Building Materials Report SRT153

B u i l d i n g M a t e r i a l s R e p o r t

Carly Culpin - 216370611Trimester One

S R T 1 5 3B u i l d i n g M a t e r i a l

S c i e n c e

Unit ChairOlubukola

Tokede

Unit ChairShilipi Tewari

A thorough investigation of concrete and its properties

Contents

Page 3: IntroductionPage 4: Historical Time line of Concrete Page 5: Properties of Concrete Page 7: Summary Page 8: Conclusion Page 9: IndexPage 11: Appendix One - GlossaryPage 13: Appendix Two - Additional ResourcesPage 15: Appendix Three - Bibliography

(Polished-Concrete, 2017) (CONCRETE, 2017) (Decorative-Concrete, 2017)

(Panorama-Site, 2017)

(Concrete-Dome, 2017)

Introduction

This report aims to discuss and investigate the science of the building material known as concrete. Most of the developed, modern world has used concrete for years in a building context,

both in residential and commercial sectors, and in the past by ancient civilisations.

With the materials many types and forms of which it comes, this report will explore its uses and properties to ascertain the advantages and disadvantages of using concrete in structures. In

saying that, with the varied applications and uses for concrete, this report’s focus will be on floor applications like roads, paths and slabs.

”There is no reason to design buildings that are more

basic and rectilinear, because with concrete you can

cover almost any space.”

– Oscar Niemeyer

| B u i l d i n g M a t e r i a l s R e p o r tHi

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(Concretenetwork.com, 2017)

(True Hemp Clothing International, 2017)

(Sciencedirect.com, 2017)

(Pouring-Concrete, 2017)

B u i l d i n g M a t e r i a l s R e p o r t |

Modern concrete is aggregate and a matrix mixed together in controlled quantities. The reaction creates a strong bond to ensure it cures into a hard, dense material able to resist

compressive stresses. Depending on the quantities and proportions of the composition, the characteristics of the concrete will vary. Over 2000 years ago, the Romans developed concrete by

mixing together pumicite and hydrated lime cement (matrix) with broken brick and stone (aggregate).

The Romans utilised this composition in masonry for really strong walls and vaulted roofs. After their reign, concrete died out until the commercial concrete industry rose in Britain with Aspdin’s patent for Portland Cement. (Ward-Harvey 2009, pg. 73). The most common applications in the modern building industry are columns, beams, cantilever slabs, roof tiles, concrete blocks, floor

pavers, AAC blocks, curbs, gutters, steps, stairs, pipes and retaining walls.

Properties

Hempcrete is an ideal substitute for traditional concrete, providing it

has the appropriate reinforcements. Hempcrete is a strong. lightweight

material with increased thermal properties and can, in some instances,

completely eliminate the need for heating/cooling. It has been proven

to decrease humidity and allergens in the air, leaving cleaner, fresher

environments for all to enjoy. (The Limecrete Company, 2017)

The use of concrete, both reinforced and standard, is now controlled by a set of regulated codes. These practices are being implemented worldwide, in most developed countries, with strict site

supervision to ensure correct procedures and codes are being observed. In some roads, the joints between poured sections are often shaped to key together and in large slabs allowance has to

be made for shrinkage which will occur when drying out. This minimises the effects of shrinkage cracking which occurs in the process of drying and hardening. The duration of exposure will

determine how much shrinkage will happen. If it is prevented, the concrete will crack with resulting tensile strength. Fluid concrete is more susceptible to cracking than a ‘dry’ mix as the fluid mixture

is more porous.

(Concrete-Tiles, 2017)

| B u i l d i n g M a t e r i a l s R e p o r t

In the 19th century in 1867, a Frenchman named Mortier began the commercialisation of reinforced cement concrete (RCC). From 1885 onwards was Ransome; the USA had Malliart,

Perret, Le Corbusier and Nervi; Australia boasted Monash, Ove Arup, and Seidler (Ward-Harvey 2009, pg. 73)

RCC is widely used in the developed world due to its adaptability and readily available aggregates and steel reinforcements. It combines the compressive strength and fire resistant capacity of

concrete with the tensile strength of steel. Ferro Cemento is a special type of RCC, usually used in yachts, with a combined makeup of wire mesh, sand and cement. It produces comparatively

thin members able to be formed readily into almost any shape. (Ward-Harvey 2009, pg. 73)

Numerous high tactile materials can be used to reinforce concrete, giving it good tensile strength if placed correctly in the members, but the most common is steel. Even more so, steel mesh (made by electrically welding light steel rods) is used in floor slabs to create a higher tensile

strength than mild steel. The density of the matrix determines the porosity of the cements, which has a consequent correlation to the corrosion of steel in RCC. Used in situ, RCC is usually

100mm thick and on the ground as roads, paths and floor slabs.(Ward-Harvey 2009, pg. 75)

“You employ stone, wood, and concrete, and with

these materials you build houses and palaces. That is

construction Ingenuity is at work. But suddenly you

touch my heart, you do me good, I am happy and I say:

This is beautiful. That is architecture. Art enters in.”

– Le Corbusier (POLISHED CONCRETE, 2017)

Types FormsRegular Concrete Ready Mix

High Strength Concrete Precast

High Performance Concrete Masonry

Air Entrained Concrete Tilt-Up

Stamped Concrete Cement-based Materials (Mortar, Grout, Terrazzo)

Polymer Concrete

Shotcrete

Rapid Strength Concrete

Pervious Concrete

(Cement.ca, 2017)(En.wikipedia.org, 2017)


Summary

To summarise this report in the building context, concrete has been (and will continue to be) one of the most popular materials to date, but all popularity comes with advantages and disad-vantages. Below is a table that outlines some of the main points of the benefits and limitations

of utilising such an accessible substance in the modern, developed world. However, with its low thermal and acoustic properties, the possibility for stronger, better, more useful products is

endless.

When builders refer to ‘concrete’ they tend to mean the term Reinforced Cement Concrete, the stronger combination of steel and standard concrete. The steel rebars offer higher tensile

strength which integrates nicely with the compressive strength and ease of on site production of concrete. As the construction industry grows, so will the use of concrete products. This will allow us to continually explore the potential make up of each mixture and allow development of future products that could increase the strength, or sustainability, of standard concrete. (Understand

Building Construction, 2017)

Advantages DisadvantagesFree from defects and flaws (Compared to other binding materials) Tensile Strength is relatively low

Ingredients are easily obtainable Concrete is less ductile

Can be manufactured to almost any desired strength Low specific strength

Can be cast to any desired shape, and on site May contain soluble salts. Soluble salts cause efflorescence

Maintenance costs are almost negligible Formwork is required

Non-combustible, fire safe Long curing times

Can withstand high temperatures Strict quality control

Wind and water resistant. Suitable for storm shelters Quasi-brittle material

Cinder concrete is an adequate sound proofer Low toughness

Typical Properties of Normal Strength Portland Cement• Density -- 2240 - 2400 kg/m3 (140 - 150 lb/ft3)• Compressive Strength -- 20 - 40 MPa (3000 - 6000 psi)• Flexural Strength -- 3 - 5 MPa (400 - 700 psi)• Tensile Strength -- 2 - 5 MPa (300 - 700 psi)• Modulus of Elasticity -- 14000 - 41000 MPa (2 - 6 x 106 psi)• Permeability -- 1 x 10-10 cm/sec• Coefficient of Thermal Expansion -- 10-5 oC-1 (5.5 x 10-6 oF-1)• Drying Shrinkage -- 4 - 8 x 10-4• Poisson’s Ratio -- 0.20 - 0.21• Shear Strength -- 6 - 17 MPa• Specific Heat -- 0.75 kJ/kg K (0.18 Btu/lbm oF (kcal/kg oC))

(Engineeringtoolbox.com, 2017)

(EngineeringCivil.org, 2017) (Concrete, 2017)


In conclusion, this report’s investigation has resulted in an understanding of concrete in the building industry and the properties that make up one of the most popular materials used in the

developed world. From ancient civilisations to modern day residential and commercial development companies, concrete is one of the more broadly applicable materials in use and can

be seen in a variety of structures globally. With more products being developed with high sustainable compositions, concrete is not only a material, but a growing industry as a whole. The limitations of concrete mean that the world needs to continue developing new compositions and a

technology to increase the applications for the substance. There are already some new technologies being explored for commercial use in the future, such as self healing concrete, more sustainable mixes and permeable concrete. Though, in saying that, the possibilities for concrete

are endless as we explore many combinations of binding agents and aggregates to discover more environmentally friendly solutions for the industry.

“Concrete you can mold, you can press it into – after

all, you haven’t any straight lines in your body. Why

should we have straight lines in our architecture?

You’d be surprised when you go into a room that has no

straight line – how marvellous it is that you can feel

the walls talking back to you, as it were.”

– Philip Johnson (POLISHED CONCRETE, 2017)

Conclusion

Self Healing Concrete is not yet fully available on the market, but has

been scientifically explored. The microbiology of self healing concrete

means that the mineral-producing bacteria found by microbiologist

Dr Henk Jonkers will bring benefits to civil engineering and the

construction industry. This bacteria (which can lie dormant for up to

200 years) biologically produces limestone upon contact with nutrients

and water, sealing up the micro cracks to avoid spreading.

(Self Healing Concrete, 2017)

(Bandaid-Healing, 2017)(Bridge-Section, 2017)

(Self Healing-Concrete, 2017)


IndexPeopleAspdin ~ Joseph Aspdin, born in 1779, learned his trade as a bricklayer and plasterer. He discovered that heating clay and limestone at extremely high temperatures, then cooling, grinding and mixing it with water resulted in a particularly strong cement. He is attributed to being the founder of Portland Cement. (Mylearning.org, 2017) (JosephAspdin, 2017)

Le Corbusier ~ Born Charles-Edouard Jeannert-Gris in 1887, Le Corbusier was a Swiss-born French architect who worked in particular with steel, reinforced concrete and elemental geometric forms. (Biography, 2017) (LeCorbusier, 2017)

Malliart ~ A Swiss engineer who revolutionised the use of structural reinforced concrete, Robert Malliart was born in 1872 and made a name for himself with such designs as the three-hinged arch and the deck-stiffened arch for bridges and the beamless floor slab. His Salginatobel and Schwandbach bridges changed the face of aesthetics and engineering of bridges. (En.wikipedia.org, 2017) (Maillart, 2017)

Monash ~ Born in West Melbourne in 1865, Sir John Monash study at the University of Melbourne with the intention of becoming an engineer. In 1885, before completing his degree, he acquired a prospective position with the team working on the new Princes Bridge and others in the Footscray, Moonee Ponds and Coburg areas. (Adm.monash.edu.au, 2017) (Adb.anu.edu.au, 2017) (SirJohnMonash, 2017)

Nervi ~ An Italian engineer, Pier Luigi Nervi was born in 1891 and qualified in 1913 from the University of Bologna and taught at Rome University as a professor of engineering. Widely known as an architect and structural engineer who used his unique innovations in use of reinforced concrete. (En.wikipedia.org, 2017) (PierNervi, 2017)

Ove Arup ~ Sir Ove Nyquist Arup born in 1895 was an English engineer who founded Arup Group Ltd., he is renowned to be among the foremost architectural structural engineers of his time. (En.wikipedia.org, 2017) (OveArup, 2017)

Perret ~ Born in 1874, Auguste Perret was a french building contractor and architect, he was considered to be an important influence upon the International Style of 1920’s Europe. One of the first to use concrete as an architecturally significant material. (Encyclopedia.com, 2017) (Perret, 2017)

Ransome ~ English-born in 1852, Ernest L.eslie Ransome was an engineer, architect and a key innovator in reinforced concrete building techniques. He is attributed to devising some of the most sophisticated concrete structure in the USA at that time. (En.wikipedia.org, 2017) (ErnestRansome, 2017)

Seidler ~ Dubbed ‘Australia’s king of concrete curves, the Australian-born Harry Seidler introduced Australia to the Bauhaus methodology and was an award winning architect. His first work, the Rose Seidler House, and the Australian Square Tower lead him to be a household name by 1967. (Lacey, 2017) (HarrySeidler, 2017)


Time Line Dates3000 BC - Egyptian Pyramids ~ By mixing mud and straw together for concrete and gypsum and lime for mortar, the Egyptians managed to build the pyramids that still stand today.

300 BC - 467 AD - Roman Architecture ~ Using material remarkably close to what we use today, the Romans were able to build the Colloseum and the Pathenon.

1824 - Portland Cement Invented ~ Joseph Aspdin of England is credited with the invention of modern Portland Cement.

1836 - Strength Testing ~ The first test of compressive and tensile stress was performed in Germany.

1889 - Concrete Sheet ~ The first sheet was built in Bellefontaine, Ohio.

1891 - The Ingalls Building ~ The first concrete high rise was built in Cincinatti, Ohio.

1903 - Concrete Homes ~ Thomas Edison designed and built the first residential concrete home in Union, New Jersey.

1912 - Ready Mix ~ Baltimore, Maryland was the home of the first ready mix delivery.

1915 - Coloured Concrete ~ Lynn Mason Schofield founded the first company to produce coloured concrete.

1930 - Air Entraining Agents ~ Air entraining agents were used for the first time to prevent freezing and thawing damage.

1936 - Hoover Dam ~ Built along the Colorado River, bordering Nevada and Arizona. The largest scale concrete project of its time.

1938 - Concrete Overlay ~ John Crossfield was the first to receive a patent for a concrete overlay after adding latex to cement for ship decks.

1950’s - Development of Decorative Concrete ~ Brad Bowman developed the Bomanite procedure in Monterey, California.

1963 - Concrete Sports Dome ~ The Assembly Hall, built at the University of Illinois, was the first concrete domed sports arena.

1970’s - Fiber Reinforcement ~ First introduction to increase the strength of concrete.

1980’s - Concrete Counter Tops ~ Buddy Rhodes cast his first concrete counter top in the mid 1980’s. Another, Fu-Tung Cheng, also cast his first.

1987 - Hempcrete Used in Luberon ~ The first commercial use of Hempcrete was in Luberon, France.

1990 - Concrete Engraving ~ Darrel Adamson designed the first Engrave-A-Create system

1992 - Tallest Concrete Building ~ The tallest reinforced building built in Chicago, Illinois, at 65 storeys tall.

1999 - Polished Concrete ~ The first polished concrete floor was 40,000-sqaure-foot warehouse in the Belagio, Las Vegas.

2006 - Development of Self Healing Concrete ~ The first definitive research on micro bacteria for self healing concrete was published

Index cont.


GlossaryAdaptability ~ Ability to adjust readily to different conditions

Aggregate ~ A mixture of sand and stone and a major component of concrete

Applications ~ The act of putting to a special use or purpose (plural)

Architect - One who has completed a course of study in building and design, and is licensed by the state as an architect. One who draws up plans.

Commercial ~ For nonresidential use, such as retail and office buildings

Compressive Strength ~ The resistance of a material to breaking under compression

Concrete ~ The mixture of Portland cement, sand, gravel, and water. Used to make garage and basement floors, sidewalks, patios, foundation walls, etc. It is commonly reinforced with steel rods (rebar) or wire screening (mesh)

Cracking ~ To break without complete separation of parts; become fissured

Creep ~ Is plastic deformation under a sustained load. The value of the ultimate creep coefficient is usually taken as 1.6 at 28 days of loading. Creep strain depends primarily on the duration of sustained loading

Dense/Density ~ Having the component parts closely compacted together; crowded or compact

Dry Mix ~ A carefully proportioned blend of materials. Just add water and it produces a concrete mix that’s easy to work with

Durability ~ Able to resist wear, decay, etc., well; lasting; enduring

Elasticity ~ Flexibility; resilience; adaptability

Ferro Cemento ~ Ferrocement or ferro-cement (also called thin-shell concrete or ferro-concrete) is a system of reinforced mortar[1] or plaster (lime or cement, sand and water) applied over layer of metal mesh, woven expanded-metal or metal-fibers and closely spaced thin steel rods such as rebar, metal commonly used is iron or some type of steel

Fire Resistant ~ Applies to materials that are not combustible in the temperatures of ordinary fires and will withstand such fires for at least 1 hour.

Fluid Concrete ~ When aggregate is mixed together with dry Portland cement and water, the mixture forms a fluid slurry that is easily poured and moulded into shape

Form ~ External appearance of a clearly defined area, as distinguished from colour or material; configuration

Hempcrete ~ Hempcrete or Hemplime is bio-composite material, a mixture of hemp hurds (shives) and lime (possibly including natural hydraulic lime, sand, pozzolans) used as a material for construction and insulation

In Situ ~ Situated in the original, natural, or existing place or position

Limitations ~ A limiting condition; restrictive weakness; lack of capacity; inability or handicap

Masonry ~ Work constructed by a mason, especially stonework

(Dictionary.com, 2017)

Appendix One

(Homebuildingmanual.com, 2017)

(En.wikipedia.org, 2017)

(Ward-Harvey 2009)


Material ~ The substance or substances of which a thing is made or composed

Matrix ~ A binding substance, as cement in concrete

Modern ~ Of or relating to present and recent time; not ancient or remote

Permeable ~ Capable of being permeated (to pass into or through every part of)

Poisson’s Ratio ~ Varies between 0.1 for high strength and 0.2 for weak mixes. Normally taken as 0.15 for strength design and 0.2 for serviceability criteria

Porous ~ Permeable by water, air, etc; full of pores

RCC ~ Acronym for Reinforced Cement Concrete

Regulated ~ To control or direct by a rule, principle, method, etc.

Reinforced ~ To strengthen with some added piece, support, or material

Residential ~ Of or relating to residence or to residences; houses or unit blocks

Shrinkage ~ Occurs during the process of drying and hardening. Depending on the duration of exposure is how much shrinkage will occur. If it is prevented, the concrete will crack with the resulting developed tensile strength

Structures ~ Mode of building, construction, or organization; arrangement of parts, elements, or constituents

Tactile ~ Of, pertaining to, endowed with, or affecting the sense of touch

Tensile Strength ~ The resistance of a material to longitudinal stress, measured by the minimum amount of longitudinal stress required to rupture the material

Type ~ A number of things or persons sharing a particular characteristic, or set of characteristics, that causes them to be regarded as a group, more or less precisely defined or designated; class; category

Unit Weight ~ The specific weight (also known as the unit weight) is the weight per unit volume of a material

Vaulted ~ Constructed or covered with a vault, as a building or chamber

Glossary cont.

(Dictionary.com, 2017)

(Homebuildingmanual.com, 2017)

(En.wikipedia.org, 2017)

(Ward-Harvey 2009)


Additional Resourceshttp://nationalhempassociation.org/some-interesting-faces-about-hempcrete-as-a-building-material/

http://nationalhempassociation.org/some-interesting-faces-about-hempcrete-as-a-building-material/

http://www.aboutcivil.org/types-of-concrete.html

https://theconstructor.org/concrete/types-of-concrete/966/

http://www.differencebetween.info/difference-between-type-and-form

http://www.taktl-llc.com/What-Is-Ultra-High-Performance-Concrete

http://www.cement.ca/en/Forms-of-Concrete-Construction.html

https://www.concretenetwork.com/concrete-forms/types.html

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hempcrete

http://www.hempcrete.com.au/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=23&Itemid=24

http://humansarefree.com/2013/10/hempcrete-best-concrete-is-made-from.html

http://www.collective-evolution.com/2013/02/03/hempcrete-worlds-strongest-building-material/

http://www.academia.edu/13586258/Advantages_and_Disadvantage_of_Hempcrete

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0950061807001973

https://repositorium.sdum.uminho.pt/handle/1822/4735

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0141029602001219

http://www.crcnetbase.com/doi/pdf/10.4324/9780203487839-1

Appendix Two


https://www.sensorsone.com/mpa-megapascal-pressure-unit/

http://www.aboutcivil.org/Properties-of-concrete-factors-affecting-them.html

https://theconstructor.org/concrete/properties-of-concrete-3/1692/

http://www.ce.memphis.edu/1101/notes/concrete/concrete_properties_slides.pdf

https://theconstructor.org/concrete/permeability-of-concrete/1769/

https://www.concretenetwork.com/concrete-history/

http://www.auburn.edu/academic/architecture/bsc/classes/bsc314/timeline/timeline.htm

Additional Resources cont.


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Appendix Three


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The Limecrete Company. (2017). Hempcrete Factsheet - Essential hempcrete info - The Limecrete Company. [online] Available at: http://limecrete.

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Bibliography cont.


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1 Apr. 2017].

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1 Apr. 2017].

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Bibliography Images


Bibliography Images cont.

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Carly CulpinID: 216 370 611Unit: SRT153Tel: 0415 656 286E: [email protected]