Cell Reproduction

I. Introduction

A. History

1. R. Brown, 1840’s, existence of the nucleus or “brain of the cell”

2. W. Fleming 1860’s dark staining threads appeared to “dance”

3. A. Weismann in 1887 proposed meiosis for sex cells

outlined the steps of mitosis

II. StrategiesA.

Prokaryotes

Prokaryotes reproduce by1. Binary

fissionor by

2. Endospore formation

Figure 17.11

Figure 17.11

B. Eukaryotes1.

Asexual

1. Asexual methods are for replacing cells by mitosis

a. Animals do fission, budding, and/or fragmenting

Advantage

Fission Budding

Figure 46.1

Fragmenting

Figure 8.1

1. Asexual methods replace cells by mitosis

b. Plants do runners, spore formation, or buddingc. Fungi do budding or spore formationd. Protistans are just weird

2. Sexual

2. Sexual = similar yet variation meiosisa. Plants do alternation of generations sporophyte and a gametophyte generation.

Figure 18.3

b. Fungi same strategy as plantsc. Protists again weird

d. Animals male and female interactions but variances are parthenogenesis, hermaphroditic, sequential hermaphroditic (protogynous = female first or protandrous = male first)

hermaphroditic

Sequential Hermaphroditic = Protogynous vs. Protandrous

d. Animals male and female interactions, but variances are monoecious, dioecious, monogamy, polygamy, and others.

Monoecious

Dioecious

Monogamy

Polygamy

III. Cell CycleA.

DefinitionB. Stages

The Cell Cycle

Figure 8.3

C. Controls1. External

External controls outside influenceWhat could be a signal?

Cell contact can inhibit cellular growth.

2. Internal

Internal controls == internal clock

Figure 8.9

Apoptosis = programmed cell death

Figure 8.11

D. Cancer

Cancer == benign, malignant, or metastaticFigure

8.12

Figure 8.13

Figure 8.14

IV. MitosisA. DefinitionB. Phases

Mitosis == prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase plus interphase

Figure 8.5

Prophase = condense chromatids, dismantle nuclear membrane, and start to build spindle

Metaphase = attach chromatids to spindle fibers via centromere and line up chromatids across equatorAnaphase = move chromatids toward poles

Telophase = reverse steps of ProphaseInterphase = time between mitotic divisions and does G1, S, and G2 of cycle

V. CytokinesisA.

DefinitionB. Strategies

Plants

Animals

Figure 8.8

Figure 8.7

VI. MeiosisA. DefinitionB. Phases

Figure 9.6

Figure 9.7

VII. Comparison

Figure 9.8

VIII. Variation from MeiosisA. Independent

Assortment

Figure 10.8

Figure 10.8

B. Random Fertilization

C. Problems1. Whole Chromosomes

Figure 9.9

a. Non-disjunction is the failure of homologous pairs to separate in meiosis Ib. or sister chromatids to separate in

meiosis II.

2. Parts of Chromosomes

a. Anaphase of meiosis IDeletio

nsDuplications

Figure 13.3

Figure 13.4

Translocations

Inversions

Figure 13.5

Figure 13.6

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