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CAFFEINEBrief History and Background of
Caffeine1,3,7-Trimethylpurine-2,6-dioneMost widely consumed
psychoactive drugConsumed since the Stone AgeFrom the German word
kaffee and French word cafFirst extracted from coffee in 1821 by
Friedrich Ferdinand RungeIntroduced to the Europeans in 1573First
known as Arabian wineGlobal consumption estimated at 120 000 MT per
annum
Pharmacology of CaffeineCentral nervous system and metabolic
stimulantFirst stimulates the brain, resulting in:Increased
alertness and wakefulnessFaster and clearer flow of
thoughtIncreased focusBetter general body coordinationAt even
higher doses, it stimulates the lower central nervous systempop
quiz what is the lower CNS?Pharmaceutical Caffeine
Health Effects of Caffeine
Synthesis of PharmaceuticalsAlkylationCarboxylationCondensation
and
CyclizationDehydrationEsterificationHalogenationOxidationSulfonationSynthesis
of Caffeine
Synthesis of CaffeineN-methylation of uracilNitration of
1,3-dimethyluracilReduction of
1,3-dimethyl-5-nitrouracilFormylation and Nitration of
5-amino-1,3-dimethyluracilIntramolecular cyclization of
intermediateN-methylation of theophylline
N-methylation of uracil
Nitration of 1,3-dimethyluracil
Reduction of 1,3-dimethyl-5-nitrouracil
Formylation and Nitration of 5-amino-1,3-dimethyluracil
Intramolecular cyclization of intermediate
N-methylation of theophylline
SourcesZajac, M. A., Zakrzewski, A. G., & Kowal, M. G.
(2003). A Novel Method of Caffeine Synthesis from Uracil. Retrieved
from
http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/jres/76A/jresv76An5p483_A1b.pdfShreve,
R. (1967). The Pharmaceutical Industry. In Chemical Process
Industries (3rd ed.). New York, New York: McGraw-Hill Book
Company.National Headache Foundation: Clinical Update :
Pharamacology. (n.d.). Retrieved March 24, 2015, from
https://www.headaches.org/educational_modules/caffeine_module/medical_uses.htm
