o

CATECHOLAMINES

BRIDGING BASIC SCIENCEWITH CLINICAL MEDICINE

Edited by

David S. GoldsteinGraeme Eisenhofer

Clinical Neuroscience BranchNational Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke

National Institutes of HealthBethesda, Maryland

Richard McCartyDepartment of Psychology

University of VirginiaCharlottesville, Virginia

ACADEMIC PRESSSan Diego London Boston New York Sydney Tokyo Toronto

Contents

Contributors xxixPreface xli

PART A CATECHOLAMINE SYNTHESISAND RELEASE

Overview IToshi Nagatsu and Lennart Stjarne

Regulation and Expression of Tyrosine Hydroxylase

The Effect of Phosphorylation at Ser-40 on the Structure 15and Thermal Stability of Tyrosine HydroxylaseArturo Muga, Jose Luis R. Arrondo, Aurora Martinez, Torgier Flatmark, andJan Haavik

Factors Affecting Adrenal Medullary Catecholamine 18Biosynthesis and ReleaseNobuyuki Yanagihara, Futoshi Izumi, Eishichi Miyamoto, and Motoo Oka

Regulation of Tyrosine Hydroxylase by Neuropeptides 21Richard E. Zigmond

Regulation of Tyrosine Hydroxylase Gene Expression by 25Transsynaptic Mechanisms and Cell-Cell ContactA. William Tank, Kristen M. Piech, Cheryl A. Osterhout, Baoyong Sun, andCarol Sterling

VI Contents

A New Regulatory Protein of Catecholamine Synthesizing- 30Enzyme ExpressionTohru Yamakuni, Toshibumi Yamamoto, Masato Hoshino, Hideko Yamamoto,

Si-Young Song, Mayuko Kunikata-Sumitomo, and Shiro Konishi

Unique and Cell-Type-Specific Tyrosine Hydroxylase 33Gene ExpressionT. H. Jon, J. H. Son, C. Tinti, B. Conti, S. J. Kim, and S. Cho

"'Triple Colocalization of Tyrosine Hydroxylase, Calretinin, 37and Calbindin D-28k in the Periventricular-HypophysealDopaminergic Neuronal SystemD. M. Jacobowitz, K. R. Isaacs, and V. Cimini

•Genetic Disorders Involving Recycling and Formation 41of TetrahydrobiopterinSeymour Kaufman

Genetic Basis of Dominant Dystonia 44T. Nagatsu and H. Ichinose

Mutations in the Tyrosine Hydroxylase Gene Cause 48Various Forms of L-Dopa-Responsive DystoniaKlaus Bartholome and Barbara Liidecke

Catecholamine Biosynthetic Enzyme Expression in 50Neurological and Psychiatric DisordersRolando Meloni, Sylvie Dumas, and Jacques Mallet

Other Catecholamine-Synthesizing Enzymes

•Multiple Pathways in Regulation of 53Dopamine /3-HydroxylaseEsther L. Sabban and Bistra B. Nankova

Examining Adrenergic Roles in Development, Physiology, 57and Behavior through Targeted Disruption of the MouseDopamine /3-Hydroxylase GeneSteven A. Thomas and Richard D. Palmiter

Genetic Diseases of Hypotension 61David Robertson and Nannette Hale

•Dopamine /3-Hydroxylase Deficiency Associated with 66Mutations in a Copper Transporter GeneStephen G. Kaler, Courtney S. Holmes, and David S. Goldstein

Glucocorticoid-Phenylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase 69Interactions in HumansM. Mannelli, R. Lanzillotti, C. Pupilli, L lanni, A. Natali, and F. Bellini

Contents vii

Determinants of Phenylethanolamine-N- 73methyltransferase ExpressionM. J. Evinger

Neural Control of Phenylethanolamine-N- 77methyltransferase via Cholinergic Activation of Egr-1Dona L Wong, Steven N. Ebert, and Kyoji Morita

Synexin (Annexin VII) Hypothesis for Ca2+/GTP-Regulated 81ExocytosisHarvey B. Pollard, Hung Caohuy, Allen P. Minton, and Meera Srivastava

Monoamine Transmitter Release from Small Synaptic and 87Large Dense-Core VesiclesDieter Bruns and Reinhard Jahn

Calcium Channels for Exocytosis in Chromaffin Cells 91Antonio G. Garcia, Almundena Albillos, Maria F. Cano-Abad, Esther Garcia-Palomero, M. Hernandez-Guijo, Carlos J. Herrero, Richard B. Lomax, andLuis Gandia

Characteristics of Transmitter Secretion from Individual 95Sympathetic VaricositiesT. C. Cunnane and A. Smith

Neurotransmitter Release at Individual Sympathetic 98Varicosities, BoutonsM. R. Bennett

Appropriate Target Cells Are Required for Maturation of 102Neurotransmitter Release Function of SympatheticNeurons in CultureArun R. Wakade, Dennis Przywara, and Taruna D. Wakade

Effects of Neuropeptide Y at Sympathetic 106Neuroeffector JunctionsThomas C. Westfall, Laura A. McCullough, Lillian Vickery, Linda Naes, Chun LianYang, Song-Ping Han, Terry Egan, Xiaoli Chen, and Heather MacArthur

Strategies for Receptor Control of 110Neurotransmitter ReleaseDavid G. Nicholls

Pattern of Adenosine Triphosphate and 114Norepinephrine Release and Clearance:Consequences for NeurotransmissionLennart Stjarne

Corelease of Norepinephrine and Adenosine Triphosphate 120from Sympathetic NeuronesIvar von KUgelgen, Jorge Goncalves, Bernd Driessen, and Klaus Starke

viii Contents

*Neuropeptide Y: An Adrenergic Cotransmitter, 125Vasoconstrictor, and a Nerve-Derived VascularGrowth FactorZofia Zukowska-Grojec

•Neuropeptide Y: A Cardiac Sympathetic Cotransmitter? 129Markus Haass

Biochemistry of Somatodendritic Dopamine Release in 133Substantia Nigra: An in Vivo Comparison with StriatalDopamine ReleaseElizabeth D. Abercrombie, Peter DeBoer, and Marten J. Heeringa

The Use of Dual-Probe Microdialysis for the Study of 136Catecholamine Release in the Brain and Pineal GlandB. H. C. Westerink, W. J. Drijfhout, M. vanGalen, Y. Kawahara, and H. Kawahara

Kinetics and Geometry of the Excitatory Dopaminergic 140Transmission in the Rat Striatum in VivoF. Gonon and B. Bloch

In Vivo and in Vitro Assessment of Dopamine Uptake 144and ReleaseGeorge E. Mickelson, Paul A. Garris, Melissa Bunin, and R. Mark Wightman

PART B CATECHOLAMINE REUPTAKEAND STORAGE

Overview 149Heinz Bonisch and Lee Eiden

The Plasma Membrane Transporters

Molecular Physiology and Regulation of 164Catecholamine TransportersS. G. Amara, M. S. Sonders, N. R. Zahniser, S. L Povlock, and G. M. Daniels

Localization of Dopamine Transporter Protein by 168Microscopic HistochemistryM. J. Kuhar, R. Vaughan, G. Uhl, C. Cerruti, R. Revay, C. Freed, M. Nirenburg, andV. Pickel

Cellular and Subcellular Localization of the Dopamine 171Transporter in Rat CortexSusan R. Sesack, Valerie A. Hawrylak, Margaret A. Guido, and Allan I. Levey

Contents IX

Cloned Catecholamine Transporters Expressed in 175Polarized Epithelial Cells: Sorting, Drug Sensitivity, andIon-Coupling StoichiometryH. Gu, M. J. Caplan, and G. Rudnick

Inactivation of the Dopamine Transporter Reveals 179Essential Roles of Dopamine in the Control of Locomotion,Psychostimulant Response, and Pituitary FunctionFabio Fumagalli, Sara Jones, Roger Bosse, Mohamed Jaber, Bruno Giros,Cristina Missale, R. Mark Wightman, and Marc G. Caron

Role of Protein Kinase C and Second Messengers in 183Regulation of the Norepinephrine TransporterH. Bonisch, R. Hammermann, and M. Briiss

Electrophysiological Analysis of Transporter Function 186Louis J. DeFelice and Aurelio Galli

Voltammetric Approaches to Kinetics and Mechanism of 191the Norepinephrine TransporterJ. B. Justice, K. S. Danek, J. W. Kable, E. L Barker, and R. D. Blakely

Voltage-Dependency of the Dopamine Transporter in 195Rat BrainN. R. Zahniser, G. A. Gerhardt, A. F. Hoffman, and C. R. Lupica

Modulation of Quantal Dopamine Release 198by PsychostimulantsEmmanuel N. Pothos and David Sulzer

Regulation of Dopamine Transporter mRNA Levels in the 202Central Nervous SystemBeth J. Hoffman, Miklos Palkovits, Karel Pacak, Stefan R. Hansson, and Eva Mezey

Structural Diversity in the Catecholamine Transporter 206Gene Family: Molecular Cloning and Characterizationof an L-Epinephrine Transporter from BullfrogSympathetic GangliaRandy D. Blakely and Subramaniam Apparsundaram

Positron Emission Tomography Radiogands for 211Dopamine Transporters and Studies in Human andNonhuman PrimatesN. D. Volkow, J. S. Fowler, Y-S. Ding, G-J. Wang, and S. J. Gatley

Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography Imaging of 215Dopaminergic Function: Presynaptic Transporter,Postsynaptic Receptor, and "Intrasynaptic" TransmitterRobert B. Innis

X Contents

Dopamine Transporter Changes in 219Neuropsychiatric DisordersD. F. Wong, G. Ricaurte, G. Grunder, R. Rothman, S. Naidu, H. Singer, J. Harris,

F. Yokoi, V. Villemagne, S. Szymanski, A. Gjedde, and M. Kuhar

Vesicular Transporters and Catecholamine Storage

Molecular and Biochemical Studies of Rat Vesicular 223Monoamine TransporterShimon Schuldiner, Sonia Steiner-Mordoch, and Rodrigo Yelin

A Chimeric Vesicular Monoamine Transporter Dissociates 227Sensitivity to Tetrabenazine and UnsubstitutedAromatic AminesJ. D. Erickson

Ligand Recognition by the Vesicular 232Monoamine TransportersJ. P. Finn, A. Merickel, D. Peter, and R. H. Edwards

Molecular Pharmacology of the Vesicular 236Monoamine TransporterJ. P. Henry, C. Sagne, D. Botton, M. F. Isambert, and B. Gasnier

Ultrastructural Localization of the Vesicular Monoamine 240Transporter 2 in Mesolimbic and NigrostriatalDopaminergic NeuronsMelissa J. Nirenberg, June Chan, Yongjian Liu, Robert H. Edwards, andVirginia M. Picket

ICA 512, Receptor Tyrosine Phosphatase-Like Protein, Is 243Concentrated in Neurosecretory Granule MembranesR. Dirkx, J-M. Hermel, D. U. Rabin, and M. Solimena

Protein Targeting in Neurons and Endocrine Cells 247A. E. West, C. Provoda, R. L Neve, and K. M. Buckley

The Vesicular Monoamine Transporter VMAT2 and 250Vesicular Acetylcholine Transporter VAChT Are Sorted toSeparate Vesicle Populations in PC 12 CellsJ-H. Tao-Cheng and L. E. Eiden

Recycling of Synaptic Vesicles 253Rudolf Bauerfeind, Carol David, Detlev Grabs, Peter S. McPherson, Yasuo Nemoto,Vladimir I. Slepnev, Kohji Takei, and Pietro De Camilli

The Secretory Cocktail of Adrenergic Large Dense-Core 257Vesicles: The Functional Role of the ChromograninsH. Winkler. A. Laslop, B. Leitner, and C. Weiss

Contents XI

A Novel, Catecholamine Release-Inhibitory Peptide from 260Chromogranin A: Autocrine Control of NicotinicCholinergic-Stimulated ExocytosisSushil K. Mahata, Manjula Mahata, Seung Hyun Yoo, Laurent Taupenot,Hongjiang Wu, Vanita R. Aroda, Carolyn V. Livsey, Joseph P. Taulane,Murray Goodman, Robert J. Parmer, and Daniel T. O'Connor

Transcription Regulation Coupled to Calcium and Protein 264Kinase Signaling Systems through TRE- and CRE-LikeSequences in Neuropeptide GenesLee E. Eiden, Youssef Anouar, Chang-Mei Hsu, Linda MacArthur, and Sung Ho Hahm

Imaging of Monoaminergic and Cholinergic Vesicular 269Transporters in the BrainKirk A. Frey, Donald M. Wieland, and Michael R. Kilbourn

PART C CATECHOLAMINE METABOLISM: FROMMOLECULAR UNDERSTANDING TOCLINICAL DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT

Overview 273Alan A. Boulton and Graeme Eisenhofer

Monoamine Oxidase

Monoamine Oxidase A and B: Structure, Function, 292and BehaviorKevin Chen and Jean Chen Shih

•Genetic Deficiencies of Monoamine Oxidase Isoenzymes: 297A Key to Understanding the Function of the Enzymesin HumansJacques W. M. Lenders, Han G. Brunner, Dennis L Murphy, and

Graeme Eisenhofer

Biological Markers, with Special Regard to Platelet 301Monoamine Oxidase (trbc-MAO), for Personality andPersonality DisordersLars Oreland, Jonas Ekblom, Hakan Garpenstrand, and Jarmila Hallman

Visualization of Monoamine Oxidase in Human Brain 304J. S. Fowler, N. D. Volkow, G. J. Wang, N. Pappas, C. Shea, R. R. MacGregor,

andj . Logan

Aliphatic N-Methylpropargylamines: Monoamine Oxidase-B 308Inhibitors and Antiapoptotic DrugsAlan A. Boulton, Peter H. Yu, Bruce A. Davis, I. Alick Paterson, Xi-Min Li,

Augusto V. Juorio, David A. Durden, and Lillian E. Dyck

xii Contents

Antiapoptotic Actions of Monoamine Oxidase B Inhibitors 312I. A. Paterson and W. G. Tatton

Therapeutic Actions of L-Deprenyl in Dogs: A Model of 316Human Brain AgingW. W. Ruehl, J. Neilson, B. Hart, E. Head, D. S. Bruyette, and B. J. Cummings

Apomorphine Is a Potent Radical Scavenger and Protects 320Cultured Pheochromocytoma Cells from H2O2-lnducedCell DeathM. Gassen, B. Pinchasi, and M. B. H. Youdim

O-Methylation and Conjugation

Catechol O-Methyltransferase: Characterization of the 324Protein, Its Gene, and the Preclinical Pharmacology ofCOMT InhibitorsPekka T. Mannisto

X-Ray Crystallography of Catechol O-Methyltransferase: 328Perspectives for Target-Based Drug DevelopmentJukka Vidgren

Catechol O-Methyltransferase Inhibition and the 331Treatment of Parkinson's DiseaseJohn G. Nutt

The Structure and Function of the UDP- 335Glucuronosyltransferase Gene FamilyB. Burchell, C. H. Brierley, G. Monaghan, and D. J. Clarke

Catecholamine Sulfation in Health and Disease 339Michael W. H. Coughtrie

Metabolism of Endobiotics and Xenobiotics by UDP- 343GlucuronosyltransferaseT. R. Tephly, M. D. Green, B. L Coffman, C. King, Z. Cheng, and G. Rios

Catecholamine Metabolizing Systems

Molecular Structure of the Carrier Responsible for Hepatic 346Uptake of CatecholaminesDirk Grundemann, Tilo Breidert, Folker Spitzenberger, and Edgar Schomig

Catecholamine Uptake and Metabolism in the Liver 350Fatima Martel

Contents xii'l

Catecholamine Uptake and Metabolism in Rat Lungs 353Lesley J. Bryan-Lluka, Kristy M. James, Heinz Bonisch, Peter Porzgen, Karen S. Guice,and Keith T. Oldham

The Extraneuronal Monoamine Transporter Exists in 356Human Central Nervous System GliaEdgar Schomig, Hermann Russ, Kerstin Staudt, Fatima Martel, Martin Gliese, andDirk Grundemann

Removal of Circulating Catecholamines by Extraneuronal 360Amine Transport SystemsKarl-Heinz Graefe, Bernd Friedgen, Reinhard Wolfel, and Edgar Schomig

Catecholamine Metabolites in Internal Jugular Plasma: 364A Window into the Human BrainG. W. Lambert D. M. Kaye, J. M. Thompson, A. G. Turner, C. Ferrier, H. S. Cox,M. Vaz, D. Wilkinson, I. T. Meredith, G. L Jennings, and M. D. Esler

Norepinephrine Metabolites in Plasma as Indicators of 367Pharmacological Inhibition of Monoamine Oxidase andCatechol O-MethyltransferaseMika Scheinin, Ar i Illi, Markku Koulu, and Pirjo Ojala-Karlsson

The Adrenal Gland as a Source of Dihydroxyphenylalanine 370and Catecholamine MetabolitesG. M. Tyce, S. L. Chritton, R. D. Barnes, L E. Ward, L W. Hunter, and D. K. Rorie

"'Clues to the Diagnosis of Pheochromocytoma from the 374Differential Tissue Metabolism of CatecholaminesGraeme Eisenhofer and Jacques W. M. Lenders

PART D CATECHOLAMINE RECEPTORS ANDSIGNAL TRANSDUCTION

Overview 379David S. Goldstein

Structure, Classification, and Tissue Localization ofCatecholamine Receptor Subtypes

Expression and Regulation of a,-Adrenergic Receptors in 390Human TissuesDebra A. Schwinn and Madan M. Kwatra

«i-Adrenoceptor Subtypes in the Human Cardiovascular 394and Urogenital SystemsMartin C Michel, Katsunari Taguchi, Rafael S. Schafers, Timothy J. Williams,

David E. Clarke, and Anthony P. D. W . Ford

XIV Contents

Molecular Mechanisms of Ligand Binding and Activation of 398a,-Adrenergic ReceptorsDianne M. Perez, John Hwa, Ming-Ming Zhao, and James Porter

Expansion of the Dopamine DI Receptor Gene Family: 404Defining Molecular, Pharmacological, and FunctionalCriteria for DI A, DIB, DIC, and DID ReceptorsHyman B. Niznik, Fang Liu, Kim S. Sugamori, Bruno Cardinaud, and Phillipe Vernier

DI/D3 Receptor Relationships in Brain: Coexpression, 408Coactivation, and CoregulationJ-C. Schwartz, S. Ridray, R. Bordet, J. Diaz, and P. Sokoloff

Mapping the Binding-Site Crevice of the D2 Receptor 412Jonathan A. Javitch

Intracellular Mechanisms

Mechanisms of j3-Adrenergic Receptor Desensitization 416and ResensitizationRobert J. Lefkowitz, Julie Pitcher, Kathleen Krueger, and Yehia Daaka

Role of /3-Arrestins in the Intracellular Trafficking of 420G-Protein-Coupled ReceptorsStephen S. G. Ferguson, Jie Zhang, Larry S. Barak, and Marc G. Caron

G-Protein-Linked Receptors as Substrates for Tyrosine 425Kinases: Cross-Talk in SignalingVijaya Karoor and Craig C. Malbon

Role of Arrestins in G-Protein-CoupJed 429Receptor EndocytosisOscar B. Goodman, Jr., Jason G. Krupnick, Francesca Santini, Vsevolod V, Gurevich,Raymond B. Penn, Alison W . Gagnon, James H. Keen, and Jeffrey L. Benovic

Subtype-Specific Regulation of the /3-Adrenergic Receptors 433Michel Bouvier and Guy Rousseau

Structural Determinants of a2-Adrenergic 438Receptor RegulationStephen B. Liggett

•Regulation of D2 and D3 Receptors in Transfected Cells 443by Agonists and AntagonistsKevin D. Burris, Susanne M. Fausing, and Perry B. Molinoff

Regulation of the Dl Dopamine Receptor through cAMP- 447Mediated PathwaysDavid R. Sibley, Ana L M. Ventura, Dong Jiang, and Chun Mak

Contents XV

Mechanisms for Activation of Multiple Effectors by a,- 451Adrenergic ReceptorsPaul A. Insel, Maria A. Balboa, Naoki Mochizuki, Steven R. Post, Kazushi Urasawa,and Mingxhao Xing

Signal Transduction Pathways Modulated by D2-Like 454Dopamine ReceptorsRita M. Huff, Chris L. Chio, Mary E. Lajiness, and Linda V. Goodman

Guanosine Triphosphatase-Activating Proteins for 458Heterotrimetric G-ProteinsElliott M. Ross, Jun Wang, Yaping Tu, and Gloria H. Biddlecome

Regulation of the Stoichiometry of Protein Components of 462the Stimulatory Adenylyl Cyclase CascadeG. Milligan, I. Mullaney, G. D. Kim, and D. MacEwan

Regulation of Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Pathways 466by Catecholamine ReceptorsLouis M. Luttrell, Tim van Biesen, Brian E. Hawes, Gregory J. Delia Rocca,Deirdre K. Luttrell, and Robert J. Lefkowitz

Pharmacology

Examination of Ligand-lnduced Conformational Changes in 470the ft-Adrenergic Receptor by Fluorescence SpectroscopyBrian K. Kobilka and Ulrik Gether

Relationship between a2-Adrenergic Receptors and 474Imidazoline/Guanidinium Receptive SitesStephen M. Lanier, Rita Raddatz, and Angelo Parini

Dopamine D4 Receptors May Alleviate Antipsychotic- 478Induced ParkonsonismP. Seeman, R. Corbett, and H. H. M. Van Tol

Binding of Typical and Atypical Antipsychotic Drugs to 482Multiple Neurotransmitter ReceptorsBryan L. Roth, H. Y. Meltzer, and Naseem Khan

Structural and Functional Characteristics of the Dopamine 486D4 ReceptorHubert H. M. Van Tol

NGD 94-1: A Specific Dopamine-4-Receptor Antagonist 490John F. Tallman

XVi Contents

Catecholamine Receptors in Physiology and Behavior

In Vivo Mutation of the ajA-Adrenergic Receptor by 493Homologous Recombination Reveals the Role of ThisReceptor Subtype in Multiple Physiological ProcessesL B. MacMillan, P. Lakhlani, L Hein, M. Piascik, T. Z. Guo, D. Lovinger, M. Maze,and L E. Limbird

Regulation of Fat-Cell Function by 496a2-Adrenergic ReceptorsM. Lafontan, S. Betuing, J-S. Saulnier-Blache, P. Valet, A. Bouloumie, C. Carpene,J. Galitzky, and M. Berlan

The Developmental and Physiological Consequences of 499Disrupting Genes Encoding ft, and (i2 AdrenoceptorsD. K. Rohrer, D. Bernstein, A. Chruscinski, K. H. Desai, E. Schauble, andB. K. Kobilka

Myocardial Overexpression of Adrenergic Receptors and 502Receptor KinasesWalter J. Koch, Robert J. Lefkowitz, Carmelo A. Milano, Shahab A. Akhter, andHoward A. Rockman

Cardiac G-Protein Receptor Kinase Activity: Effect of a 507/3-Adrenergic Receptor AntagonistH. Kirk Hammond, Peipei Ping, and Paul A. Insel

Structure and Function of the /33 Adrenoceptor 511A. Donny Strosberg

Behavioral Analysis of Multiple DI -Like Dopamine 514Receptor Subtypes: New Agents and Studies in TransgenicMice with D I A Receptor KnockoutJ. L Waddington, A. M. Deveney, J. Clifford, O. Tighe, D. T. Croke, D. R. Sibley, andJ. Drago

Antisense Knockdown of Brain Dopamine Receptors 517Ian Creese and J. M. Tepper

The Physiological Role of Dopamine D2 Receptors 521Adolfo Saiardi, Tarek Abdel Samad, Roberto Picetti, Yuri Bozzi, Ja-Hyun Baik, andEmiliana Borrelli

Pathophysiological States

Regulation of Dl Receptor Function in 525Spontaneous HypertensionPedro A. Jose, Gilbert M. Eisner, and Robin A. Felder

Contents xvii

PART E CATECHOLAMINES IN THE PERIPHERY

Overview 529David S. Goldstein

Assessment of Peripheral Catecholaminergic Function

•Peripheral Catecholaminergic Function Evaluated by 540Norepinephrine Measurements in Plasma, ExtracellularFluid, and Lymphocytes, from Nerve Recordings andCellular ResponsesNiels Juel Christensen and Jens H. Knudsen

Cardiac Microdialysis 544P. M. Mertes

Sympathetic Microneurography and Neurocirculatory 548Function: Studies of Ventricular Arrhythmias in HumansRobert F. Rea

Catecholamines and Stress

Stress as a Medical and Scientific Idea and Its Implications 552George P. Chrousos

•Stressor Specificity of Peripheral 556Catecholaminergic ActivationR. Kvetnansky, K. Pacak, E. L Sabban, I. J. Kopin, and D. S. Goldstein

•Stressor-Specific Activation of Catecholaminergic 561Systems: Implications for Stress-Related Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenocortical ResponsesKarel Pacak, Judit S. Baffi, Richard Kvetnansky, David S. Goldstein, andMiklos Palkovits

•Regulation of Gene Expression of Catecholamine 564Biosynthetic Enzymes by StressE. L Sabban, B. B. Nankova, L I. Serova, B. Hiremagalur, M. Rusnak, E. Saez,B. Spiegelman, and R. Kvetnansky

Catecholamines and Pain

Peripheral Modulatory Effects of Catecholamines in 567Inflammatory and Neuropathic PainSrinivasa N. Raja

xviii Contents

•"Brain Catecholamine Systems in Stress 572M. Palkovits, J. S. Baffi, Z. Toth, and K. Pacak

arAdrenergic Mechanisms of Analgesia: Strategies for 575Improving Their Therapeutic Window and Identificationof the Novel, Potent a^-Adrenergic Receptor Agonist,S 18616Mark J. Millan

Cellular Transplantation for Intractable Pain 579Jacqueline Sagen

Catecholamines and Neuroimmunology

The Role of the Sympathetic Nervous System in the 583Modulation of Immune ResponsesS. Y. Felten, K. S. Madden, D. L. Bellinger, B. Kruszewska, J. A. Moynihan, andD. L. Felten

Catecholamines, Catecholamine Receptors, Cell Adhesion 587Molecules, and Acute Stressor-Related Changes inCellular ImmunityPaul J. Mills, Michael G. Ziegler, Jalees Rehman, and Alan S. Maisel

Nerve Growth Factor and Autoimmune Disease: Role of 591Tumor Necrosis Factor-a?Luigi Aloe

Adrenomedullary Secretion and Co-Secretion

Multiple Transmitter Control of Catecholamine Secretion 595in Rat Adrenal MedullaArun R. Wakade

Adrenomedullin in Cardiovascular Disease 599Toshio Nishikimc

•Strychnine, Glycine, and Adrenomedullary Secretion 604Gal Yadid, Yigal Fraenkel, and Eliahu Golomb

Neurocardioiogy

•Catecholamines and Neurocardiogenic Syncope 607J. W. M. Lenders, M. C. Jacobs, Th. Thien, and D. S. Goldstein

Contents XIX

•/3-Blockers in Congestive Heart Failure: The 611Pharmacology of Carvedilol, a Vasodilating /3-Blocker andAntioxidant, and Its Therapeutic Utility in CongestiveHeart FailureGloria Feuerstein and Robert R. Ruffolo, Jr.

•Sympathetic Cardioneurotherapy in Dysautonomias 615David S. Goldstein, Courtney Holmes, Richard O. Cannon, III, Graeme Eisenhofer,and Irwin J. Kopin

Catecholamines and Metabolism

Hypoglycemia-Associated Autonomic Failure in Insulin- 620Dependent Diabetes MellitusPhilip E. Cryer

Mechanisms of the Sympathoadrenal Response 622to HypoglycemiaD. G. Maggs and R. S. Sherwin

Importance of Catecholamines in Defense against Insulin 627Hypoglycemia in HumansGeremia B. Bolli

•Sympathetic Nervous Activity and the Thermic Effect of 630Food in HumansM. Vaz, M. D. Esler, H. S. Cox, G. L. Jennings, D. M. Kaye, and A. G. Turner

Microdialysis for the Assessment of Catecholamine-lnduced 634Lipolysis in Human Adipose and Skeletal Muscle TissueEva Hagstrom-Toft

Catecholamines in the Brain and Regulation of theCardiovascular System

Bulbospinal CI -Adrenergic Neurons: Electrophysiological 638Properties in the Neonate RatPatrice G. Guyenet, Yu Wen Li. Donghai Huangfu, and Ann M. Schreihofer

Catecholamines, Opioids, and Vagal Afferents in the 642Nucleus of the Solitary TractVirginia M. Pickel, Sue A. Aicher, Chiye Aoki, Peter Y. Cheng, and

Melissa J. Nirenberg

Agmatine: A Novel Neurotransmitter? 645D. J. Reis and S. Regunathan

XX Contents

•Central and Peripheral Norepinephrine Kinetics in Heart 650Failure, Coronary Artery Disease, and HypertensionM. Esler, G. Lambert, G. Jennings, A. Turner, and D. Kaye

PART F CATECHOLAMINES IN THE CENTRALNERVOUS SYSTEM

OverviewA. A. Grace, C. R. Gerfen, and G. Aston-Jones

Dopamine-Mediated Gene Regulation in the Striatum 670Charles R. Gerfen, Kristen A. Keefe, and Heinz Steiner

Dopamine Control of Gene Expression in Basal Ganglia 674Nuclei: Striatal and Nonstriatal MechanismsM-F. Chesselet, J. M. Delfs, and L. Mackenzie

Dopaminergic Regulation of Immediate Early Gene 678Expression in the Basal GangliaJohn F. Marshall, David N. Ruskin, and Gerald J. LaHoste

Dopamine and Calcium Signal Interactions in the 682Developing Striatum: Control by Kinetics ofCREB PhosphorylationFu-Chin Liu and Ann M. Graybiel

The Phasic Reward Signal of Primate Dopamine Neurons 686Wolfram Schultz

Afferent Control of Midbrain Dopamine Neurons: 691An Intracellular PerspectiveSteven W . Johnson

GABAergic Control of the Firing Pattern of Substantia 694Nigra Dopaminergic NeuronsJ. M. Tepper, C. A. Paladini, and P. Celada

Afferent Control of Substantia Nigra Compacta Dopamine 700Neurons: Anatomical Perspective and Role ofGlutamatergic and Cholinergic InputsS. T. Kitai

Dopamine Axons in Primate Prefrontal Cortex: Specificity 703of Distribution, Synaptic Targets, and DevelopmentDavid A. Lewis, Susan R. Sesack, Allan I. Levey, and David R. Rosenberg

The Cortical Dopamine System: Role in Memory 707and CognitionPatricia S. Goldman-Rakic

Contents xxi

Norepinephrine-Dopamine Interactions in the Prefrontal 712Cortex and the Ventral Tegmental Area: Relevance toMental DiseasesJean-Pol Tassin

Dopamine Function in the Prefrontal Cortex 717A. M. Thierry, S. Pirot, Y. Gioanni, and J. Glowinski

•The Modulation of Corticoaccumbens Transmission by 721Limbic Afferents and Dopamine: A Model for thePathophysiology of SchizophreniaAnthony A. Grace, Holly Moore, and Patricio O'Donnell

Dopamine Modulation of Responses Mediated by 724Excitatory Amino Acids in the NeostriatumMichael S. Levine and Carlos Cepeda

The Molecular Basis of Dopamine and Glutamate 729Interactions in the StriatumChristine Konradi

Modulation by Dopamine of Rat Corticostriatal Input 733G. W. Arbuthnott, C. A. Ingham, and J. R. Wickens

Dopamine, Glutamate, and Behavioral Correlates of 737Striatal Neuronal ActivityGeorge V. Rebec

State-Related Activity, Reactivity of Locus Ceruleus 740Neurons in Behaving MonkeysJ. Rajkowski, P. Kubiak, S. Ivanova, and G. Aston-Jones

Modulation of Forebrain Electroencephalographic Activity 744and Behavioral State by the LocusCeruleus-Noradrenergic System: Involvement of theMedial Septal AreaCraig W. Berridge

New Perspectives on the Functional Organization and 749Postsynaptic Influences of the Locus Ceruleus EfferentProjection SystemBarry D. Waterhouse, David Devilbiss, Daniel Fleischer, Francis M. Sessler, and

Kimberly L, Simpson

Neuromodulation and Cognitive Performance: 755Recent Studies of Noradrenergic Locus Ceruleus inBehaving MonkeysG. Aston-Jones, J. Rajkowski, S. Ivanova, M. Usher, and J. Cohen

xxii Contents

Noradrenergic Effects on Activity of Prefrontal Cortical 759Neurons in Behaving MonkeysT. Sawaguchi and Y. Kikuchi

Noradrenergic Influences on Prefrontal Cortical Cognitive 764Function: Opposing Actions at Postjunctional a,- Versusa2-Adrenergic ReceptorsA. F. T. Arnsten, j . C. Steere, D. J. Jentsch, and B. M. Li

Afferent Control of Nucleus Locus Ceruleus: Differential 767Regulation by "Shell" and "Core" InputsM. Ennis, M. T. Shipley, G. Aston-Jones, and J. T. Williams

Sensory Response of the Locus Ceruleus: Neonatal and 772Adult StudiesS. Nakamura, S. Nishiike, Y. Fujii, N. Takeda, and T. Kubo

Noradrenergic Modulation of the Prefrontal Cortex as 777Revealed by Electron Microscopic ImmunocytochemistryChiye Aoki, Charu Venkatesan, and Hitoshi Kurose

Activation of the Locus Ceruleus Brain Noradrenergic 781System during Stress: Circuitry, Consequences,and RegulationRita J. Valentino, Andre L. Curtis, Michelle E. Page, Luis A. Pavcovich, andSandra M. Florin-Lechner

•Norepinephrine and Schizophrenia: A New Hypothesis for 785Antipsychotic Drug ActionAlan Breier, Igor Elman, and David S. Goldstein

Neurochemical Responses to Lesions of Dopaminergic 788Neurons: Implications for Compensationand NeuropathologyMichael J. Zigmond and Teresa G. Hastings

Dopamine Receptor Subtypes as Targets for the 792Pharmacotherapy of Parkinson's DiseaseG. Andringa, R. J. Vermeulen, B. Drukarch, J. C. Stoof, and A. R. Cools

*Free Radicals and MPTP-lnduced Selective Destruction of 796Substantia Nigra Compacta NeuronsChuang C. Chiueh and Pekka Rauhala

•Application of Gene Therapy for Parkinson's Disease: 801Nonhuman Primate ExperienceK. S. Bankiewicz, J. R. Bringas, W. McLaughlin, P. Pivirotto, R. Hundal, B. Yang,M. E. Emborg, and D. Nagy

Contents Xxiii

Prefrontal Cortical and Hippocampal Modulation of 806Dopamine-Mediated EffectsBarbara K. Lipska and Daniel R. Weinberger

Dysregulation of Mesoprefrontal Dopamine Neurons 810Induced by Acute and Repeated PhencyclidineAdministration in the Nonhuman Primate: Implicationsfor SchizophreniaJ. David Jentsch, John D. Elsworth, Jane R. Taylor, D. Eugene Redmond, Jr., andRobert H. Roth

Interactions between Catecholamines and Serotonin: 814Relevance to the Pharmacology of SchizophreniaT. H. Svensson, J. M. Mathe, G. G. Nomikos, B. Schilstrom, M. Marcus, andM. Fagerquist

PART G NOVEL CATECHOLAMINERGIC SYSTEMS

Overview 819David S. Goldstein

Catecholestrogens

Catecholestrogens in the Induction of Tumors in the 824Kidney of the Syrian HamsterJoachim G. Liehr

•Biosynthesis and Inactivation of Catecholestrogens 828J. Weisz, G. A. Clawson, and C. R. Creveling

Catecholestrogens as Procarcinogens: Depurinating 833Adducts and Tumor InitiationD. E. Stack, E. L Cavalieri, and E. G. Rogan

Role of Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Disclosing How 837Catecholestrogens Initiate CancerE. L. Cavalieri and E. G. Rogan

Embryo Implantation Requires Estrogen-Directed 840Uterine Preparation and Catecholestrogen-MediatedEmbryonic ActivationB. C. Paria, S. K. Das, and S. K. Dey

Nonneuronal Biosynthesis of Catecholamines

"'Extra-Adrenal Nonneuronal Epinephrine and 843Phenylethanolamine-N-methyltransferaseMichael G. Ziegler, Brian P. Kennedy, and Frederick W. Houts

XXIV Contents

Dopamine and the Brain-Gut Axis 8 4 6

Gunnar Flemstrom, Bengt Safsten, and Lars Knutson

Origin and Significance of Plasma Dihydroxyphenylalanine 851Ebbe Eldrup, Erik A. Richter, Merete L. Hetland, Jan Andreasen, Jannik Hilsted,

Svend E. Moller, and Niels Juel Christensen

Is L-Dopa a Neurotransmitter?

Is L-Dopa a Neurotransmitter of the Primary Baroreceptor 855Afferents Terminating in the Nucleus Tractus Solitarriof Rats?Y. Misu, Y. Goshima, J-L. Yue, and T. Miyamae

Immunocytochemical Evidence of Novel Catecholamine- 859or Biopterin-Related Neurons of Mammalian BrainI. Nagatsu, M. Sakai, N. Karasawa, T. Takeuchi, R. Arai, K. Yamada, and T. Nagatsu

Fluorinated Dihydroxyphenylserines as Potential Biological 862Precursors of Fluorinated NorepinephrinesB-H. Chen, J-Y. Nie, M. Singh, R. Davenport, V. W . Pike, and K. L Kirk

Dopamine as a Renal Autocrine-Paracrine Substance

Nonneuronal Dopamine 866P. Soares-da-Silva and M. A. Vieira-Coelho

The Renal Dopamine System 870Anita Aperia, Ann-Christine Eklof, Ulla Holtback, Susana Nowicki, Martin Sundlof,and Paul Greengard

Renal Dopamine Production and Release in the Rat: 873A Microdialysis StudyRobert M. Carey, Zhi-Qin Wang, Helmy M. Siragy, and Robin A. Felder

PART H DEVELOPMENT AND PLASTICITY

Overview 877Joan P. Schwartz

Inductive Interactions Underlie Neural Crest Formation 883Marianne Bronner-Fraser

Lineage Commitment and Fate of Neural Crest-Derived 887Neurogenic CellsJames A. Weston

Contents XXV

The Differentiation of the Neurotransmitter Phenotypes in 891Chick Sympathetic NeuronsHermann Rohrer and Uwe Ernsberger

Developmental Regulation of Neurotransmitters in 895Sympathetic NeuronsGuy L Guidry and Story C. Landis

Changes in Gene Expression in Adult Sympathetic Neurons 899after Axonal InjuryR. Zigmond, R. Mohney, R. Schreiber, A. Shadiack, Y. Sun, Y. S. Vaccariello, andY. Zhou

Ontogeny of Vesicular Amine Transporter Expression in 903the Rat: New Perspectives on Aminergic Neuronal andNeuroendocrine DifferentiationB. Schlitz, M. K-H. Schafer, L. E. Eiden, and E. Weihe

Specification and Survival of Dopaminergic Neurons in the 908Mammalian MidbrainArnon Rosenthal

Effects of Glial Cell Line-Derived Neurotrophic Factor on 911the Nigrostriatal Dopamine System in Rodents andNonhuman PrimatesDon M. Gash, Greg A. Gerhardt, and Barry J. Hoffer

Cell Body Functions of Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor 915Increase Forebrain Dopamine Release and SerotoninMetabolism Determined with in Vivo MicrodialysisC. Anthony Altar, Michelle Fritsche, and Ronald M. Lindsay

Neurotrophin Modulation of Hippocampal 921Synaptic TransmissionEric S. Levine, Ira B. Black, and Mark R. Plummer

•Genotype and Phenotype in Familial Dysautonomia 925F. B. Axelrod, D. Goldstein, C. Holmes, and I. J. Kopin

A Gene Therapy Approach for the Treatment of 929Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis and Parkinson's DiseaseA. D. Zurn, J. L. Tseng, N. Deglon, J. M. Joseph, and P. Aebischer

Characterization of Adrenal Chromaffin Progenitor Cells 932in MiceFrauke Deimling, Susetta Finotto, Karin Lindner, Barbara Bruhl, Jose L Roig-Lopez,Jose E. Garcca-Arraras, Christo Goridis, Kerstin Krieglstein, and Klaus Unsicker

Evolution and Origin of the Diversity of Dopamine 936Receptors in VertebratesB. Cardinaud, J-M. Gibert, F. Liu, K. S. Sugamori, J-D. Vincent, H. B. Niznik, and

P. Vernier

XXVI Contents

Neurogenetics of Synaptic Transmission in 940Caenorhabditis elegansJames B. Rand, Janet S. Duerr, and Dennis L. Frisby

Decapitated Drosophila: A Novel System for the Study of 945Biogenic AminesJay Hirsch

Dopaminergic Control of Serotonergic Neuron 949Development in the Grasshopper Central Nervous SystemBarry Condron and Kai Zinn

Noradrenergic Long-Term Potentiation in the 952Dentate GyrusCarolyn W. Harley

Rapid Acquisition of Discriminative Responding in Monkey 956Locus Coeruleus NeuronsP. Kubiak, J. Rajkowski, S. Ivanova, and G. Aston-Jones

Catecholaminergic Contributions to Early Learning 961Michael Leon

Interactions between Catecholamines and the Amygdala in 964Emotional Memory: Subclinical and Clinical EvidenceLarry Cahill

PART I DRUG ABUSE AND ALCOHOLISM

Overview 969G. F. Koob

Circuits, Drugs, and Drug Addiction 978George F. Koob

Homologies and Differences in the Actions of Drugs of 983Abuse and a Conventional Reinforcer (Food) on DopamineTransmission: An Interpretative Framework of theMechanism of Drug DependenceGaetano Di Chiara, Gianluigi Tanda, Cristina Cadoni, Elio Acquas,Valentina Bassareo, and Ezio Carboni

Drug-Induced Adaptations in Catecholamine Systems: 987On the Inevitability of SensitizationTerry E. Robinson and Aldo Badiani

Neurobiological Substrates Underlying Conditioned Effects 991of CocaineAgu Pert

Contents XXvii

The Rate Hypothesis and Agonist Substitution Approaches 995to Cocaine Abuse TreatmentDavid A. Gorelick

Drugs of Abuse and Dopamine Cell Activity 998Marco Diana

DI -Receptor Regulation of Synaptic Potentials in the 1002Ventral Tegmental Area after Chronic Drug AbuseC. D. Fiorillo, J. T. Williams, and A. Bond

Neuroadaptations in Nucleus Accumbens Neurons 1006Resulting from Repeated Cocaine AdministrationFrancis J. White, Xiu-Ti Hu, and Xu-Feng Zhang

Dopamine Efflux Studies into the in Vivo Actions of 1010Psychostimulant DrugsY. L Hurd, M. Ponten, A. MacGregor, T. Guix, and U. Ungerstedt

Psychostimulants and Neuropeptide Response 1014Glen R. Hanson, John D. Wagstaff, Kalpana Merchant, and James W. Gibb

Drugs of Abuse and Striatal Gene Expression 1017Jacqueline F. McGinty and John Q. Wang

Coordinated Expression of Dopamine Receptors in 1020Neostriatal Medium Spiny NeuronsD. James Surmeier, Zhen Yan, and Wen-Jie Song

Dopaminergic Genes and Substance Abuse 1024George R. Uhl, David J. Vandenbergh, Lawrence A. Rodriguez, Lucinda Miner, andNobuyuki Takahashi

Quantitative Trait Loci: Mapping Drug and Alcohol- 1033Related GenesJohn C. Crabbe, John K. Belknap, Pamela Metten, Judith E. Grisel, and Kari J. Buck

Nuclear Memory: Gene Transcription and Behavior 1037N. Hiroi and E. J. Nestler

Phosphorylation of Dopamine Transporters and Rapid 1042Adaptation to Cocaine

Roxanne A. Vaughan, Robin A. Huff, George R. Uhl, and Michael J. Kuhar

Index 1047

Contents of Previous Volumes 1071

* These chapters present current findings in catecholamine research by the many scient.stswhose lives have been touched by Dr. Irwin J. Kopin.