1. R. Brown, 1840’s, showed the existence of the nucleus or “brain of the cell”

2. W. Fleming and E. Strasburger 1860’s, dark staining threads appeared to “dance” in nucleus before new cells formed, outlined the steps of mitosis3. A. Weismann in 1887 proposed meiosis for sex cells

A. HistoryI. Introduction

Cell Reproduction

1. Binary Fission

or by 2. Endospore Formation

Figure 12.12

Figure 27.5

A. Prokaryotes

II. Strategies

1. Asexual by mitosis

a. Animals

Advantage Disadvantage

i. Fission

B. Eukaryotes

ii. Budding

Figure 13.2

Figure 46.2

iii. Fragmenting

b. Plants do runners, budding, or spore formationc. Fungi do budding or spore formationd. Protists are just weird

2. Sexual by meiosisAdvantage Disadvantage

a. Plants = Alternation of Generation

Figure 29.3

b. Fungi same strategy as plantsc. Protists again weirdd. Animals

i. Parthenogenesis

ii. Simultaneous Hermaphrodite

Figure 46.5

iii. Sequential Hermaphrodite

iv. Monoecious

vs. Dioecious

v. Polygyny vs. Polyandry

Figure 12.6

1. Interphase

a. Gap1

(G1)b. S c. Gap2

(G2)

A. Definition

B. Stages

2. Divisiona. Mitosis or Meiosis

b. Cytokinesis

III. Cell Cycle

What could be a signal?

1. External

a. Hormones

Figure 12.19

C. Controls

b. Contact Inhibition

Figure 12.19

2. Internal

Figure 12.15

a. Biological Clock

b. Cyclin & Kinases

Figure 12.16

1. Classificationa. Benign

Figure 12.20

b. Malignant

c. Metastatic

D. Cancer

2. Types a. omasOral Squamous

cellMelanoma

Glioma

1. Prophase

a. Condense ChromosomesFigure 12.4 &

5

A. Definition

B. PhasesFigure 12.7

c. Build Spindle Fibersb. Dismantle Nuclear Membrane

IV. Mitosis

2. Metaphasea. Line Up Sisters

Figure 12.8

3. Anaphase

Figure 12.9

a. Separate Sisters

4. Telophasea. Reverse Prophase

1. Animalsa. Cleavage

Furrowa. Cell Plate

Figure 12.10

2. PlantsA. Definition

B. Strategies

V. Cytokinesis

Figure 12.7

Figure 12.11

1. Karyotype

Figure 13.3

A. Definition

B. Terms2. Homologous Chromosomes

Figure 13.4

a. Diploid

b. Haploid

VI. Meiosis

1. Meiosis IC. Phases

2. Meiosis II Figure 13.8

Figure 13.10

VII. Comparison

Figure 13.11

A. Independent Assortment B. Crossing

Over

Figure 13.12

C. Random Fertilization

VIII. Variation from Meiosis

1. Whole chromosome

Figure 15.13

a. Anaphase I

A. Non-disjunction

Figure 15.13

b. Anaphase II

IX. Problems from Meiosis

1. Occur when?

2. Good or Bad?

Figure 15.14

B. Chromosomal Disruptions