6
483 J. Tokyo Med. Univ., 60(6): 483r-488, 2002 Changes in catecholamines during by propofol for neurological total intravenous anesthes endovascular surgery Kazumi IKEDA, Toshiaki IKEDA, Toshiaki ONIZ Division of Critical Care and Emergency Medicine, Hachioji Medical Center Abstract Purpose To i nvestigate changes in hemodynamics and catecholamines duri (TIVA) by propofol for neurological endovascular surgery and to evaluate the for this type of surgery. Methods The subjects were 15 patients who received neurological endovas Induction and maintenance ofanesthesia were performed with propofol infus patients were intubated and ventilated during surgery. We determined hemo of propofol and catecholamines (adrenaline and noradrenaline) during anesth doses of propofol and awareness, as well as other complications during anesth Results The required dose of propofo1 for induction was 1.18±O.3 mg/kg (mea maintenance was 2.94±O.6 mg/kg/h. Serum concentration of propofol at 30 minutes O.63pt g/ml, 2 hours later it was 1.88±O.52 pt g/ml. Serum concentration of cat induction, but these changes were not significant. Hemodynamics (blood pressu and no major complications were observed during operation. Conclusion We obtained hemodynamical stability and decrease of c propofol for neurological endovascular surgery. Concentrations and required those of general anesthesia for intracranial surgery. Introduction Propofol is a usefu1 agent for induction and mainte- nance of anesthesia in adults. lt has a short half-life and provides a smooth and fast recovery. Total intra- venous anesthesia (TIVA) for intracranial surgery is increasing in popularity, and propofol is considered a suitable hypotonic agent to induce and maintain anes- thesia in neurological patients. lt suppresses brain electrical activity and decreases the cerebral metabolic rate of oxygen (CMRO,) and cerebral blood flow. We attempted to induce and maintain TIVA by propofol for neurological endovascular surgery in the angiography room. We wanted to manage anesthesia with hemodynamic stability, adequate sed recovery after the surgery. We examined changes in hemodynamic cholamines during anesthesia, required d centrations of propofol and time for reco later inteiviewed the patients about th about the anesthesia. The aim of this s determine the usefulness of TIVA by endovascular surgery in the field of neuro Patients and methods Informed consent was obtained for all pat study, but not including the later interview We studied 15 patients in ASA physical st Received J uly 24, 2002, Accepted December 7, 2002 Key words: Propofol, Catecholamine, Endovascular Surgery Reprint requests to: Kazumi lkeda, Division of Critical Care and Emergency Medi Medical University, Tatemachi 1163, Hachioji shi, Tokyo 193-0998, Japan Hachioji Medical Center of T (1)

Changes in catecholamines during total intravenous

  • Upload
    others

  • View
    2

  • Download
    0

Embed Size (px)

Citation preview

Page 1: Changes in catecholamines during total intravenous

483 一

J. Tokyo Med. Univ., 60(6): 483r-488, 2002

Changes in catecholamines during

       by propofol for neurological

total intravenous anesthesia

endovascular surgery

Kazumi IKEDA, Toshiaki IKEDA, Toshiaki ONIZUKA

Division of Critical Care and Emergency Medicine, Hachioji Medical Center of Tokyo Medical University

Abstract

    Purpose To i nvestigate changes in hemodynamics and catecholamines during total intravenous anesthesia

(TIVA) by propofol for neurological endovascular surgery and to evaluate the usefulness of propofol anesthesia

for this type of surgery.

    Methods The subjects were 15 patients who received neurological endovascular surgery in our hospital.

Induction and maintenance ofanesthesia were performed with propofol infusion in the angiography room. The

patients were intubated and ventilated during surgery. We determined hemodynamics and serum concentrations

of propofol and catecholamines (adrenaline and noradrenaline) during anesthesia. We also examined required

doses of propofol and awareness, as well as other complications during anesthesia.

    Results The required dose of propofo1 for induction was 1.18±O.3 mg/kg (mean±S.D) and the dose for

maintenance was 2.94±O.6 mg/kg/h. Serum concentration of propofol at 30 minutes after induction was 1.09±

O.63pt g/ml, 2 hours later it was 1.88±O.52 pt g/ml. Serum concentration of catecholamines decreased after

induction, but these changes were not significant. Hemodynamics (blood pressure and heart rate) were stable

and no major complications were observed during operation.

    Conclusion We obtained hemodynamical stability and decrease of catecholamines during TIVA by

propofol for neurological endovascular surgery. Concentrations and required doses of propofol were less than

those of general anesthesia for intracranial surgery.

Introduction

  Propofol is a usefu1 agent for induction and mainte-

nance of anesthesia in adults. lt has a short half-life

and provides a smooth and fast recovery. Total intra-

venous anesthesia (TIVA) for intracranial surgery is

increasing in popularity, and propofol is considered a

suitable hypotonic agent to induce and maintain anes-

thesia in neurological patients. lt suppresses brain

electrical activity and decreases the cerebral metabolic

rate of oxygen (CMRO,) and cerebral blood flow.

  We attempted to induce and maintain TIVA by

propofol for neurological endovascular surgery in the

angiography room. We wanted to manage anesthesia

with hemodynamic stability, adequate sedation and fast

recovery after the surgery.

  We examined changes in hemodynamics and cate-

cholamines during anesthesia, required doses and con-

centrations of propofol and time for recovery. We also

later inteiviewed the patients about their impression

about the anesthesia. The aim of this study was to

determine the usefulness of TIVA by propofol for

endovascular surgery in the field of neurology.

Patients and methods

  Informed consent was obtained for all patients in this

study, but not including the later interview.

  We studied 15 patients in ASA physical state 1 or II

Received J uly 24, 2002, Accepted December 7, 2002

Key words: Propofol, Catecholamine, Endovascular Surgery

Reprint requests to: Kazumi lkeda, Division of Critical Care and Emergency Medicine,

Medical University, Tatemachi 1163, Hachioji shi, Tokyo 193-0998, Japan

Hachioji Medical Center of Tokyo

(1)

Page 2: Changes in catecholamines during total intravenous

一 484 THE JOURNAL OF TOKYO MEDICAL UNIVERSITY VoL 60 No.6

Table l Patient characteristics

 1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

Age Sex Diagnosis   Duration of

Anesthesia (min)

 Duration ofOperation (min)

44

64

73

56

53

52

72

77

63

61

67

61

55

80

62

F

MF

MMF

F

MF

F

F

F

MF

F

Unruptured aneurysm

AVMSAHSAHUnruptured aneurysm

Unruptured aneurysm

AVMCCFSA H

AVMSA H

AVMSA H

CCFSA H

300

435

453

160

405

320

500

480

360

615

480

840

360

630

240

165

255

285

90

270

195

390

360

240

540

420

765

265

585

190

AVM (arteriovenous malformation) CCF (carotid cavernous fistula)

undergoing neurological endovascular surgery (Table 1).

The diagnosis was subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH)

with ruptured aneurysm in 6 cases, unruptured aneurysm

in 3 cases, arteriovenous malformations (AVM) in 4

cases and carotid cavernous fistula (CCF) in 2 cases.

  The duration of operations was 331.1± 176.1 min and

the duration of anesthesia was 438.1±164.1 min.

(mean±S.D). Cases No. 10 and No. 12 were the same

patient who received the same operation twice in a week.

  Atropine sulfate (O.5 mg) was given to the patients 15

minutes before induction of anesthesia. Upon arrival

in the angiography room, a radial arterial catheter was

inserted into all patients for blood pressure monitoring,

ECG and SaO, monitoring were obtained. Anesthesia

was induced with ln一一2 mg/kg propofol to obtain the

loss of eyelash refiex and tracheal intubation was

facilitated by vecuronium O.2 mg/kg, and maintained by

1-v4 mg/kg propofol and O.08 mg/kg vecuronium per

hour. Mechanical ventilation was controlled with air

and oxygen at O.6 Fio, to maintain PaCO2 around 35

mm Hg. Bolus injection of perdipine lrv2 mg was

performed to maintain systolic arterial pressure (SAP)

below 170 mmHg as required. The patients were trans-

ferred to the ICU after operation. We stopped infusion

of propofol and vecuronium and examined the gag refiex

and gave 1 mg atropine and 2 mg vagostigmine. The

tracheal tube was extubated after observation of enough

spontaneous breathing. We interviewed the patients

about the existance of awareness or dreams during

anesthesia and the impression about anesthesia 15

minutes after extubation and one day after operation.

  We examined the required dose of propofol for induc-

tion and maintenance, and the required time to obtain a

response to orders (open eyes and gasping), time for

extubation after cessation of propofol. Blood pressure

and heart rate (HR) were checked during anesthesia.

Serum concentrations of propofol were determined by

high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) at 30

minutes, 2 hours after induction and immediately after

extubation. The serum concentrations of adrenaline

and noradrenaline were determined by HPLC before, 30

minutes and 2 hours after induction and immediately

after extubation.

  Data were expressed as means ±standard deviations

(SD). Statistical evaluation was performed using Stu-

dents t-test. A p value of less than O.05 was considered

to indicate a statistically significant difference.

Results

  Results of individual cases are shown in Table 2.

The average required dose of propofol for induction was

1.18±O.3mg/kg, that for maintenance was 2.94±O.6

mg/kg. The average time for obtain awareness from

cessation of infusion of propofol was 6.60±4.9 min, that

for extubation was 16.4±9.4 min. Seven patients

required perdipine for control of blood pressure. Case

8 became hypothermic spontaneously and case 11 need-

ed hypothermia therapy because cerebral infarction

occurred during surgery. According to the interview of

the patients, one patient was aware, two patients had

good dreams, and one had a pain on injection. One

showed sinus bradycardia (minimum HR was 38 bpm)

during anesthesia.

  The changes in mean arterial pressure (MAP) and HR

are shown in Fig.1. We did not observe any significant

change in MAP and HR decreased after induction but

this change was not significant. The changes in cate-

cholamines are shown in Fig. 2 and 3. The concentra一

(2)

Page 3: Changes in catecholamines during total intravenous

Nov., 2002 Ikeda, et al: Catecholamines during propofol anesthesia

           Table 2 Results of anesthesia

一 485 一

 1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

Induction dose   (mg/kg)

Maintenance dose   (mg/kg/h)

   Time for Time for Drugsawareness(min) extubation(min)

Comments

1.0

1.41

1.5

1.58

1.0

1.5

1.0

1.0

1.0

2.0

1.46

1.52

1.63

1.0

1.0

1.98

2.98

3.5

3.0

3.1

3.96

2.61

2.24

2.1

3.82

2.86

2.92

3.12

3.00

3.00

     3

     5

    10

     4

     5

     3

     3

Not reversed

     5

     5

Not reversed

     5

    20

     8

    12

10

15

18

 8

10

 6

 8

18

18

15

40

18

30

None

NonePerdipine

None

NonePerdipine

None

NonePerdipine

NonePerdipine

Perdipine

Perdipine

NonePerdipine

Awareness

None

None

None

Good dream

Good dream

Bradycardia

None

None

Venous pain

None

None

None

None

None

    120

    100

      80

      60

                                                                  圓MAP mmHg

      40 1 =一 一一 一一 =一 一 HR bpm

      20

        0

             Bef。re  A盛er A翫er  30 min皿te、 a血er

             induction induction intubation induction

          Fig. 1 Changes in mean arterial pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR) (n: 15)

                No significant change of MAP and HR

          pg/ml

              80

              70

              60

              50

              40

              30

              20

              10

                0

                   Before 30 minutes after 2 hours after After extubation

                   induction   induction induction

Fig.2 Changes in serum concentration of adrenaline(n: 15)

       The concentrations of adrenaline decreased after induction, but this change was not significant.

                                        (3)

Page 4: Changes in catecholamines during total intravenous

一 486 一 THE JOURNAL OF TOKYO MEDICAL UNIVERSITY VoL 60 No.6

P91m璽

500

450

400

350

300

250

200

150

100

 50

o

                   Before 30 minutes after 2 hours after After

                   induction   induction induction extubation

Fig.3 Changes in serum concentration of noradrenaline(n: 15)

      The concentrations of noradrenaline decreased after induction, but this change was not significant.

u g/ml

  2

1.8

1.6

1.4

1.2

  1

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

  0

;.甕

s・t

蕪.ll

      30minutes after 2 hours after After

      induction intubation extubation

Fig.4 Changes in serum concentration of propofol(n: 15)

tions of adrenaline and noradrenaline decreased after

induction, but these changes were not significant. The

changes in serum concentration of propofol are shown

in Fig.4 All of the values were within the normal

range. The serum concentration of propofol 30 min-

utes after induction was 1.09±O.63 pt g/ml, 2 hours after

induction it was 1.88±O.52 pt g/ml and after extubation

it was O.63±O.21 pt g/ml.

                  Discussion

  Propofol which is solubilized in a soybean emulsion

is suitable as an infusion for either maintenance of

anesthesia or sedation. lt has a short half life and

provides a smooth and fast recovery. lndeed, propofol

has proven to be a satisfactory agent for TIVA or

sedation of critically ill patients. TIVA for intracranial

surgery is gaining increasing popularity, and propofol is

considered a suitable hypnotic agent in neurosurgical

Patients.ie-3)

  The ideal anesthetic for neuroanesthesia should pro一

vide cerebroprotective effects, hemodynamic stability,

and short recovery time to allow postoperative neuro-

logic assessment. Luc et al demonstrated that 2 mg/kg

of propofol produced significant decrease of arterial

pressure, intracranial pressure, and cerebral perfusion

pressure.‘) Michel et al showed that anesthetic blood

concentration of propofol (3-5 mg/kg) was associated

with a decrease in cerebral perfusion pressure and intra-

cranial pressure. Cerebrovascular resistance and cere-

bral arteriovenous oxygen content difference were un-

changed.5) lt has also been reported that propofol

improved neurologic outcome and decreased neuronal

damage from incomplete cerebral ischemia in rats,

because propofol suppressed brain electrical activity and

decreased cerebral oxygen consumption and cerebral

blood flow.6’一g)

  Propofol was considered to have anticonvulsion

effect. Udo et al demonstrated that burst suppression

pattern on EEG was achieved by infusion of 15 mg/kg/

h propofol (maximal serum concentration was 9.2±2.9

(4)

Page 5: Changes in catecholamines during total intravenous

Nov., 2002 Ikeda, et al: Catecholamines during propofol anesthesia 一 487 一

pt g/dl), and demonstrated significant decrease of mean

arterial pressure, cardiac index, and left ventricular

stroke work index. They concluded that this dose of

propofol was suflicient to eliminate EEG changes as-

sociated with venodilation and myocardial depressant

propenies.iO) Otherr reports also demonstrated th at

propofol induced electrical silence on the EEG.iiNi3)

Ravussion et al showed that the propofol dose for

induction was 1.8±O.1mg/kg, for maintenance was

86±3.5 ptg/kg and for burst suppression was 500 ptg/

kg/min during a clipping operation.i4) According to

these reports, propofol was considered to reduce cerebral

blood flow and the cerebral metabolic rate of oxygen

and these effects were accompanied by a reduction in

cerebral electrical activity as evidenced by burst suppres-

sion patterns with periods of isoelectricity in the

electroencephalogram (EEG).

  Hans et al showed that target controlled anesthesia

maintained with a constant calculated plasma concentra-

tion of 4 ptg/ml propofol and O.5 ng/ml sufentanil

prevents an increase in aiterial pressure and heart rate

following application of a Mayfield head holder.i5)

They also showed that propofol could be administered

as a bolus of 1.5 mg/kg at induction followed by 6 mg/

kg for maintenance, obtaining hemodynamical stability

for neurosurgical patients.i6) Taniguchi et al demon-

strated that a new anesthetic protocol consisting of

propofol and alfentanjl was usefu1 for intraoperative

somatosensory evoked potential (SEP) monitoring and

was safe to use during aneurysmal surgery.i7)

  In our study we observed hemodynamic stability and

prevented an increase in catecholamines with TIVA by

propofol. The average required dose of propofol for

induction was 1.18±O.3 mg/kg, and that for mainte-

nance was 2.94±O.6 mg/kg. Serum concentration of

propofol during anesthesia was 1.88±O.52 pt g/ml.

These required doses and concentrations of propofol

were less than those for general intracranial surgery with

craniotomy.i6) We obtained fast recovery, at which

point the concentration was O.63±O.21 ptg/ml, which

was less than that for intracranial surgery. Koh et al

showed that the average serum concentration of

propofol at awareness was 1.07 pt g/ml.i) The recovery

time was also faster than in anesthesia by barbiturate

and Enada showed a lower frequency of vomiting by

propofol coinpared with barbiturate.3) The benefit of

TIVA by propofol is that it does not require an anes-

thetic machine for inhalational anesthetic gas and anes-

thesia can be managed in the angiography room.

  Deutschman et al showed that propofol anesthesia

induced sinus bradycardia in response to parasympa-

thetic stimulii8) and another study showed pain on

injection.i9) ln our patients, some had sinus bradycar-

dia or pain on injection. Case No. 1 remembered aware一

ness during anesthesia with less than 2 mg/kg concentra-

tion of propofol for maintenance, and we changed the

infusion dose of propofol for subsequent patients.

Conclusions

  We concluded that TIVA by propofol is a safe and

usefu1 method of anesthesia for neurological endovas-

cular surgery. Also we were able to perform anesthesia

in the angiography room without an anesthetic machine.

1)

2)

3)

4)

5)

6)

7)

8)

9)

10)

11)

12)

References

Shingu K, Osawa M, Mori K: Clinical study of

propofol in male volunteers. Anesthesiology 39:

219-228, 1990

Nakamoto T: Propofol. LISA 1: 2-9, 1994

1nada E: Newcomer vs oldtimes propofol. LISA

1: 10-23, 1994

Herregods L, Verbeke J, Rolly G, Colardyne F:

Effect of propofol on elevated intracranial pressure.

Anesthesia 43: S IO7m lO9, 1988

Pinaud M, Lelausque JN, Chetanneau A, Fauchoux

N, Menegalli D, Souron R: Effect of propofol on

cerebral hemodynamics and metabolism in patients

with brain tumor. Anesthesiology 73:404-409,

1990

Kochs E, Hoffmann WE, Werner C, Thomas C,

Albrecht R, Esch JS: The effect of propofol on

brain electrical activity, neurological outcome and

neurological damage following incomplete ischemia

in rats. Anesthesiology 76: 245-252, 1992

Ridenour TR, Warner DS, Todd MM, Gionet TX:

Comparative effects of propofol and halothane on

outcome from temporary middle cerebral artery

occlusion in the rats. Anesthesiology 76:807-812,

1992

Pittman J, Sheng H, Pearistein R, Brinkous A,

Dexter F, Warner DS: Comparison of the effects of

propofol and pentobarbital on neurologic outcome

and cerebral infarct size after temporary focal is一一

chemia in the rats. Anesthesiology 87: 1139-1144,

1997

Alkire MT, Haier RJ, Barker SJ, Shah NK, Wu JC,

Kao YJ:Cerebral metabolism during propofol

anesthesia in humans studied with positron emissio

tomography. Anesthesiology 82: 393-403, 1995

1ilievich UM, Petricek W, Schramm W, Weindlmary

M, Crech T, Spiss CK: Electroencephalographic

burst suppression by propofol infusion in humans,

hemodynamics consequences. Anesth Analg 77:

166-160, 1993

Kalkman CJ, Drummond JC, Ribberink AA, Patel

PM, Sano T, Bickfold RG: Effects of propofol,

etomodate, midazolam, and fentanyl on motor evok-

ed response to transcranial electrical or magnetic

stimulation in humans. Anesthesiology 76: 502-

509, 1992

Matta BF, Lam AM, Mayberg TS: Cerebral pres-

sure autoregulation and carbon dioxide reactivity

during propofbl induced EEG sしlpression. British

(5)

Page 6: Changes in catecholamines during total intravenous

一 488 一 THE JOURNAL OF TOKYO MEDICAL UNIVERSITY VoL 60 No.6

13)

14)

15)

16)

Journal of Anesthesia 74: 159-163, 1995

Wang B, Bai Q, Jiao X, Wang E, White P: Effect of

sedative and hypotonic doses of propofol on the

EEG activity ofpatients with or without a history of

seizure disorders. Journal of Neurosurgical Anesth-

esiology 9: 335-340, 1997

Ravussian P, Tribolet N: Total intravenous anes-

thesia with propofol for burst suppression in cere-

bral aneurysm surgery, preliminary report of 42

patients. Neurosurgery 32: 236-240, 1993

Hans P, Coussaert E, Dewandre PY, Brichant JF,

Grevesse M, Lamy M: Effect of target controlled

anesthesia with propofol and sufentanyl on the

hemodynamics response to Mayfield head holder

application. Acta Anaesthe Belg 49: 7-11, 1998

Hans P, Coussaert E, Cantraine F, Pieron F, Dewan-

dre PY, Hollander A, Lamy M: Predictive accuracy

of continuous propofol infusions in neurological

   patients: comparison of pharmacokinetics models.

  Journal of Neurosurgical Anesthesiology 9: 112L

   117, 1997

17) Taniguchi M, N adstawek J, Pechstein U, Schramm

  J: Total intravenous anesthesia for improvement of

   intraoperative monitoring of somatosensory evoked

  potentials during aneurysmal surgery. Neurosur-

  gery 31: 891-897, 1992

18) Clifford SD, Harris AP, Fleisher LA: Changes in

  heart rate variability under propofol anesthesia: a

  possible explanation for propofo1 explanation for

  propofol induced bradycardia. Anesth Analg 79:

  373-377, 1997

19) Borgeat A, Dessiburg C, Popovic V, Meier D,

  Blanchard M, Schwander D: Propofol and sponta-

  neous movements: an EEG study. Anesthesiology

  74: 24-27, 1991

脳外科.血管内手術におけるプロポフォールによる完全静脈麻酔中の

                カテコラミンの変動について

池 田 一 美 池 田 寿 昭 鬼 塚 俊 朗

東京医科大学八王子医療センター 救命救急部

【要旨】 我々は脳外科血管内手術においてプロポフォールによる完全静脈麻酔を施行し、循環動態とカテコラミンの変化

を測定し、その有用性について検討した。対象は当センターで脳外科領域の血管内手術を受けた15例であり、内訳はSAH

(subarachnoid hemorrhage)6例、 Unruptured aneurysm 3イ 1、 AVM(arteriovenous malf()rmation)4例、 CCF(carotid

cavernous fistula)2例であった。

 麻酔の導入及び維持は血管内手術室でプロポフォールの静脈内投与によって行ない、患者は挿管されて呼吸器により人

工呼吸されたが、麻酔ガスの吸入は行なわなかった。我々は麻酔中の血圧、心拍数、血中カテコラミン、プロポフォール

濃度、および覚醒に要した時間について測定し、患者の麻酔についての感想も調査した。プロポフォールの投与量は導入

は1.18±0.3mg/kg、維持は2.94±0.6 mg/kgであり、血中プロポフォール濃度は導入30分後はLO9±0.63μg/ml、2時間後

は188±052μg/mlであった。麻酔中循環動態は安定し、血中カテコラミン濃度は導入後有意に低下し、麻酔中は有意の

変化は無かった。術中覚醒が1例、洞性二王が1例にみられたが、その他は特に問題は無く、2名は術中良い夢をみたと

の感想であり、覚醒も速やかであった。

 以上の結果より、プロポフォールによる完全静脈麻酔は脳外科領域の血管内手術においては有用であると思われた。

〈Key words>脳血管内手術、完全静脈麻酔、プロポフォール

(6)