Cancer Elective Ppt

7/31/2019 Cancer Elective Ppt.

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CANCER

PredisposingFactors

PrecipitatingFactors

Pathophysiology

Diagnostic Exams

Clinical Manifestations

Treatment

Prevention
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CANC

ER

CA

nCER


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CANCER

PredisposingFactors


Pathophysiology

Diagnostic Exams


Treatment

Prevention
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CANCER-a malignant neoplasm or abnormal mass of thetissue

PredisposingFactors

Age- 65 and

aboveGeneticsGender


Dietary factors

Physical ctivityOccupationUrban vs Ruralresidence

Stress


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exposure to carcinogen

damages DNA anything thatpenetrate a cell, gets into thenucleus and damages the

DNA.

additional assaults to thecells results in furthergenetic damage.

cells are increasinglymalignant in appearance andbehavior and develop into

invasive cancer.


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cancer cells move from

primary location by breakingoff from the original groupand establishing remote

colonies. These additionaltumors are calledMetastatic/ SecondaryTumors.

additional assaults to thecells results in further

genetic damage.


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breast lun

g cervicalskin

liver

laryngeal

colon

prostatic


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-change in bladder and bowelhabits

-a sore that does not heal

-unusual bleeding/ discharge

-thickening of lump in thebreast/ elsewhere

-indigestion/ difficulty inswallowing

-obvious change in wart/ mole

-nagging cough/ hoarseness

CAU

TIONA

L


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Diagnostic Exams

Biopsy-obtaining tissue sample for

analysis of cells to be malignant

1. Needle

2. Incisional3. Exicional

4. Staging


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Diagnostic Exams

1. Needle

-aspiration of the cells in a

fluid/ in a very soft tissue,X-ray & MRI to guide theneedle

2. Incisional-removing wedge ofsuspected tissue from a


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Diagnostic Exams

3. Exicional

-completely removing anentire lesion withoutremoving any adjacent normaltissues

4. Staging

-performing multiple needle/

incisonal biopsies in tissues


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Diagnostic Exams

AFP (alpha-feto protein) liver

CEA (carcinoembryonic-antigen) lungs

HCG(human chorionic cervix

gonadotropin)

Prostatic Acid Phosphatase prostate

PSA prostate

HPV(human papilloma virus) cervixBarium enema colon

Colonoscopy colon


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Treatment

Surgical Interventions

Radiation TherapyChemotherapyImmunotherapyBone MarrowTransplantation


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Surgical Interventions

Cytoreductive Surgery-rebulks removing the part of

the tumor and leaving a knownamt. of gross tumor , cant resultin a cure but chance that other

therapy can be successful.Palliative Surgery-reduce pain by such interrupting

nerve pathways/ implanting pain


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Radiation Therapy

Teletherapy-external radiation, pose no

hazards, distant treatment-radiation source is external tothe client

-client is not radioactive

NURSING RESPONSIBILITIES

keep area dry and wash H20, no soap


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material thus the radioisotopecannot circulate throughout

the clients bodyNURSING

RESPONSIBILITIESUse Ducimeter badgeUse long forceps

Save all linens and dressingsafter 24 hrs.Instruct client to flush toilet 2

times.


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Chemotherapy

-destroys the malignant ca cell excessive destruction of normal

cells 3 Types of Chemotherapy1. Adjuvant2. Neo Adjuvant3. Combination

Classification of Chemotherapy1. Alkalyting2.

Antimetabolite3. Antitumor Antibiotic


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3 Types of Chemotherapy

Adjuvant-to eliminate remaining

submicroscopic Ca cells that aresuspected to be still present

Neo Adjuvant-given as pre op to reduce the bulk

or to lower down the stage oftumor making it amenable forsurgery.

Neo Adjuvant


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Classification ofChemotherapy

Alkalyting-to create defects on tumor DNA,

inhibits cell divisionEx: Cisplatin S/E: n/v, cystitis,

stomatitis

Antimetabolites-closely reesemble normal metabolytes

that can fool Ca cells into using the

antimetabolites in cellular reaction


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NURSING RESPONSIBILITIESIn case of anaphylactic reaction:

Stop the drug admin and maintainairway patency

Place in supine position if not C/I Monitor v/s q2mins until the client isstable

Chemo drug escape from the veinsTop infusion & withdraw as much as

possible Dont remove the cannula Inform the physician when flushing

the NSS


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Prevention

Breast >40yrs. annual

mammogram, clinical breastexam and monthly SBE 20-39 yrs. old- breast examevey 3 yrs. & monthly SBEColon and rectum

fecal occult blood- every yr. flexible sigmoidoscopy-

every 5 yrs.


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Prostate 50 or 45 yrs old PSA anddigital exam annually

Cervix 40 yrs (sexually active)- PapSmear & Pelvic Exam21-70 yrs old should undergo

HPV testvaccine

Oral Exam and Skin Exam20- 40 yrs. old- every 3 yrs.


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NursingCarePlans


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Nursing Diagnosis:


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Goal


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NURSING

INTERVENTIONS


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Nursing Diagnosis.


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Goal


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Cancer Elective Ppt