Cell Reproduction

I. Introduction

A. History

1. R. Brown, 1840’s, showed the existence of the nucleus or “brain of the cell”

2. W. Fleming 1860’s, dark staining threads appeared to “dance” in nucleus before new cells formed, outlined the steps of mitosis

3. A. Weismann in 1887 proposed meiosis for sex cells

II. StrategiesA.

Prokaryotes

1. Binary Fission

or by

2. Endospore FormationFigure

12.11

Figure 27.9

B. Eukaryotes

1. Asexual by mitosis

a. Animals

Advantage

Disadvantagei.

Fission

Figure 27.9

ii. Budding

Figure 13.2

iii. Fragmenting

b. Plants do runners, spore formation, or buddingc. Fungi do budding or spore formationd. Protists are just weird

1. Sexual by mitosisAdvanta

geDisadvantagea. Plants = alternation of

generations

b. Fungi same strategy as plantsc. Protists again weirdd. Animals

i. Parthenogenesis

ii. Hermaphrodite

Figure 46.7

iii. Sequential Hermaphrodite

Figure 46.4

iv. Monoecious vs. Dioecious

v. Polygyny vs. Polyandry

III. Cell CycleA.

DefinitionB. Stages

Figure 12.5

1. Interphase

a. Gap1

(G1)b. S c. Gap2

(G2)

Figure 12.5

2. Divisiona. Mitosis or Meiosis

b. Cytokinesis

C. Controls

What could be a signal?

1. External

a. Hormones

Figure 12.17

b. Contact Inhibition

Figure 12.18

2. Internal

Figure 12.14

a. Biological Clock

b. Cyclin & Kinases

Figure 12.15

D. Cancer

1. Classificationa. Benign

Figure 12.19

b. Malignant

c. Metastatic

1. Classification

2. Typesa. omas

Oral Squamous cell

Melanoma

Glioma

IV. MitosisA. DefinitionB. Phases

1. Prophase

a. Condense Chromosomes

Figure 12.4

1. Prophase

b. Dismantle Nuclear Membrane

Figure 12.6

1. Prophase

c. Build Spindle Fibers

Figure 12.6

2. Metaphase

a. Line Up Sisters

Figure 12.6

Figure 12.7

3. Anaphase a. Separate

Sisters

Figure 12.6

Figure 12.8

4. Telophase a. Reverse

Prophase

Figure 12.6

V. CytokinesisA.

DefinitionB. Strategies

1. Animals a.

Cleavage Furrow

a. Cell Plate

Figure 12.9

2. Plants

VI. MeiosisA. DefinitionB. Terms

1. Karyotype

Figure 13.3

2. Homologous Chromosomes Figure

13.4

a. Diploidb. Haploid

C. Phases

Figure 13.8

1. Meiosis I

2. Meiosis II

Figure 13.8

VII. Comparison

Figure 13.9

VIII. Variation from MeiosisA. Independent

Assortment

Figure 13.10

B. Crossing Over

Figure 13.11

C. Random Fertilization

IX. Problems from MeiosisA.

Nondisjunction

1. Whole chromosome

Figure 15.12a

a. Anaphase I

Figure 15.12b

b. Anaphase II

B. Chromosomal Disruptions

1. Occurs when

2. Good or Bad?

Figure 15.14

Choice is a gift, choose wisely.