagram 2: Recovery of associated gas 64

Pre-feasibility Study to Review Country Environmental Profile of Nigeria – Final Report – June 2008


A. Technical annexes

Technical annex 1 : Environmental maps

Map 1: Physical map of Nigeria and linguistic groups



Map 2: Geopolitical zones

Zone StatesNorth West Jigawa, Kaduna, Kano, Katsina, Kebbi, Sokoto, ZamfaraNorth East Adamawa, Bauchi, Borno, Gombe, Taraba, YobeNorth Central Benue, Kogi, Kwara, Nassarawa, Niger, PlateauSouth West Ekiti, Lagos, Ogun, Ondo, Osun, OyoSouth East Abia, Anambra, Ebonyi, Enugu, ImoSouth South Akwa-Ibom, Bayelsa, Cross-River, Delta, Edo, RiversFederal Capital Territory Abuja



Map 3: Climatogrammes



Map 4: Ecological Zones

Source: FAO

The vegetation of Nigeria is determined by climate, in particular by the rainfall and the severity of the dry season. Farming, fires and soil also profoundly affect it. The following main vegetation zones can be distinguished:1. The forest zone (mangrove forest and coastal vegetation, freshwater swamp forest and lowland rain forest), a belt 50 to 250 km wide along the coast corresponding to rainfall generally higher than 1 600 mm, exceeding 2 500 mm in the delta and along the eastern coast (3 600 mm, for instance, at Forcados in the delta); 2. The derived savanna zone with a 1 150 to 1 500 mm rainfall and a 3-months dry season, bordering the forest zone on the north; 3. The savanna zones, including:- The southern Guinea zone (1 150 to 1 500 mm, 4 to 5 months dry season);- The median and northern Guinea zones (1 000 to 1 250 mm, 5 to 6 months dry season);- The Sudan zone (500 to 1 500 mm, 5 to 7 months dry season), which can be subdivided in a northern, median and southern Sudan zones;- The Sahel zone (250 to 500 mm, 7 to 8 months dry season).The savanna zones extend in this order from south to north, with the Sahel zone covering only approximately 1% of the total area of the country along the north-eastern border with Niger. However with climatic change, this area could become much more important than presently Altitude is a dominant factor for vegetation only on higher elevations of the Bauchi plateau and in the mountainous area along the central section of the Cameroon border.



Map 5: Forestry map

Source: FAO 2005

Diagram 1: Diameter class distribution in high forest

Source: Forest Resources Study, 1998



Map 6: Vegetation index

Map 7: Soil use



Map 8: National parks



Map 9: Commodjty activities areas



Map 10: The coastal zones of the gulf of Guinea

Map 11: Primary marine productivity in the gulf of Guinea (1997)



Map 12: Priority sites for conservation in the gulf of Guinea



Map 13: Freshwater priorities for conservation action in the guld of Guinea (WWF)

The main coastal areas identified were:

• F1. Coastal mangroves, including the Niger Delta, the Rio del Rey, the Baie du Cameroun and the zone from Port Gentil to Kouliou.• F2. Coastal estuaries, including the Ogooué Delta and Rio Muni: important for their high productivity and support of migratory birds (mudflats) and marine turtles (beaches). The beaches south of Mayumba in Gabon and the island of Corsico are of high importance for turtles.• F3. Niger Delta and coastal swamp forest.• F4. Bay of Cameroon Freshwater Swamps.• F6. Lower Congo River mouth and swamps• F7. Atlantic Coastal Lagoons, including the lagoons of south Gabon and Congo, often surrounded by mangroves and swamp forest.• F8. Ogooué River: The Ogooué delta is one of the largest, most intact and least well-known mangrove and freshwater swamp systems in Africa, containing a unique assemblage of plants and animals.• F24. Lower Kouliou to Sunda.• F43. Mangroves / Lagoon near Porto Alegre (São Tomé).



Map 14: Currents affecting the gulf of Guinea

Map 15: High risk impact zones from offshore oil spills



Map 16: Ecological regions of the Níger delta

Source: SPDC



Map 17: Ecological zones of the Níger delta

Map 18: Soil fertility in the Níger delta



Map 19: Oil exploration and appraisal fields in the Níger delta

Map 20: Pipelines and flow stations in the Níger delta

Map 21: Solid minerals resources in the Níger delta



Map 22: West Africa gas pipeline



Map 23: Population density in the Níger delta

Map 24: Existing and recommended transportation in the Níger delta



Map 25: SPDC’s flares out programme

Source: SPDC.2004

Diagram 2: Recovery of associated gas



Technical annex 2 : Reference list of environmental and policy documents, statements and action plans, and other relevant technical information

Environmental and policy documents, statements and action plansWaterworks Act, 1915Wild Animals Preservation Act, 1916Forestry Act, 1937Minerals Act, 1956 Antiquities Act, 1958Explosives Act, 1964Explosive Regulation, 1967Oil in Navigable Waters Act, 1, 3, 5, 6, 1968 ss.Quarries Act, 1969The Petroleum Act n. 51, 1969The Petroleum Drilling and Production Regulations, 1969Sea fisheries act, 1971.Land Use Act, 1978Associated gas re-injection act, 1979.Endangered Species (Control of International Trade and Traffic) Act, 1985River Basins Development Authorities Act, 1987Factories Act, 1987 (revised in 1992)Harmful Wastes Act n. 42, 1988Energy commissin of Nigeria act, 1985.Federal Environmental Protection Agency, Act n. 58, 1988.Environmental impact assessment decree n. 88, 1988Nacional resources conservation council act, 1989.National Policy on the environment, 1989National Environmental Protection (Effluent limitation) Regulations, S 1.8, 1991National Environmental Protection (Pollution Abatement in industries and Facilities Generating Wastes) Regulations, S 1.9, 1991National Environmental Protection (Management of Solid and Hazardous Waste) Regulations S. 1.15, 1991Nigerian Ambient Noise Limitations 1991Environmental Impact Assessment Act (Act n. 86), 1992Sea Fisheries Act, 1992.Factory Act, 1992Urban and Regional Planning Law, Decree 88, 1992Land (title vesting) decree, 1993Envirnmental Impact Assessment Procedural Guidelines, 1995National Inland Waterways Act, 1995The Oil Pipeline Act and Oil and Gas Pipeline Regulation, 1995Department of Petroleum Resources (DPR) Mineral Oils Safety Regulations, 1997National Inland Waterways Authority (NIWA) Act 13, 1997Revised National Health Policy, 2004National Erosion and Flood Control Policy 2004.National Guidelines on Erosion and Flood Control 2004National Erosion and Flood Control Action Plan 2005National / State / Local economic empowerment and development strategy 2005National Health Act, 2005NOSDRA Act, 2005NESREA Act, 2006National water resources Act, 2008.

Ministry of environment guidelines:- National Guidelines and Standards for Environmental Pollution Control in Nigeria, 1990- Air Quality Standards, 1991.



- National guidelines and standards for environmental pollution control in Nigeria. 1991.- National effluent limitation regulation. Si.I. 8. 1991- Pollution abatement in industries and facilities generationa wastes regulations, S.I. 9. 1991- Waste management regulations S.I. 15. 1991.- National gudelines and standards for water quality in Nigeria. 1991.- National guidelines on waste disposal through underground injection. 1999.- National quidelines for environmeantal audit in Nigeria. 1999.- National guidelines on environmental management systems in Nigeria. 1999.- National guidelines for spilled oil fingerprinting. 1999.- National guidelines on registration of environmental friendly products and eco-labeling. 1999.- Procedural and sectoral guidelines for EIA (1999):- EIA sectoral guidelines: agriculture and rural development- EIA sectoral guidelines: Mining of solid minerals, beneficiation and metallurgic processes- EIA sectoral guidelines: Oil and gas industry projects- Environmental Guidelines and Standards for the Petroleum Industry in Nigeria, 2002Policy Guidelines on Solid Waste ManagementPolicy Guidelines on Excreta and Sewage Management.Policy Guidelines on pest and Vector ControlNational resources conservation action plan.National fuel wood substitution programme.National agenda 21. 1999.National policy on the environment, 1998 (revised 1999)National biodiversity strategy and action plan. National action programme to combat desertificartion. 2000.Nigeria first national biodiversity report. 2001National environmental sanitation policy and action plan. 2005.Combating desertification and mitigating the effects of drought in Nigeria. 2005Reports of the 5tha dn 6th meeting of the National council on environment, 2006.Niger Delta Natural Resource Damage Assessment and Restoration Project . 2006National biodiversity strategy and action plan, 2007.Mainstraiming environment into development in Nigeria: a training manual, 2008.

Energy commission of Nigeria. Renewable energy master plan, 2005Ministry of agriculture. Agricultural policy of Nigeria, 1988.Ministry of water resources. Water resources management and policy, 2001.Ministry of water resources. National water policy, 2004.Ministry of water resources. National water supply and sanitationo policy, 2000.Ministry of energy. National gas master plan (draft), 2008Government of Nigeria. Water Supply & Sanitation Interim Strategy Note. 2000Government of Nigeria. Nigeria country profile. Implementation of Agenda 2. 1997Government of Nigeria. Environment and energy for poverty reduction programme. 2004

Proponed legislation:National Water Resources ActNational Environmental Management Authority ActNational Forestry Programme including a Draft National Policy and National Forestry Act



Major inland water resources

Brackish and freshwater floodplains included

Water body Surface area (ha)Major riversAnambra River 1,401,000Benue River 129,000Cross River 3,900,000Imo River 910,000Kwa Iboe River 500,200Niger River (less Kainji & Jebba lakes) 169,800Ogun River 2,237,000Oshun River 1,565,400 Subtotal 10,812,400Major lakes and reservoirs:Lake Chad 550,000Kainji Lake (man-made) 127,000Jebba Lake (man-made) 35,000Shiroro Lake (man-made) 31,200Goronyo Lake (man-made) 20,0008 others (man-made) 90,400 Subtotal 853,000Floodplains 3,221,500 Total, major freshwater resources 14,886,900Other fresh water bodiesDelta and estuaries, brackish 858,000Other (minor reservoirs, fishponds) 104,400Miscellaneous wetlands suitable for rice 4,108,100 Total, all inland water bodies 19,958,000

Adapted from: Ita et al, 1985 and Ita, 1993

Soils productivity

Productivity grade Soil classes % of land area High None found in Nigeria --- Good Fluvisols, gleysols, regosols 5.52 Medium Lixisols, cambisols, luvisols, nitosols 46.45 Low Acrisols, ferralsols, alfisols, vertisols 31.72 Poor Arenosols 16.32

Adapted from: Agboola, S.A. 1979. An Agricultural Atlas of Nigeria. Oxford University Press, Oxford



Land area under different vegetation types and designated as forest reserves

S/N Vegetation type Total land (km2)Area of forest reserves

(km2)1. Sahel savanna 31,463 2,5722. Sudan savanna 342,158 31,2473. Guinea savanna 400,168 38,2714. Derived savanna 75,707 3,2085. Rain forest 95,653 19,9866. Fresh water swamp forest 25,653 2567. Mangrove swamp and coastal vegetation 12,782 522

Total 983,584 96,062Source: Ministry of Environment

Natural forest cover in Southern Nigeria

Forest type Estimated Area (ha) % in Forest ReservesLowland forest 1,700,147 20.7Freshwater swamp forest 1,611,360 4.9Savanna woodland 392,321 2.3Riparian woodland 84,355 0.1Mangrove forest 5,314 --Montane forest 3,847 --Total 3,797,344 28.0

Adapted from: Beak Consultants et .al., 1999

Estimates of natural forest types in the high forest zone in Southern Nigeria (17 states)

Natural Forest TypeWithin Forest Reserves (ha)

Outside Forest Reserves ( in Free Areas) (ha)

Total Forested Area in the State (ha)

Lowland rainforest 788,053 912,094 1,700,147

Freshwater swamp 186,621 1,424,739 1,611,360Trees/woodlands/shrubs(savanna woodland)

85,789 306,532 392,321

Trees/woodlands/shrubs (riparian forests)

4,018 80,337 84,355

Mangrove with trees 0 5,314 5,314Montane 0 3,847 3847

Total 1,064,481 2,732,863 3,797,344Source: Beak Consultants et al, 1999.



Game reservesN Name of Reserve Location Vegetation type1. Ebbazikampe Kwara State Guinea Savannah2. Okpara Oyo State Rain Forest3. Upper Ogun Oyo State Dry Forest/G. Savannah4. Ohosu Edo State Lowland Rainforest5. Ologbo Edo State Lowland Rainforest6. Iri-Ada-Obi Edo State Lowland Rainforest7. Ologbolo-Emu-Urho Edo State Lowland Rainforest8. Orle River Edo State Lowland Rainforest9. Gilli-Gilli Edo State Lowland Rainforest10. Anambra Anambra State Rainforest/Derived S.11. Uddi/Nsukka Anambra State Lowland Rainforest12. Akpaka Anambra State Lowland Rainforest13. Obudu Cross River State Lowland Rainforest14. Stubbs creek Akwa-Ibom State Mangrove/Swamp Forest15. Ibi Taraba State Guinea Savannah16. Wase Sanctuary Plateau State Sudan Savannah17. Wase Rock Bird Sanctuary Plateau State Sudan Savannah18. Pandam Wildlife Park Plateau State Sudan Savannah19. Pai River Plateau State Sudan Savannah20. Ankwe River Nasarawa State Sudan Savannah21. Damper Sanctuary Nasarawa State Sudan Savannah22. Nasarawa Nasarawa State Sudan Savannah23. Lama/Bura Bauchi State Sudan Savannah24. Kogin Kano Kano State Sudan Savannah25. Lake Chad Borno State Sahel Savannah26. Dagida Niger State Sudan Savannah27. Alawa Niger State Sudan Savannah28. Kwiambana Zamfara State Sudan Savannah

National parksS/No. Name of Park Area (Ha) Location Vegetation TypeA. Kamuku National Park 121,130 Kaduna State Guinea SavannahB1

B2.

Kainji National Park(Borgu Sector)Kainji National Park(Zugurma Sector)

532,000 Niger State Guinea Savannah

C. Old Oyo National Park 253,000 Oyo State Dry Forest/G. SavannahD. Okomu National Park 200 Edo State Lowland RainforestE1.

E2.

Cross-River National Park(Oban Division)Cross-River National Park(Okwango Division)

400,000 Cross-River State Lowland Rainforest

F. Gashaka Gumti National Park 6, 402,480 Taraba State Guinea S/MontaneG. Yankari National Park 225,000 Bauchi State Guinea SavannahH.

H1.

H2.

Chad Basin National Park(Hadejia-Nguru Wetlands/oasis Sector)Chad Basin National Park(Sambisa Sector)Chad Basin National Park(Chingurme-Duguma Sector)

230,000 Borno State Sahel Savannah

Plant species

Groups of plants Familias Genera SpeciesAlgae 67 281 1335Lichens - 14 17



Fungi (Mushrooms) 26 60` 134Mosses - 13 16Liverworts - 16 6Pteridophytes 27 64 165Gymnosperms 2 3 5Chlamydosperms 2 2 6Monocotyledons 42 376 1575Dicotyledons 172 1396 4636Total 338 2215 7895Source: first national biodiversity report, 2001



Ranking of major environmental problems in the Niger delta

Problem type Problem or sourceCurrent

environmental significance

Current health significance

Potential intervention

benefits

Intervention costs Overall priority

Land resource degradation

Erosioncoastal High Low High High Moderateriverbank High Low High High Moderate

Flooding Low High High High Moderate-HighSea level rise Low Low Moderate High LowAgricultural land High Moderate High Moderate High

Renewable resource

degradation

Fisheriesstock depletion Low Moderate High Low Highhabitat degradation Moderate Moderate Moderate Moderate Moderate

Forestrydeforestation High Moderate High Low Highmangrove Low Low Low Low Lowfreshwater forest High Low High Low Highbarrier island High Low High Low High

Biodiversity loss High Moderate High Low HighExotic species invasion

Nypa palm Low Low Low Moderate LowWater hyacinth Moderate Moderate High Moderate High

Environmen-tal

pollution

Water contamination Low Low Moderate Low ModerateOil

industrial Low Moderate Moderate Moderate Moderatetoxic & hazardous Moderate Moderate Moderate Low Highsewage Moderate High High Moderate High

Air pollutiongas flaring Low Low Low High Lowindustrial Low Moderate Moderate Low Moderatevehicular Low High Moderate Moderate High

Solid wastesindustrial Low Moderate Moderate Moderate Moderatemunicipal Moderate High High Moderate High

Notes on the ranking significance used in prioritizing environmental problems in the Niger DeltaFor the environmental significance, long-term, large-scale and severely disruptive environmental problems are ranked higher than short-term, local, and moderately disruptive anthropogenic activities. Health significance is similarly ranked, with stressors that impact large populations or cause substantial direct health impacts ranked higher than those with smaller scale or indirect health effects. The effect on economic productivity is included in the evaluation for both health and environment.Potential future environmental benefits are an estimate of the present value of all future benefits of mitigating the problem. Consequently, interventions with short-term benefits (e.g., within five years) are ranked higher than interventions which require longer periods for benefits to manifest themselves (e.g., more than five years). The benefits are compared with the present value of intervention costs to derive an estimate of the net present value of addressing the issue.In establishing the overall priorities, equal weight is given to each of the criteria. Depending on the magnitude of the issue it is given a rating of High (3), Moderate (2), or Low (1) FOR EACH CRITERION. The overall priority assessment follows this ranking as well. To determine the overall priority, the sum of rankings of the environmental and health parameters is added to the net intervention benefits (benefits-costs). From this calculation, the overall priority (OP) is rated as High (OP 5), Moderate (2<OP<5) or Low (OP 2). A Low ranking does not mean that the problem is unimportant, only that it is a less significant problem than the higher ranked issues. The ranking provides a critical initial step for formulating policies and programs to address the most important environmental problems. Given the weak information base, the framework and the priorities should be refined as additional information and values are incorporated.A further note: Water contamination from oil activities includes only oil pollution and other aquatic impacts. Other significant concerns associated with oil activities, including deforestation, forest degradation, loss of biodiversity, gas flaring emission, and solid wastes are incorporated into other categories.Adapted from: Moffat, D. and O. Linden. 1995. Perception and reality: assessing priorities for sustainable development in the Niger River Delta. Ambio 24(7-8):527-538.

NEEDS targets and level of achievement



Variable 2003 2004 2005 2006 Target Actual Target Actual Target Actual Target Actual

MacroeconomicGrowth in real GDP% 10.20 10.20 5.00 6.10 6.0 6.51 6.00 5.67 Growth in oil sector % 23.0 23.9 0.0 3.3 0.0 0.5 0.0 -4.5 Growth in Non-oil sector 3.3 4.5 7.3 7.5 8.5 8.2 8.3 8.9 Reduction in Poverty incidence % 5.0 - 5.0 - - - 5.0 -Growth in Real Private Consumption %

- - 4.08 3.08 - - - -

Growth in Real Private Consumption per capita %

- - 2.0 0.69 - - - -

Inflation rate % 11.0 14.0 10.0 15.0 9.5 11.6 9.5 8.5 PectoralGrowth in Agriculture sector % 7.0 6.5 6.0 4.11 6.0 7.0 6.0 7.17 Growth in Manufacturing sector % - 5.7 7.0 6.17 7.0 7.0 9.5 Manufac. Sector Capacity Utilization

53.0 45.6 >53.0 45.0 - - - -

FiscalMaximum Public Deficit % of GDP

- -2.8 -30.0 -1.7 3.0 >3.0 3.0 >3.0

Total Expenditure % of GDP 25.1 17.0 23.5 16.7 Recurrent Expenditure % of total budget

70.0 80.3 65.0 77.2 60.0 - 60.0 -

Capital Expenditure % of total budget

30.0 19.7 35.0 22.8 40.0 - 40.0 -

External Reserves $ millions 7.18 7.46 7.68 17.26 8.69 28.61 9.68 43.0 Imports Growth % - 3.5 15.0 8.68 18.0 - 25.0 -Exports Growth % - 55.3 10.0 7.51 20.0 - 25.0 -Earnings from Non-oil exports <5.0 3.2 >5.0 3.6 >5.0 - >5.0 -Sources: *Targets from NEEDS and **Actual from CBN Annual Report and Statement of Accounts, 2006.

Irrigation systems, 1993

Category Distribution Status HaForamal irrigation (puglic projects) Full Equipped 119,350

Partial contorl Acutally irrigated 71,700Informal rrigation (famrer owned and operated)

Full or partial Lift of shallow tubewell 161,700Equipped wetland

Flood control (improved fadama)

18,500

Residual fadama (flash flood plains strips) Flood plains 724,000Total 1,095,250Source: JICA, Adeniji, FACU and other works



Production, consumption, and trade of forest products

Removals of wood products Value of wood removal

FRA 2005 categoriesVolume (‘000 CUM over bark) Value (‘000 US$)

Forest1990 2000 2005 1990 2000 2005

Industrial roundwood 4,660 10,830 13,916 302,891 1,119,156 1,527,288Woodfuel 59,096 68,172 72,711 262,618 404,492 475,429Total 63,756 79,002 86,627 565,508 1,523,648 2,002,718Source: FAO

Balance of forest products, 2002

Import Export Production Consumption

Units Quantity ‘000 $US Quantity ‘000 $US Quantity QuantitySawnwood Cum 400 181 60600 33383 2000000 1939800 Sawnwood (C) Cum 400 181 0 0 0 400 Sawnwood (NC) Cum 0 0 60600 33383 2000000 1939400Wood-Based Panels Cum 11925 3342 260 365 95000 106665 Veneer Sheets Cum 31 13 166 337 0 -135 Plywood Cum 885 700 91 27 55000 55794 Particle Board Cum 1173 300 0 0 40000 41173 Fibreboard Cum 9836 2329 3 1 0 9833Wood Pulp Mt 3284 1753 0 0 23000 26284 Mechanical Wood Pulp Mt 64 23 0 0 0 64 Semi-Chemical Wood Pulp Mt 0 0 0 0 9000 9000 Chemical Wood Pulp Mt 3066 1562 0 0 14000 17066 Dissolving Wood Pulp Mt 154 168 0 0 0 154Paper and Paperboard Mt 143800 100160 0 0 19000 162800Wood Fuel Cum 0 0 266 27 89096000 89095736Wood Residues Cum 0 0 0 0 0 0Other Fibre Pulp Mt 3362 2306 0 0 0 3362Recovered Paper Mt 414 141 650 73 8000 7764

Source: FAO



Production, import-export projections for forest products 2010 and 2020

Item Unit Actual Projection1992 2006 2006 2011 2016 2020

Fuelwood production ‘000CUM 76799 61258 61258 60595 59838 59162Industrial roundwood production ‘000CUM 8263 9418 9418 9913 10286 10563Sawnwood production ‘000CUM 2715 2000 2000 2152 2283 2387Veneer and plywood production ‘000CUM 72 55 55 63 71 78Particleboard production ‘000CUM 40 40 40 46 51 56Fiberboard production ‘000CUM 0 0 0 0 0 0Mechanical pulp production ‘000 MT 0 0 0 0 0 0Chemical pulp production ‘000 MT 7 300 300 303 299 293Other fiber pulp production ‘000 MT 0 23 23 24 24 25Waste paper production ‘000 MT 11 221 221 244 264 279Table 11 Newsprint production ‘000 MT 13 545 545 571 592 607Printing and writing paper production ‘000 MT 0 0 0 0 0 0Other paper and paperboard production ‘000 MT 8 18 18 20 16 10Fuelwood import ‘000 CUM 0 0 0 0 0 0Industrial roundwood import ‘000CUM 0 1 1 1 1 1Sawnwood import ‘000CUM 1 1 1 1 1 1Veneer and plywood import ‘000CUM 3 0 0 0 0 0Particleboard import ‘000CUM 0 2 2 2 3 4Fiberboard import ‘000CUM 16 53 53 67 83 99Mechanical pulp import ‘000 MT 0 16 16 17 18 18Chemical pulp import ‘000 MT 2 1 1 1 1 1Other fiber pulp import ‘000 MT 0 0 0 0 0 0Waste paper import ‘000 MT 1 1 1 1 1 1Newsprint import ‘000 MT 5 22 22 23 26 29Printing and writing paper import ‘000 MT 65 121 121 154 191 226Other paper and paperboard import ‘000 MT 51 108 108 133 165 197Fuelwood export ‘000 CUM 0 1 1 1 1 1Industrial roundwood export ‘000CUM 5 27 27 22 17 14Sawnwood export ‘000CUM 41 28 28 22 17 14Veneer and plywood export by region ‘000CUM 0 0 0 0 0 0Particleboard export by region ‘000CUM 0 0 0 0 0 0Fiberboard export by region ‘000CUM 0 0 0 0 0 0Mechanical pulp export by region ‘000 MT 0 0 0 0 0 0Chemical pulp export by region ‘000 MT 0 0 0 0 0 0Other fiber pulp export by region ‘000 MT 0 0 0 0 0 0Waste paper export by region ‘000 MT 0 0 0 0 0 0Newsprint export by region ‘000 MT 0 0 0 0 0 0Printing and writing paper export by region ‘000 MT 0 0 0 0 0 0Other paper and paperboard export by region

‘000 MT29 2 2 2 1 1

Area by region ‘000 Hectares 16620 10679 10679 8987 7563 6588Stock by region million CUM 1022 1341 1341 1192 1040 919

Source: Buongiorno et al. ITTO, 2007



Specific environmental issues and recommendations

Themes Environmental threats Coping measuresPolicy Parallel policies lacking clear mechanisms for

environmental protectionOverlapping of tasks and lack of common vision of institutions in charge of environmental governanceWeak capacities for monitoring and enforcement

Baseline State of environment elaborated with the participation of institutions & private sectorFMoE building environmental skills of other institutionsInstitutional environmental reporting / databaseEnvironmental standards updatedGathering and publishing the environmental code of laws and regulationsStrategic environmental assessment (SEA) adoption in policies framingReshaping of the registration of inspectors (minimum skills standards updated)Establishment of managerial skills across environmental institutions

Mineral resources and geologyEnergy

Oil industry contribution to climate change is doomed to go on, due to limited flexibility (social constraints) in gas flaring reduction technologies adoptionCoordination: spot approach to mitigation measures adoptionDominant use of fuel wood energy leading to deforestation/ desertificationRenewable energy sources – hydro and solar – unexploited

Reduction of conflictuality in the Niger delta / grassroots leaders coachingPreference for off-shore oil and gas drillingRegional/local gas distribution network / electricity generation facilities in the Niger deltaMaster plan for dry construction materials production and use designed with the participation of the private sectorAfforestation linked to fuel wood exploitationSEA of urban planning considers GHG reductionTapping renewable sources of energy included in urban planning

Land Soil erosion / desertification due to deforestationNo guidelines for the reduction of agricultural / animal raising impact on soil fertility conservationLand management hampered by complexity of the land ownership systemTraditional conflicts between farmers / herders / forest harvesters limit land policies and planningNatural hazards (e,g. floods) unchecked by land planning skillsTraditional exploitation of natural resources hampered by pollution from oil/chemical spills in the Niger Delta

SEA of policy and programmes in the agricultural sectorRegional land use planningBasin / watershed management approachEIA as requisite for industrial / agricultural projects fundingEconomic diversification by valorization of local biodiversityFarming diversification through intercropping, food technology, marketing

Water & Sanitation

Water management framework lacking managerial resourcesChlorine water potabilization technology in urban areasEutrophication of surface water /prolific growth of invasive aquatic speciesProliferation of disease vector habitats from poor sanitation and pollution

Recycling linked to compost and other materials utilization initiativesValorization of traditional knowledge / community association in urban planningEIA of chlorine/UV/ozone water treatment according to useBasin approach to rural water and sanitationAwareness raising campaigns associated to health and hygiene issues / school environmental education

Solid waste

Indiscriminate disposal of waste / no separation of toxic wasteOpportunities lost in waste recycling, improving viability of public services and private investmentsLack of managerial resources to cope with municipal garbage

Recycling linked to compost and other materials utilizationValorization of traditional knowledge / community association in urban planningWaste taxation system based on recycling efficiency parametersIncentives for public / private partnerships in waste management

Air and climate issues

Natural resources vulnerable to climate change, due to demographic pressure on natural resources - desertification / deforestationGreen house gas emission (fossil fuel combustion) by gas flaring, vehicles and power generators

Private sector participation in environmental planningReduction of gas flaring through associated gas separation and useImplementation of air monitoring systems in urban areasVehicles registration & taxation linked to pollution parametersCoordination of climate change initiatives country-widePromotion of LPG powered vehicles

Forest, vegetation, eco-

Encroachment on ecosystems (oil and gas, solid mineral mining, plantations / traditional agriculture)

Forestry exploitation guidelines, linked to soil conservationCommunity and commercial forestry linked to protected forest areasAfforestation master plan: coordination of forestry and agroforestry



systems Blunt perception of the interaction of conservation measures at different levels – Low coordination efficiency

initiatives in the frame of a 200 million saplings per year programme, through a microbasins approachStrengthen networking between environmental research institutionsGIS / Land cover atlas through international / academic partnerships

Biodiver-sity and wildlife

Limited valorization of natural resources forbids the build up of conservation interestsPublic bodies lack economic resources, while private companies are committed to image improvement only

Promotion of small businesses in rural areas, linked to natural resources valorization (processing technology, microfinance, marketing)Market driven ecotourism strategy / Emphasis on internal tourismWildlife game strategy involving communitiesEconomic development plans of protected areas involving public / private partnerships – ecotourism

Landsca-pe and culture

Limited interest to valorize traditional knowledge and preserve cultural heritageShort term approach to environmental research

Public / private partnerships (high image value of cultural symbols)Involvement of cultural values in land / urban planningScreening of traditional knowledge for economic valorization / ecosystems conservation

Living conditions in human settle-ments

Disruption of environmentally balanced livelihoods, in the Niger delta, is facilitated by the local communities fragmentationBoom economy with poor feed-back resources saving mechanisms

Public / private partnerships (high image value of cultural symbols)Tax incentives for clean technologies adoptionInfrastructures construction mitigation linked to basin management plansSEA applied to urban planningInclusion of managerial and maintenance skills in urban planningAwareness raising

Health Poorly planned human settlements - clogged drainages, floods and open garbage dumps, exposing populations to health hazards like cholera, malariaLimited valorization of community skills, to interface with public services in order to complete the primary health care delivery

NGOs / community leaders participation in primary health care strengthenedRegional (West Africa) Sanitary and phyto-sanitary food monitoringBiosafety on work



B. Administrative annexes

Administrative annex 1: Study methodology / work plan

Methodology

The objective of the pre-feasibility study is formulate an environmental assessment of Nigeria for the Country Strategy Paper (2008-2013) and identify areas of possible interventions for EC support under the 10th EDF, of with specific emphasis on the Niger delta.In order to perform the pre-feasibility study, the Team is:- review and assess existing environmental documentation, including legislation and studies,- consultation with representatives of the relevant bodies of the Government of Nigeria, donors, implementing agencies, and environmental stakeholders in Abuja,- plan and implement field visits in the Niger Delta and other 2 regions, in order to first hand visit and consult State representatives and other environmental stakeholders.An environmental assessment, including the Nigeria environmental profile is elaborated, along the guidelines established in the pre-feasibility study ToRs, with the aim of providing inputs on environmental issues for the planning of the 10th EDF programme and of the coordination of cooperation initiatives with other donors.Assessment of basic issues is organized around the analysis of:- the status of environment,- environmental policies, legislation, concerned institutions and stakeholders,- environment in past and ongoing programs of Ec and other donors,- environment integration in development strategy, current and forecast programs.And completed with conclusions and recommendations.The Final draft report and Final report are elaborated along the format specified in Section 10 of the Terms of reference.The Final draft report is presented to major stakeholders in a validation workshop, to be held before the end of the mission.



Work plan

Activity Description Days Place

Trip TL trip to Nigeria 24/1Bergamo – Frankfurt - Abuja

Briefing Briefing at the ECD 25/1 Abuja

Desk analysisCollection, analysis of documentationPlanning of field visits

26/1-1/2 Abuja

Collection of information

Discussions with stakeholdersField visits

2-16/2

Abuja + field trips to Calabar (Cross river) and 2 other sites (tentative)

Desk studyDraft final report preparationBriefing at the ECD

17-19/2 Abuja

Trip TL trip from Nigeria 20/2Abuja – Frankfurt – Bergamo

TripTL trip to NigeriaDraft final report preparation

30/3Bergamo – Frankfurt – Abuja

Desk studyEnvironmental project proposals elaborationDebriefing at the ECDSubmission of the Draft final report

31/3-5/4 Abuja

Workshop Validation workshop 6/4 Abuja

Trip TL trip from Nigeria 7/4Abuja – Frankfurt – Bergamo

Final report Comments on the Draft final report 3 weeks

EuropeFinal report

Incorporation of comments and completion of the Final reportSubmission of the Final report

1 week



Administrative annex 2: Consultants’ itinerary

Activity Description Days PlaceTrip Trip from hometown 24/1 Bergamo –Abuja

BriefingBriefing at the ECDMinistry of environment

25/1 Abuja

Desk analysis

National population commissionCollection, analysis of documentation

26/1

Abuja

Collection, analysis of documentation 27/1Undp, Energy unit – FAO 28/1WS&SSRP project management unitSTWS&SP project management unit

29/1

Ministry of Environment, Nesrea, RDDC liaison officeEC Delegation

30/1

NesreaPaws, Oxfam, Environmental rights action, Nigeria Environmental society, NGOsAbuja environmental protection agency

31/1

Ministry of environmentUsaid, CIDA

1/2

Inception report elaboration 2/2Inception report elaboration 3/2Ministry of environment, EIA departmentEC Delegation

4/2

Field visit

Trip to Calabar, Cross river stateConcern universal, Abremgo, NGOCE NGOs

5/2

Calabar

NGOCE, Abremgo NGOsRWS&SA project unitState commissioner of environmentMin. of agricultureCercopan NGOOceanographc institute of University of CalabarServicom

6/2

Aqua farmMinistry of agricultureForestry commissionDrill rehabilitation and breed center

7/2

Flight to AbujaMinistry of environment, Planning, strategy and research departmentNesrea

8/2

Desk analysis

Environmental profile elaboration 9-10/2Undp energy, UnicefEni, total liaison offices

11/2

Abuja

Stakeholders workshop on the review of the EIA act on sectoral guidelinesMinistry of environmentSRIP project management unitMovement for the survival of Ogoni people, Nigerian environmental society NGOsCIDa, LNG Bonny, NPOC Ltd, Ministry of energy, Planning, research & statistics department

12/2

Ministry of energy 13/2Environmental profile elaboration 13-18/2

Debriefing EC Delegation 19/2Trip Trip to hometown 20/2 Abuja –BergamoTrip Trip from hometown 13/5 Bergamo –Abuja

BriefingBriefing at the EC DelegationSubmission of the Draft final report

14/5 Abuja

Desk analysis

Environmental project proposals elaboration 15-18/5 Abuja

DebriefingEnvironmental project proposals elaborationMinisty of environment / NESREA

19/5 Abuja

Workshop Workshop on the Country environmental profile 20/5 AbujaTrip Trip to hometown 21/5 Abuja-Bergamo



Administrative annex 3: List of persons / organizations consulted

Abubakar Nura IFAD Projects Coordinator, PCU 080 3807 9595080 5560 3179

[email protected]

Adhiambo Odaga Ms Ford foundation, Lagos, environment 014610 141 2080 3402 3868

[email protected]

Agbamsi Uche Nigerian environmental society presidentAbuja environmental protection agency, monitoring deparment

080 3311 6884 [email protected]

Agbor Chris Odu Cross river state forestry commission, Calabar, Perm. Sect./CEO


Agema A. Juliana Women environmental programme, Abuja

080 2309 5204 [email protected]@yahoo.com

Ahmad Tameez Unicef Nigeria, WS&H specialist 080 3659 0421 [email protected] Goni LNG Bonnie, AbujaAkinrinadé Solá Ibadan 080 53 023 733

03 5203 [email protected][email protected]

Akor George Women environmental programme, Abuja, sr. programme officer


Akpojiyovbi Mojisola (Ms)

Servicom, Cross river state, Calabar, project consultant

080 3509 9411

Allaoui Said WS&SSRP Lot 1 Team leader, Metro plaza, main building, Zakariya maimalari st., CBD

080 5118 377609 234 2323

[email protected]@wsssrp.org

Amadi Ako CIDA, 12 Albara st., Wuse II, Abuja, Environment/Rural Development Advisor

09 413 0283080 3307 2551080 3650 0667

[email protected]

Amate Mohammed K.

Ministry of energy, Planning, research & statistics, Block D, NNPC towers, Abuja, Director


Anukam Lawrence Chidi

Nesrea, director of planning and policy analysis


Ashcroft Keith Environmental agency Wales, Gwynedd, UK, area manager

+44 1248 484 04407799 342 828

[email protected]

Barbaresi Enrica Eni, Rome +39 348 2579 880

[email protected]

Benebo Ngeri S. Mrs Nesrea director general / CEO, 4, Oro-Ago crescent, Garki I, Abuja

080 5964 880909 3146 250 2

[email protected]@yahoo.co.uk

Brigaglia Andrea Kano +234 070 3290 7116

[email protected]

Carroll Richard Cercopan, Calabar, Norwich UK [email protected]@cercopan.org

Cashmoney Anyamalem Naoc Ltd (Agip), Hse dept., Port Harcourt x 2546

080 3674 3889080 8713 3842

Castinel Alain Total, Division for the Sustainable Development, Chief Editor

[email protected]

Chieshe DEsmond Women environmental programme, Abuja, programme officer


Chukwueke Tony Department of petroleum resources, Victoria island, Lagos, Managing director

Chukwurah Michael A. RWS&SA, water board premises, Calabar, W&S engineer

080 2334 2863 [email protected]@wssr.-org

Cookey Peter Earthwatch, Port Harcourt, captain 080 2324 5314080 5513 5316

[email protected]@earthwatchnigeria.org

Coulson Claire Cercopan, 4, Ishie lane, Calabar, deputy 080 2827 5428 [email protected]


mailto:[email protected]











https://postemail.poste.it/cgi-bin/webmail.exe?Act_V_Compo=1&[email protected]&ID=Ixbt_Ex2aIjQ8BXj4HgpcpT9hOYAkZ51iBx8UxtkjoCFWgNa8gLMm8R&R_Folder=aW5ib3g=&msgID=27245&Body=0












director www.cercopan.orgwww.wildlifedirect.org

DfID DFID Nigeria, British High Commission, Plot 607 Bobo Street, off Gana Street, Maitama, Abuja

09 413 7710 19 [email protected] [email protected]

Edem Edem Abgremo for development, 43 Mayne av, Caabar, programme coordinator


Edodi Ukam U. NDDC, Agriculture and Fisheries Department, Port Harcourt, Director

084 237 652080 3349 8244

Efa Richard National parks service, Akamkpa, Cross river state, director

080 5707 3677

Ekanem Nyananso Gabriel

Paw - Wateraid Nigeria office, plot 759, Bassan plaza, by nat’l library, CBA Abuja

080 2381 5028 [email protected]; www.partnersforwater.org

Ene Ha Anne Ministry of environment, SPRS dir. Gen.

080 3312 968109 6725 679

Enede Julius N. Commissioner of agriculture, Calabar, Special assistant

080 6839 8589

Erman Mr Nesrea 080 3613 6212Fontaine François Agrifor, head of the NR dep’t [email protected] Baerbel STWS&SP in Adamawa, Delta and

Ekiti states, - GTZ, Metro plaza Abuja, Inst. Expert – Deputy TL


Gadsby Elizabeth L. (Liza)

Pandrillus, Drill ranch, Housing estate, PO Box 826, Calabar

080 3592 1262 [email protected]@earthlink.net

Gires Jean-Michel Total, vicepresident for sustainable development and environment

+33 1 4744 6903f +33 1 4744 2590

[email protected]

Hause Amy Concern universal, 41 IBB way, Calabar, coordinator


Iglebaek Hakon Olav Undp, Un house, energy & environment unit, jpo


Ingawa S.A. Ifad PCU, FMARD Abuha, Director and Head of Unit

09 8821 03309 8821 051

[email protected]

Jawara Dawda K. RWS&SA, water board premises, Calabar, coordinator


Jenkins jr. Peter D. Pandrillus, Drill ranch, Housing estate, Calabar

080 2325 7691087 234 310

[email protected]

Kallah Ms NDDC, Abuja liaison office 080 5424 2482Kamza Jarufu Ulam National park service, Nnamdi Azikiwe

airport express way080 3576 6544080 5707 7791

[email protected]

Kemedi Dimieari Von

Bayelsa state gov., e-gov & due process bureau, director general


Koya Tanwa Mrs Solicitor & advocate, PPP consultant, Lagos

080 7792 0767070 2819 4212

[email protected]

Latanya Mapp Frett, JD

Director, Economic Growth OfficeUSAID/Nigeria

09 461 9422080 3659 0441

[email protected]/ng

López Rojas Erika Sierra Mojada 1414 Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico 44340, timber expert

[email protected]

Lorenzen Catherine Environmental agency Wales, Bristol, UK, international relations manager

+44 1454 205 74807769 911 739

[email protected]

Mani Rabe I. FAO assistant repr. in Nigeria 080 3408 0461 [email protected] Véronique ECD W&S Project officer 09 524 4000 7 x

114M 080 6156 2645Secr 080 3665 0761F 09 524 4021

[email protected]

Masini Giuliano MPP6, Agriconsulting, Owerri, Imo state






http://www.usaid.gov/ng







http://www.pcuagric.org/









Mendie Micah University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria, Nigeria

[email protected]

Metibaiye J.W.E. eng. Grid design associates ltd, Abuja 080 3307 2527 [email protected]@yahoo.com

Mittee Ludum Movement for the survival of Ogoni people, president

NCF Nigeria conservation foundationKm 19, Lagos-Epe expressway Lekki, Lagos

01 2642 49801 4718 693

Ndifwe O. Zee Tek ltd. Agrc. / environmental consultant


Odele Muyiwa Undp energy & environment unit, programme analyst


Odemwinge Osaro Oxfam GB, Bassan plaza, Abuja, programme officer

09 234 9227080 3553 4623080 5127 2717

[email protected]

Oden Ann WS&SSRP special adiver & CEO [email protected] Odigha NGO coalition for environement, 65,

Ndidem Usang Iso Road, P.O. Box 2839, Calabar, Cross River State, Exec. Dir.


Odugbesan Bola Nesrea legal adviser 080 3327 7140 [email protected]@yahoo.com

Ofu Sam Cross river state Commissioner for agriculture, Calabar


Okaro Nduka Usaid. Mambilla st., Maitama, Abuja, Environmental adviser

09 461 9376080 7367 4700080 4212 366809 461 94220803 659 0441

[email protected]

Okon Paul Macpolykon, Agrocare/Farmers Welfare Foundation International, Nigeria

[email protected]

Okputu Ochim Julius

Cross river state, Commission for environment; Calabar

080 3726 2387080 5902 2775

[email protected]

Olaghere Tony Ford foundation, Lagos [email protected]@fordfound.org

Olojoba Africa Eshogba

World bank Abuja, environmental specialist


Oluwafemi Akinbode Environmental rights action, programme manager

080 6053 5681 [email protected]@gmail.com

Oscar dr Aqua farm, CalabarOshunsanya Christiana Deputy Director & Ramsar Focal Point

Federal Department of Forestry, MEnv, Abuja


Osibo Oladipo Undp energy & environment unit 080 2325 9767 [email protected] Comfort A. MEnvironment, PRS, deputy director,

international affairs, statistics, education080 3287 7546 [email protected]

Jawara Dawda K. WS&SSRP Lot 2 team leader, RUWATSSA, Water board compound Calabar


Plas Daniel ECD 1st secretary – Head of section rural & social dev’t, W&S


Public info center

Work bank, 102 Gowon crescent, Abuja. M-T 10 00 - 16 00

09 3145 269 15 [email protected]

Pyagbara Legborsi Saro

MOSOP, International Advocacy Officer

[email protected]

Shibkau Hadjara IFAD field Coordinator, Abuja 080 2321 258809 4616100 x 6133

[email protected]

Simidu G.I. eng. STWS&SP in Adamawa, Delta and Ekiti states, - GTZ, Metro plaza Abuja,











https://postemail.poste.it/cgi-bin/webmail.exe?Act_V_Compo=1&[email protected]&ID=IfnRCMp2cFvcwFTn8b81AtX5lCUMod9xm9NAo1L2GkOJakJe48XQ64V&R_Folder=aW5ib3g=&msgID=27191&Body=0




http://www.undp.org.ng/






dep. Snr wate engineerSode Olufunbi O.

O.Nesrea, Abuja, Deputy director, Extractive industry compliance

080 2333 0841080 5702 0894

[email protected]@yahoo.com

Soyombo Ronke Mrs Nesrea, Abuja, director inspection & enforcement


Stampa Marco Eni, sustainability and stakeholders coordinator, Rome

+ 39 06 598 224 314

[email protected]

Symmonds Mary Undp, Deputy Resident Representative (Programme)

09 461 854109 803 402 2099080 3402 2099

[email protected]

Unimke Godwin Council for renewable energy in Nigeria, Calabar, program director


van der Meulen

Robert 21st Crescent, Off Constitution Avenue, Central Business District, P.O. Box 280, Garki, Abuja

+234 9 524 4000 7F +234 9 524 4021

[email protected]











Administrative annex 4: List of documentation consulted

Adeyinka M. et al. Environmental statistics: situation in Federal republic of Nigeria. 2005Aigbedion I. Environmental effects of mineral exploitation in Nigeria. 2007Afrodad. The politics of MDG and Nigeria. 2005Amika E. Participatory forest land use planning in Cross river state, Nigeria: the journey so far. 1996Ard/Usaid. Nigeria environmental analysis. 2002Aruofor R. Fosa country report: Nigeria. 2001Atkins. Draft water resources stratety: NIgeria, 2006.Babalola O. Use of Vetiver Grass for Soil and Water Conservation in NigeriaBlackett H., Gardette E. Croos border flows of timber and wkkd products in West Africa. Htspe. Abuja, 2008Chemonics/Usaid. Agribusiness development assistance to Nigeria. 2002Chikwendu C. Engendering Nigerian Energy PolicyContreras-Hermosillo et al. Forest governance in countries with federal system of government.2006DfID. Rural and urban development case study: Nigeria. 2004DfID. Country report for Nigeria: research strategy, 2008-2013. 2007DfIF. Country assistance plan for Nigeria 2004-2008Ebeku. K. Biodiversity conservation in Nigeria: an appraisal of the legal regime in relation to the Niger delta area of the country. 2004EC-Nigaria. Country strategy paper and national indicative programmae for the period 2008-2013. DraftDoE-Energy information administration. Energy Outlook 2007Ecowas. Forestry policy. Abuja 2007Eni. Eni e la sostenibilità: focus Nigeria. 2006Enplan. Draft national irrigation policy, 2006.FAO. Marine fishery resources of Nigeria: a review of exploited fish stocks.FEPA. Water quality monitoring and environmental status in Nigeria. 1991FEPA. The making of the Nigerian environmental policy. 1991FEPA. Biological diversity in Nigeria, 1992.FEPA. The petroleum industry and the environmental impact in Nigeria. 1996FEPA. Coastal profile of Nigeria. 1997Government of Nigeria. Supporto to Nepad Caadp implementation: national medium term investment programme. 2006Helmer R., Espanhol I. Water pollution control: case study IV: Nigeria. 1997Icf in’l. Nigeria: Carbon Credit Development for Flare Reduction Projects. 2006Igbuzor B. Review of Nigeria millenium development goals 2005 report. 2006IMF. Nigeria Poverty reduction strategy paper – progress report. 2006Irsnb. Action plan Gorilla gorilla diehli. 2007Isebor C. Marine biodiversity in Nigeria – the known and the unknownJica. Country profile on environment: Nigeria. 1999Jinadu O. Small-scale Fisheries In Lagos State, Nigeria: Economic Sustainable YieldDetermination.ITTO. Status of Tropical Forest Management 2005 – NigeriaITTO. Achieving the ITTO objective 2002 and sustainable forest managmeent in Nigeria 2007Junge B. Assessment of past and present soil conservation initiatives in Nigeria, West Africa. 2007Kuruk P. Customary water law and practice: Nigeria.Malumfashi G. Phase-out of gas flaring in Nigeria by 2008: the prospects of a multi-win projectMobbs P. The mineral industry of Nigeria. 2001Mosop. Wither Ogoni-Shell reconciliation? 2006Mosop. Ogoni Unep engagements: the failures, the opportunities. 2008Naoc. First monitoring report on Recovery of Associated Gas that would otherwise be flared at Kwale Oil-Gas Processing Plant, Nigeria. 2007National parks service. Nigeria national parks service, 2007National parks service. L. B. Marguba. Nacional parks and their benefits t lo9cal communities in Nigeria. 2002NDDC. Niger delta development master plan. 2006Nesrea. Stratgegic action plan 2007-2015



Nigeria national planning commission. National empowerment and development strategy. 2004Journal of International Women’s Studies Vol. 9 #1 November 2007 167Nwoye M. Gender Responsive Entrepreneurial Economy of Nigeria: Enabling Women in aDisabling Environment. 2007Obassi E. Science and technology development policy in Nigeria. 2006Okafor E., Abdulazeez Y. Gender-Sensitive Projects for Sustainable Development in Nigeria: A Critical Assessment. 2007Onwuka C.F.I, Ojo L.O., Ojote J. A. Our lost crops, 1993.Orubu C. Water Resources, Environment and Sustainable Development in Nigeria. 2006Oyelude A., Adepeju O. The Millennium Development Goals (MDGs): gender gap in information, education and library access to HIV/AIDS prevention and treatment in local communities of Nigeria. 2007RBA evaluation office. Findings, lessons and challenges, as identified in independent evaluations. 2006 Sogreah Magelis. USAN deepwater development project. 2007Tamuno P. Eco-livelihood assessment of inland river dredging: the Kolo and Otuoke creeks, Nigeria, a case study. 2005Tell. 50 years of oil in Nigeria. 2008Titilola S. T.. Environment and sustainable agricultural development in NigeriaUkeje E.. Modernizing Small Holder Agriculture to Ensure Food Security and Gender Empowerment: Issues and PolicyUndp. Niger delta human development report. 2006Undp. Human development report 2007/2008: fighting climate change.Undp. Country evaluation: assessment of development results, Nigeria. 2005Unep. The export crops sector in NigeriaUsaid. Strategic analysis of development constraints and priorities for action in Southern Nigeria. 2003USAID/Nigeria Country Strategic Plan 2004-2009Wetlands int.l. Priority conservation actions for coastal wetlands of the gulf of Guinea. 2005Who. Living standard measurement surveyWho. Country cooperation strategy: federal republic of Nigeria. 2002-2007Women environmental programme. Informal settings in the FCT of Nigeria, 2006World bank. Nigeria rapid country environmental analysis. 2006World bank. Getting agriculture going in Nigeria: framework for a national growing strategy. 2006World bank. Strengthening forest law enforcement and governance. 2006



Administrative annex 5: Curricula vitae of the consultants

Team leader and environment specialist

Family Name: BrandoliniFirst Name: Giorgio V.Date of Birth: 24.6.1962Nationality: ItalianCivil Status: Married

Education:MSc in agriculture (Università degli studi di Milano, Italy) and Specialization in Teledetection and evaluation of natural resources (Istituto agronomico per l’Oltremare, Florence, Italy)Membership of Professional Bodies:Research Associate, Civitatis International (Researchers Without Borders), London, UKThe Mountain Forum, Washington DC, UsaEditorial board, Acque & terre magazine, Venice, italy

Present Position: Development and environmental consultant

Years within the Firm: +20 years of professional experience

Key Qualifications:Dr Giorgio V. Brandolini has graduated in agronomy and specialized in the evaluation of natural resources. He has over 20 years of professional experience in developing countries.He is an agricultural biodiversity consultant, providing technical advice to national and international organizations, donors and implementing agencies. He has a sound knowledge of participatory rural appraisals and PCM planning and is very familiar with the European union environmental and development policies and procedures. He has great familiarity with the programming and elaboration of country strategies in Africa.In his field assignments, Mr. Brandolini emphasizes community development, agro-forestry and natural resources conservation and valorization.He has elaborated Environmental impact assessments and Environmental profiles (Liberia, Equatorial Guinea), integrating conservation and natural resources management issues into development strategies.He devotes his technical knowledge and skills in promoting local ownership and the sustainable diversification of household income, through the analysis of social issues and development of strategies involving women contribution to seed and agricultural biodiversity conservation.He has gained a wide experience in education on natural resources issues: elaboration of capacity building schemes, field manuals and dissemination materials for rural development and conservation projects; capacity building of technicians, community leaders, farmers.Mr. Brandolini has been in charge of the formulation, planning, management & budgeting, monitoring and evaluation of agricultural and environmental programmes and projects, integrating environmental issues into development policies and country strategies, plans.He has excellent negotiation and communication skills and ability to swiftly establish good relationships with counterparts and other stakeholders.He advised on strategic planning, design of policies aligned with country strategy papers and incorporating natural resources protection issues and implementation of programmes in the activities of the Ministries of Agriculture and Forestry of Afghanistan, Iraq, Eritrea, Kosovo, Bolivia, Italy.His field experience includes Africa, South Asia, the Middle East, East Europe and Latin America.Mr. Brandolini has published over 250 articles and 12 books on agricultural biodiversity, natural resources and their mapping, sustainable development, traditional medicine and the protection of intellectual property rights.



Environment and energy specialist

Family Name: HamadinaFirst Name: Mohammed K.Date of Birth: 25.9.1966Nationality: NigerianCivil Status: Married

Education:MSc in agriculture, 1991MSc in soil science, 1995Impact Assessment Training – Practitioners Course. SPDC and AMEC Earth and Environmental. Port Harcourt, 2003National Training Workshop and Capacity-Building for Federal Ministry of Environment Accredited Environmental Consultants in Nigeria..University of Lagos, 2003Social Impact Assessment Best Practices Training course, SPDC, Port Harcourt, 2004Social Impact Assessment: Methods, Procedures and Practices course. IAIA, Stavanger, Norway, 2006.Managing Health, Safety and Environment issues in Contracts. Elf Petroleum Nigeria, 2006

Present Position: Environment and energy specialist for the oil industry / EIA specialist

Years within the Firm: CEO of Biogeochem associates Ltd, environmental consulting co., Port Harcourt

Key Qualifications: 15 years of research/consulting experience conducting over 40 environmental studies. Actino as Lenders coordinator to International Finance Corporation and Dutch Development Bank (FMO). Participation in the review of EIAs related to this Greenfield cement project. Specialized in the analysis of engineering/process designs, and their alternatives process efficiencies, and environmental effects, and mitigation measures. Expertise in food process designs (cassava, fish/shrimp, fruits, wheat milling), mining, infrastructure, as well as both upstream and downstream aspects of the oil and gas industry.Formerly a Research assistant at IITA and Research Fellowship holder, in a collaboration between IITA/Institute of Agrobiology and Soil Fertility, The Netherlands.

Dr Hamadina worked in various Nigerian regions and fields of expertise, including EIA of inshore and offshore oil and gas extraction operations in the Níger delta. His ruties included ecological baseline studies, Social and Environmental Assessments, environmental audits, polluted sites sampling and análisis, Stakeholder Consultations. He established a company provideing technical and organization advice on environment, with emphasis on social participation and stakeholders appropriation of the environmental aspects of development. He has written and implemented research proposals on the valorization and conservation of agricultural biodiversity.

Publications- Effect of Ammonium and Nitrate Nitrogen on Dry Matter Production and Nutrient Uptake of Sorghum, 1991Sulfur Recycling in Alley Cropping System., IITA, Ibadan. 1992Effect of Selected Cover Crops and Dactyladenia barteri Mulch on Ultisol in the Humid Tropics. 1995Ethical Social and Environmental Responsibility for Sustainable Development. In: Owate, IO et al (eds) Energy Resources and Environmental Crises. Port Hsrcourt, pp 294 – 325. 2006Impact Assessment and Biodiversity Considerations: a case study of Niger Delta University Campus Development Project on Wildlife in Nun River Forest Reserve in the Niger Delta., Stavanger, Norway, 2006Challenges of Public Disclosure of Social and Environmental Issues at the Local Level in Nigeria. Presented at the 27th Annual Conference of the International Association for Impact Assessment, Seoul, 2007Economic Development Versus Social and Environmental Responsibility: a cursory look at Obajana Cement Project in Nigeria. Presented at the 27 th Annual Conference of the International Association for Impact Assessment, Seoul, 2007



Administrative annex 6: Terms of reference

Pre-feasibility Study to Review Country Environmental Profile of Nigeria

1. BackgroundThe EC is preparing its Country Support Paper (CSP) for Nigeria for the years 2008 – 2012 which includes a National Indicative Plan for the 10th EDF, for the same period. As part of the CSP preparation, the environmental situation of Nigeria must be assessed and possible future EC-interventions in the sector be identified.The Niger Delta is formed by the riverine area facing the gulf of Guinea formed by the delta of the Niger river, where most of the country’s oil and gas production takes place. Given its poverty indicators, its economic importance and past EC support, the Niger delta has been identified as area of interest for EC support. Also the substantial environmental problems, in part caused by the oil and gas extraction and high biodiversity make environmental interventions potentially beneficial.The Nigerian Government has prepared an Environmental Profile of Nigeria prepared in 1999 upon the establishment of the Federal Ministry of Environment, which has been updated in May 2006. It identifies, assesses and developed strategies and policies to address environmental issues in Nigeria, but does not provide an overview of the donor involvement in the sector. The Country Environmental Profile includes information on the national environmental outlook focused on key environmental challenges, responses to environmental problems in Nigeria, current policies; legislative and institutional framework and recommended strategies to address environmental problems in Nigeria.In July 2007 the National Environmental Standards and Regulations Enforcement Agency (NESREA) was established, which has the mandate to ensure the enforcement of environmental standards in the country, while the Oil spillage clearance office National Oil Spillage Damage and Regulation Agency (NOSDRA) is responsible for environmental issues related to the oil extraction industry.In 2006, the Niger Delta Development Commission completed the Niger Delta Development Plan, which was adopted by the Government in 2007 and which formulates a blueprint for the development of the Niger Delta area.Since the resumption of Development cooperation in 1999, the EC support has had only limited funding for environment specific actions, mostly through support to NGOs through the Environmental budget line. Other donors have funded environmental interventions.

2. ObjectiveThe objective of the pre-feasibility study is formulate an environmental assessment of Nigeria for the Country Strategy Paper (2008-2013) and identify areas of possible interventions for EC support under the 10th EDF, of with specific emphasis on the Niger delta1

3. ResultsThe pre-feasibility study will include the following components:1. A review and assessment of the Environmental Profile of Nigeria prepared in 1999, updated in May 2006 and of other environmental documents available.2. A review of the Government environmental legislation and policies and institutions responsible for environmental protection and management, including those at Federal and State levels.3. An overview of past and ongoing projects international co-operation in the environment sector, including that by the EC, as well as by national and international CSOs.4. An environmental assessment as required for the EC-Nigeria Country Strategy Paper (the format of which will be provided to the consultants)5. Recommendations and guidelines or criteria for mainstreaming environmental concerns in other co-operation areas identified in the draft Country Strategy Paper and National Indicative Programme6. Recommendations, if any, for a number specific EC intervention in the environment sector, with special emphasis to the Niger delta region. The recommendations should also include an indicative budget for the proposed interventions.

1 The Niger delta is situated in 9 States in southern Nigeria, namely Abia, Akwa Ibom, Bayelsa, Cross River, Delta, Edo, Imo, Ondo, and Rivers



[4. Issues to be assessedThe following issues should be assessed:

4.1 The state of the environmentThis Chapter should identify the state and trends of key environmental resources or components in the country, including (as relevant) see attached table 2 in annex 2.Pressures explaining the main negative trends should be identified, as well as pressures contributing to global environmental problems, using table 3 in the annex as a guiding checklist.Environmental trends should be assessed with regard to their social and economic impact, including:- Declines in economic production or productivity (e.g. agriculture, forestry, fisheries);- Threats to human health;- Human exposure to environmental disasters (e.g. floods, drought);- Loss of livelihoods and economic safeguard- Impact on poverty, differentiated impact on women and men, impact on vulnerable groups (including

children and indigenous peoples);- Sustainability of resource use;- Cultural values.This chapter should lead to the identification of problems, described in terms of situations or trends that are undesirable due to their current socioeconomic consequences (e.g. falling productivity, health problems, natural risks, and social crises), their future consequences (e.g. decline in natural resources, cumulative pollution) or their contribution to global environmental problems.If appropriate the consultant could refer to appropriate environmental indicators in order to establish a consistent basis both for comparisons among countries and for monitoring changes in the studied country.Attention should be paid to the MDG 7 indicators, and specific indicators related to the particularenvironmental issues of the country.If appropriate, the information could be organised according to eco-geographical subdivisions with the scale (regional, national, local) of the issues indicated.

4.2. Environmental policy, legislation and institutionsA brief description and review should be provided of the strengths and weaknesses of the following aspects, with their associated evaluation criteria given for guidance attached as annex to these terms of reference.The analysis should identify potential institutional/policy/regulatory causes of environmental pressures.

4.3. Integration of environmental into the main policies and sectorsThe assessment should examine the integration of environmental in the overall development policy and sectors and areas that have key linkages with environmental which might be identified for EC support, taking into account the focal areas of the current CSP. This section should examine the Environmental Profile of Nigeria updated in May 2006.The Environmental Profile provides a brief description of the environmental situation and recommendations for intervention in the Niger Delta and response so far by Government to rescue the situation. The main legislation and institutional arrangements and measures of the sector which address environmental issues, especially those identified in section 4.1 should be examined.

4.4. EU co-operation with the Country from an environmental perspectiveThis section should review the past and current experience relating to development co-operation interventions with specific environmental objectives as well as the integration of environment into other co-operation areas; including the application of environmental integration procedures (preparation of SEA or EIA in EC funded programmes/projects). Where information is available the environmental impacts or potential risks of EU cooperation should be identified for the benefit of future programmes. The results of existing evaluations/reviews should be incorporated and lessons drawn for the future. The review should cover both geographical and thematic programmes.

4.5. Co-operation funded by other donors from an environmental perspectiveThis section should review the past and current involvement of other donors and their experience in the Country, and include a list of recent and planned projects/programmes with an environmental focus or anticipated impact. Co-ordination mechanisms between donors and the EC with respect to the environment should be assessed.



5. Conclusions and recommendationsThe key aspects of the state and trends of environment in Nigeria, especially in the Niger delta region including policy/regulatory and institutional constraints and challenges, should be clearly stated. These may be presented in a matrix, crossing environmental concerns and the main sectors and policies.Based on comprehensive assessment of the available information and on consultations with stakeholders, recommendations should be made on how the European Commission and Government can better mainstream the environment into the next Country Strategy Paper, taking into account current CSP and any pre-identified options for the next one, including the anticipated focal sectors.Recommendations should address (but not necessary be limited to) the following:1 Recommendations concerning the response strategies based on environmental considerations. These recommendations should show how best to address the main challenges identified by the Country Environmental Profile. This might be done by selecting environment as a non-focal sector and or more frequently, through environmental safeguards in other areas. These may include, for example proposal for institutional strengthening and capacity building (including the enhancement of regulatory framework and enforcement capacities.2 Proposals for environmentally relevant indicators to be used in the National indicative programme.3 Propose a modality for an integrated environment projects of between 5 – 10 Million EUR relevant to the Niger Delta Region of Nigeria.4 This proposals should look at the possibility of addressing biodegradation and biodiversity issues at the micro-level i.e. community level initiativesIndividual recommendations should be clearly articulated and linked to the problems to be solved and grouped according to the sector concerned or institutional stakeholder. The relative priority of the recommendations and an indication of the challenges to their implementations should be given.Any constraints to preparing the profile resulting from limited information should be described.

6. Work planThe work plan should include but not necessary be limited to the following:Consultation with the EC Delegation, National Authorising Officer (NAO), the National Environmental Standards and Regulations Enforcement Agency (NESREA) Niger Delta Development Commission (NDDC) and a selection of National, State, and local authorities, key international donors, plus key national and international civil society actors operating in the environmental field.Review key documents and reports, including the Country Environmental Profile, the current and draft EC Country Strategy Papers; evaluation reports, existing strategic Environmental Assessments (particularly those concerning focal sectors); environmental literature, environmental policy and regulatory framework, legislations and enforcement relating to environmental issues, information on monitoring and environmental performance indicators.On the basis of the outline work plan and time schedule given in this terms of reference, propose a detailed work plan.

7. Expertise requiredThe proposed mission shall be conducted by one category 1 expert and one category 2 expert.

Team leader Environment Specialist Cat 1 40 days (35 days in Nigeria, two travel days, 3 day report writing at home base).The expert should have at least 15 years experience in environmental issues, including institutional aspects, international environmental policies and management; environmental assessment techniques and experience in rapidly assessing information and developing recommendations. The Team Leader should have previous experience in the EC cooperation, preferably in the ACP countries (EDF). The expert must a master’s degree in a relevant field.In addition- Previous experience in Nigeria or the West African region is desirable- Should have an understanding of the EU environment and development policies;- Experience in undertaking environmental analyses and preparation of development programmes would

be an asset,- Familiarity with Commission guidelines on programming, country strategies, PCM, policy mix and

integration of environmental issues into other policy areas is desirable.



- Familiarity with Commission guidelines on programming, country strategies, PCM, policy mix and integration of environmental issues into other policy areas is desirable

Environment and Energy Specialist Cat 2 (35 days in Nigeria).The expert should have at least 10 years experience in environmental issues, including institutional aspects, international environmental policies and management; environmental assessment techniques and experience in rapidly assessing information and developing recommendations. Previous experience with EC cooperation is an asset, preferably in the ACP countries (EDF). The expert must a master’s degree in a relevant field.In addition- Previous experience in Nigeria or the Niger Delta Region is essential- Should have an understanding of the Nigerian environment and development policies;- Experience in undertaking environmental analyses and preparation of development programmes would

be an asset,- Familiarity with European Commission guidelines on programming, country strategies, PCM, policy mix

and integration of environmental issues into other policy areas is desirable.

Working languageThe experts should have excellent skills in English Language. English will be the working language and the final report must be presented in English

8. ReportingThe result of the study should be presented in a final report in the format given in section 10 of the ToR. The consultants will meet with the EC Delegation on the proposed mission, seek clarification if any on the ToR and discuss the tools they will use in the field. The draft report will be presented in hard copies and electronic version (Microsoft Word) to the EC Delegation and NAO at least three working days before the departure of the expert from Nigeria. Three weeks within departure from Nigeria the experts will receive the EC's comments on the draft to expert for incorporation into the Final report. The final report should be submitted to the EC Delegation in Nigeria latest two weeks after the receipt of the comments on the draft report. The consultant shall submit five hard copies of the draft final report and five hard copies of the final report. Both draft and final report shall also be submitted in electronic format (CD ROM required, also email to above addresses if size less than 10Mb) using appropriate software.

9. Indicative Time schedule (in calendar days)The experts are expected to start work latest 15 November 2007

DAYS LocationTeam leader Cat 1

Expert cat 2

Travel to Nigeria 1 -Desk analysis, including briefing in EC Delegation 8 8 AbujaDiscussions with stakeholders like the Ministry of Environment, NESREA and NOSDRA (with the possibility of traveling outside Abuja to projects in the Niger Delta)

15 15 Abuja

Draft report preparation 4 4 AbujaEnvironmental project proposals and validation with EC/NAO and other stakeholders

8 8 Abuja

Team leader travel from Nigeria 1 - AbujaFinal Report Writing 3 1Total Days 40 35

10. Report FormatStandard Report Format for a Country Environmental Profile Maximum length (excluding appendices): 40 pages. The following text appears on the inside front cover of the report:This report is financed by the European Commission and is presented by (name of consultant) for the …(National Institution) and the European Commission. It does not necessarily reflect the opinion of the … or the European Commission.

1. Summary



The summary should succinctly and clearly present the key issues described in the profile following the order of headings 2 to 5 given below. The Summary should not exceed 6 pages.

2. Review of the Environmental Profile of Nigeria and State of the environment

3. Environmental policy, legislative and institutional framework3.1. Environmental policy3.2. Environmental legislation and institutional framework3.3. Integration of environmental concerns into the main sectors

4. EU and other donor co-operation with the Country from an environmental perspective

5. Conclusions and recommendations for the CSP preparation and EC involvement in the sector.

6. Country Strategy Paper Environmental Annex SummaryComprising the main issues presented in sections 2 to 4 above (excluding section 5) in not more than 4 pages.

7. Technical appendicesI. Environmental maps of the CountryII. Reference list of environmental and policy documents, statements and action plans, and other relevant technical information.

8. Other appendices I. Study methodology/work plan (1–2 pages)II. Consultants’ Itinerary (1–2 pages)III. List of persons/organisations consulted with their affiliation and contact details (1–2 pages)IV. List of documentation consulted (1–2 pages)V. Curricula vitae of the consultants (1 page per person)VI. Terms of Reference for the Country Environmental Profile

11. Other informationGiven the volatility in the Niger delta area, the mission should closely coordinate any possible visit to the Niger delta with the Delegation. The consultants are not expected to work in areas with high security risks.

ANNEXTable 1Aspect Evaluation criteriaPolicies Existence of national policies, strategies and action plans for the environment, including

possible National Strategy for Sustainable Development (NSSD) and National Environmental Action Plans (NEAP).Policy response to global issues, sustainability issues (depletion of natural resources), and specific environmental issues identified above.Policies on gender and environment.Consistency between policies.Environmental integration in sectoral and macro-economic policies and existence of SEA of policies or strategies (especially the PRSP if relevant).Important measures taken by the Government to solve environmental concerns.Effectiveness in achieving targets.

Regulatory framework, including EIA and SEA legislation

Ratification status and implementation of MEAs (Multilateral Environment Agreements) such as those concerning climate change, biodiversity and desertification.Adequacy of (current and in preparation) environmental legislation (including land tenure and land reform, access rights to natural resources, management of natural resources, requirements for environmental assessment such as for EIA and SEA, pollution control, development control).Provision and procedures for public participation in environmental issues.Effectiveness of legislation enforcement.Use of other (non legislative) instruments, e.g. “green budgeting” (or Environmental Fiscal Reform) and market-based mechanisms, voluntary schemes (environmental management systems, environmental labelling, industry-government agreements).



Potential impact of non-environmental legislation.Potential influence of biodegradation and biodiversity of issues at the micro level

Institutions with environmentalresponsibilities

Identity, number and quality of institutions (involved in policy making, legislation, planning, environmental protection, conflict prevention and transformation, monitoring and enforcement).Level of co-ordination and decentralisation.Strength and capacity of individual institutions.Influence on other institutions.Good governance practices.Capabilities, means, functioning of environmental and conflict prevention services.Major NGOs, institutes or other organisations involved in environmental management or Policy

Public participation Transparency and access to information.Role of NGOs and civil society in environmental decision-makingEffective participation.Participation by women and traditionally less represented groups.Access to justice in environmental matters.

Environmental services andinfrastructures

Protected Areas: number, areas, relevance, and effectiveness.Sanitation and waste treatment infrastructure.Disaster prevention systems.Emergency response mechanisms.

Environmental monitoringsystem

Relevance of selected indicators (with reference to MDG7).Measurement of the indicators: periodicity, liability.Integration in the general development indicators.

Table 2Themes Aspects

ENVIRONMENTMineral resources and geology Mineral resources

Geological risks (seismic, volcanic and related risks)Land Soil erosion and degradation

DesertificationLand use, arable land, losses due to urbanisation or infrastructure building

Water Water regimeGround waterWater quality

Air and climate Air qualityPotential climate changes and vulnerability

Forest, vegetation, ecosystems Forest cover and volumePasturelandState of particular ecosystems (e.g. savannahs, mangroves, coral reefs)

Biodiversity, wildlife Local status of globally threatened species/habitatsAlien invasive speciesFish stocksSpecies with special value

Landscape Aesthetic and cultural value of landscapeLiving conditions in human settlements

Air and water qualitySanitationSlumsHealthVulnerability to disasters

Table 3Themes Possible aspects to consider

ENVIRONMENTMining, extraction of hydrocarbons

Extraction, treatment and transport of minerals and hydrocarbons

Water use and management

Water extraction (surface- and ground-water)Waste water discharges, water treatmentWater use

Land management Land use planningForest exploitation, Forest extraction



hunting, fisheries,biodiversity

Forest and fisheries management practicesHunting and fishing activities, poachingUse of NTFP (non-timber forest products)FiresIntroduction of alien species

Livestock raising OvergrazingRangeland management, use of fire, water management

Agriculture Extension of agricultural landShifting cultivationIntensificationIrrigation and water usePest controlAgricultural practices

Energy production and use

Sources of energyEnergy consumptionEnergy efficiency

Urbanisation, infrastructure and industry

Urban growth and sprawl, urban planning,dams, roads, major infrastructure,polluting industries, tourism

Waste disposal and management

Waste productionWaste managementPublic behaviour and practices, existing systems, hazardous waste management

Atmospheric emissions

Emissions of greenhouse gases and ozone-depleting substancesAir pollutants affecting local or regional air quality (point-source and non-point source emissions)


Documents

CEP Final Report Nigeria_annexes_ok