CHAPTER 1ENGINEERING OVERVIEW

Presented By:Assoc. Prof. Dr. Mimi Sakinah Abdul MunaimSeptember 2013

TOPIC OUTCOME (TO)

Explain the roles of engineer Identify the main branches of engineering Describe the possible career path of a

chemical engineer

WHAT IS ENGINEERING……?

Definitions of engineering

1. The application of science to the common purpose of life. --Count Rumford (1799) 2.Engineering is the art of directing the great sources of power in nature for the use and

convenience of man. --Thomas Tredgold (1828) 3.It would be well if engineering were less generally thought of, and even defined, as the art of

constructing. In a certain sense it is rather the art of not constructing; or, to define it rudely but not inaptly, it is the art of doing that well with one dollar which any bungler can be with two after a fashion.

--A. M. Wellington (1887) 4.Engineering is the art of organizing and directing men and controlling the forces and materials of

nature for the benefit of the human race. --Henry G. Stott (1907) 5.Engineering is the science of economy, of conserving the energy, kinetic and potential, provided

and stored up by nature for the use of man. It is the business of engineering to utilize this energy to the best advantage, so that there may be the least possible waste.

--Willard A. Smith (1908) 6.Engineering is the conscious application of science to the problems of economic production. --H. P. Gillette (1910) 7.Engineering is the art or science of utilizing, directing or instructing others in the utilization of the

principles, forces, properties and substance of nature in the production, manufacture, construction, operation and use of things ... or of means, methods, machines, devices and structures ...

--Alfred W. Kiddle (1920}

8.Engineering is the practice of safe and economic application of the scientific laws governing the forces and materials of nature by means of organization, design and construction, for the general benefit of mankind.

--S. E. Lindsay (1920)

9.Engineering is an activity other than purely manual and physical work which brings about the utilization of the materials and laws of nature for the good of humanity.

--R. E. Hellmund (1929)

10.Engineering is the science and art of efficient dealing with materials and forces ... it involves the most economic design and execution ... assuring, when properly performed, the most advantageous combination of accuracy, safety, durability, speed, simplicity, efficiency, and economy possible for the conditions of design and service.

--J. A. L. Waddell, Frank W. Skinner, and H. E. Wessman (1933)

11.Engineering is the professional and systematic application of science to the efficient utilization of natural resources to produce wealth.

--T. J. Hoover and J. C. L. Fish (1941)

12.The activity characteristic of professional engineering is the design of structures, machines, circuits, or processes, or of combinations of these elements into systems or plants and the analysis and prediction of their performance and costs under specified working conditions.

--M. P. O'Brien (1954)

13.The ideal engineer is a composite ... He is not a scientist, he is not a mathematician, he is not a sociologist or a writer; but he may use the knowledge and techniques of any or all of these disciplines in solving engineering problems.

--N. W. Dougherty (1955)

14.Engineers participate in the activities which make the resources of nature available in a form beneficial to man and provide systems which will perform optimally and economically.

--L. M. K. Boelter (1957)

15.The engineer is the key figure in the material progress of the world. It is his engineering that makes a reality of the potential value of science by translating scientific knowledge into tools, resources, energy and labor to bring them into the service of man ... To make contributions of this kind the engineer requires the imagination to visualize the needs of society and to appreciate what is possible as well as the technological and broad social age understanding to bring his vision to reality.

--Sir Eric Ashby (1958) 16.The engineer has been, and is, a maker of history. --James Kip Finch (1960) 17.Engineering is the profession in which a knowledge of the mathematical and natural

sciences gained by study, experience, and practice is applied with judgment to develop ways to utilize, economically, the materials and forces of nature for the benefit of mankind.

--Engineers Council for Professional Development (1961/1979) 18.Engineering is the professional art of applying science to the optimum conversion of

natural resources to the benefit of man. --Ralph J. Smith (1962) 19.Engineering is not merely knowing and being knowledgeable, like a walking encyclopedia;

engineering is not merely analysis; engineering is not merely the possession of the capacity to get elegant solutions to non-existent engineering problems; engineering is practicing the art of the organized forcing of technological change ... Engineers operate at the interface between science and society ...

--Dean Gordon Brown; Massachusetts Institute of Technology (1962) 20.The story of civilization is, in a sense, the story of engineering - that long and arduous

struggle to make the forces of nature work for man's good. --L. Sprague DeCamp (1963) 21.Engineering is the art or science of making practical. --Samuel C. Florman (1976)

WHAT IS ENGINEERING ?- THE SIMPLIFIED DEFINITION

is a discipline concerning… “ the creative application of

scientific knowledge to analyse, design, construct and operate the products and services of societal needs;

with full cognizance of the environment, sustainable development and foremost the safety, health and welfare to human life.“

A MORE FORMAL DEFINITION…..

“Engineering is the profession in which a knowledge of the mathematical and natural sciences gained by study, experience, and practice, is applied with judgment to develop ways to utilize, economically, the materials and forces of nature for the benefit of mankind.”

The Accreditation Board of Engineering and Technology (ABET)

Math + Sc

Benefit of mankind

Judgement + EconomicNature

+

WHO IS AN ENGINEER….?

WHO IS AN ENGINEER?

“An engineer shall mean a person who, by reason

of his special knowledge and use of mathematical,

physical, and engineering sciences and the

principles and methods of engineering analysis and

design, acquired by education and experience, is

qualified to practice engineering.” National Council of Engineering Examiners

thus… an engineer turns ideas into reality through invention and innovation

TODAY’S PROFESSIONAL ENGINEERS

Today’s professional engineers demonstrate a personal and professional commitment to society, to their profession, and to the environment.

ENGINEERING COUNCIL UK

Engineers are not ....

Scientists, who aims to discover new knowledge, whether useful or

not. The engineer strives to put knowledge, old or new, to work efficiently for the needs of mankind.

primarily uses mathematical and physical sciences to acquire new knowledge, whereas the engineer applies the knowledge to design and develop usable devices, structures, and processes. In other words, the scientist seeks to know, the engineer aims to do.

Scientists and engineers are dependent on one another. Their functions, such as research, frequently overlap. The engineer often conducts research, but with a definite purpose in mind.

Engineers are not ....

Technicians, who are

responsible for performing the work while engineers are responsible for determining what work is to be performed. Technicians and engineers are also dependent on one another…..their technical tasks are to assist engineers.

Complex Problems(Engineer)

Broadly Defined Problems (Engineering Technologist)

Well defined Problems (Engineering Technician)

Can be solved using limited theoretical

knowledge, but normally requires extensive practical

knowledge

Requires knowledge of principles and

applied procedures or methodologies

Requires in-depth knowledge that

allows a fundamentals-based

first principles analytical approach

Depth of Knowledge Required

THE ENGINEERING PROCESS

IDEA ….. while interacting with people & environment

Mathematics & Sciences

+

TECHNOLOGY….. PRODUCT OR SERVICE

Communication

SOCIETY

• study• experience• practice creativity / judgement / common sense

Engineer must acquire many skills

including theoretical and practical.

They must be good at organization,

communication and documentation.

Three important traits that form the

foundation of an engineer's competency

are knowledge, experience and

intuition.

Set of Engineering Skills

Knowledge

Knowledge consists of the body of facts, scientific

principles and mathematical tools that an engineer uses to form strategies, analyze systems, predict results or seek a deeper understanding of how something works. Natural science (physics, chemistry &

biology) – help engineer to understand physical world. Mathematics provides a universal technical

language that bridges different disciplines, spoken languages, and cultural boundaries.

Set of Engineering Skills

• Areas of knowledge that are common to most

engineers, regardless of discipline, include mechanics, circuits, materials science and computer programming. Education: formal, on-the-job training, and

self -exploration – tinkering, experimenting and fixing: important sources. Competent engineers – involve in design,

keep up to date with latest technology, taking professional development courses and solving real world problems.

Set of Engineering Skills

Skills Experience

Experience refers to the body of procedures, methods, techniques and rules of thumb in solving problems. On-the-job training provides important source of engineering experience. Many companies provide entry- level engineers with initial training as a way of infusing additional experience. Seasoning: a process by which a novice engineer learns 'tricks' from more experienced engineers.

Set of Engineering Skills

...Experience History of how things done/hasn't worked

is often passed orally from one generation of engineers to the next and a new engineer learns this information by working with other engineers.

An engineer also gains valuable experience by enduring design failure. Experience is acquired by testing prototypes, studying failures and observing the results of design decisions.

Engineers also must consider the issues of reliability, cost, manufacturability, economics and marketability when making decisions.

Set of Engineering Skills

Intuition

Intuition is engineer's basic instinct about what

will or will not work when trying to solve engineering problems. It helps engineer to decide which approach to follow when faced with choices and no obvious answer. A feeling for what will work and what will not work, based solely on extensive experience, can save time by helping an engineer choose the path that will eventually lead to success rather than failure. Intuition helps and engineer predict whether

a design concept will work before it's actually built.

Set of Engineering Skills

JOB FUNCTIONS OF AN ENGINEER

Research Development

Design Production and Testing

Construction Operations

Sales Management

Consulting Teaching & Training

Banking and Finance

HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE OF ENGINEERING

When did engineering begin?…...whenever there was an invention and innovation

First tools in ancient times (hunting)

Agricultural / farming processes

Invention of fire, wheel, woven materials

Use of metal / alloys

Early Civilization: The Egyptians Middle Ages The Advancement of Science The Advancement of Engineering Engineering in Twentieth Century

Early Civilization: Egyptian• Pyramids

1. The Step Pyramid 2. The Great Pyramid• Dykes, canals & drainage system

History of Engineering

Engineering In The Middle Ages• After the fall of Roman Empire• Fortress

Thick walls, tall towers, an encircling wideditch spanned by a single bridge• Machines1. Wind mill2. Ship building• Ingeniour -> in generate (to create) ->

engineer• China -> gunpowder + paper + casting

iron + textile

History of Engineering

The Advancement of Science• 1300 – 1750 c.e • Leonardo da Vinci (Italian) -> artist, architect & experimental scientist: conceptual design• Galileo (Italian) -> astronomer & physics:

telescope & law of falling body• Robert Boyle (Irish) -> chemist & physics: compression & expansion of air• Robert Hooke (English) -> experimental scientist: theory of elasticity• Sir Isaac Newton (English) -> scientist & mathematician: calculus + light + colour + law of universal gravitationl

History of Engineering

The Advancement of Engineering America

1. American Society of Civil Engineers (1852)2. American Institute of Mining Metallurgical and Petroleum Engineers (1871)3. American Society of Mechanical Engineers

(1880) 4. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers

(1884)5. American Institute of Chemical Engineers

(1908)

History of Engineering

Engineering In The 20th Century Transportation

1. Wilbur & Orville Wright -> air plane 2. Henry Ford -> motor vehicle Water Resources 1. Hoover Dam 2. Tennessee Valley Authority Nuclear Power Plant 1. Consolidated Edison's Indian Point Semiconductor 1. IBM Corporation

History of Engineering

STUDYING ENGINEERING- REWARDS & OPPORTUNITIES -

Job Satisfaction Variety of Career Opportunities

Challenging Work Intellectual Development

Potential to Benefit Society Financial Security

Prestige Professional Environment

Technological and Scientific Discovery Creative Thinking

Source : Studying Engineering (Discovery Press, 1995) Further info : Employment survey of engineers 2002 (extracted from IEM publication)

FUTURE CHALLENGES OF ENGINEERING

Global warming Sustainable development

Environment Infrastructure

Human health and welfare Education and training

Globalization of economy Engineering ethics

BRANCHES OF ENGINEERING

Engineers are classified into various fields of specializations or disciplines based on the type of problems they solve.

Basic engineering fieldsCivil engineeringMechanical engineeringElectrical engineeringChemical engineering

Other specialisations???

Electrical Engineering➔ Power generation, transmission & distribution➔ Electronics ➔ Communication➔ Instrument & measurement➔ Automatic control➔ Computer

BRANCHES OF ENGINEERING

Mechanical Engineering➔ Transportation➔ Machines for industry➔ Marine

BRANCHES OF ENGINEERING

Civil Engineering➔ Structure➔ Construction➔ Transportation➔ Geo-technical➔ Water Resources➔ Environment

BRANCHES OF ENGINEERING

Chemical Engineering➔ Chemical Reaction➔ Heat Transfer➔ Mass Transfer➔ Process Control➔ Process Economics

BRANCHES OF ENGINEERING

Areas of further specialization

Petroleum EngineeringMechatronic engineering

Materials engineeringAgricultural EngineeringArchitectural engineeringBiomedical Engineering

Ceramic EngineeringComputer Engineering

Environmental EngineeringIndustrial Engineering

Manufacturing EngineeringMining and Geological Engineering

Nuclear Engineering ...

Chemical Engineering:

1. Engineering that directly dealing with and involving chemicals.

2. Industrialized or mechanized application of producing something from or using chemicals

Chemical Engineer:

Person(s) who(m) doing and practising chemical engineering in any positions.

Chemical Engineering Overview

The American Institute of Chemical Engineers (AIChE) defines the profession as:

“The profession in which a knowledge of the mathematics, chemistry and natural sciences gained by study, experience and practice is applied with judgement to develop ways to utilize economically, the materials and energy for the benefit of mankind”

Chemical Engineering Perspective

In general, it is an engineering discipline with deep roots in the world of atoms, molecules, and molecular transformations.

The focus of chemical engineering has always been industrial processes that change the physical state or chemical composition of materials.

Chemical engineering plays a key role in industries as varied as petroleum, food, artificial fibers, petrochemicals, plastics, ceramics, primary metals, glass, and specialty chemicals.

Chemical Engineering Perspective

Chemical engineering was the first engineering profession to recognize the integral relationship between design and manufacture, and this recognition has been one of the major reasons for its success.

Chemical Engineering Perspective

Attributes of Engineering Graduates Engineering graduates are able to:

apply knowledge of mathematics, science and engineering design and conduct experiments as well as to analyse and

interpret data design a system, component or process to desired needs function on multi-disciplinary teams identify, formulate and solve engineering problems demonstrate professional and ethical responsibility communicate effectively take into account the impact of engineering solutions in a global

and societal context engage in long-life learning discuss knowledge of contemporary issues use the techniques, skills and modern engineering tools

necessary for engineering practice

Attributes of UMP Chemical Engineering graduates????

ENGINEERING EDUCATION

BSc professional practice BSc MSc professional practice

academic career / researcher BSc MSc PhD professional

practice

academic career/ researcher

Academic career / professional practice can be combined

CONCLUSION

THE WELL ROUNDED ENGINEER

“The engineers have the potential to become a mastermind from which they are being

a pure technology-oriented source ofexpertise to that of a more rounded person

able to confront both technological and social systems issues”