Biology ContentELED 4312: Science Method Class

Dr. Lee

Eight Characteristics or Functions of Life

1. The ability to respire, or to release the chemical energy locked in nutrition (respiration)

2. The ability to produce or acquire and use food3. The ability to get rid of waste products (secretion and

excretion)4. The ability to move5. The ability to move a variety of materials within it

(transport)6. The ability to respond to changes (irritability)7. The ability to grow8. The ability to produce more of its own kind (reproduction)

Structure of Living Things

• Cell: Every living thing is made up of one or more cells.

• Tissue: Any group of cells that performs a similar function is called a tissue.

• Organ: A group of tissues that function together is called an organ.

• System: A group of organs that work together to perform a major function is known as a system.

Cells in Living Things

Plants Cells Animals Cells

Diversity of Cells

Red Blood Cells Bone Cells

Neuron Muscle Cells Human egg & Sperms(Reproductive Cells)

Skin CellsFat Cells

Egg

A five-kingdom classification system

• Monera: One Celled, Lack nuclear membranes, Reproduction by fission or budding, Bacteria, Blue-green algae

• Protista: One-celled and multicelled living things, Reproduction by fission, Ameba, paramecium

• Fungi: One-celled and multicelled, Nutrition by absorption, Bread molds, Mildews, Yeasts, Mushrooms

• Plantae: Multicellular, Produce own food, Mosses, Ferns, Trees, Grasses, Palms, Roses

• Animalia: Multicellular, Nutrition by ingestion, Sponges, Flatworms, Starfish, Insects, Amphibians, Mammals

Differences in Living Things Plants• Organs are external to the

plant’s body (leaves and flowers).

• They produce their own food.

• They show little movement.• No organs have a specific

excretory function.• They respond slowly to

changes in the environment.

Animals

• Most organs are internal (heart and stomach)

• They cannot produce food internally.

• Most can move freely.• They possess excretory

organs.• They can respond quickly to

changes in the environment.

Plants:Parts of Plants

• Leaves: Most plants' food is made in their leaves. Leaves are designed to capture sunlight which the plant uses to make food through a process called photosynthesis.

• Flower: Flowers are the reproductive part of most plants. Flowers contain pollen and tiny eggs called ovules. After pollination of the flower and fertilization of the ovule, the ovule develops into a fruit.

• Fruit: Fruit provides a covering for seeds.

• Seeds: Seeds contain new plants.• Stems: They support the plant. They act

like the plant's plumbing system, conducting water and nutrients from the roots and food in the form of glucose from the leaves to other plant parts.

• Roots: Roots act like straws absorbing water and minerals from the soil.

Germination of Seeds

Germination:• The growth of the

embryo plant inside the seed.

Requirements: • proper temperature. • Water: Water is always

needed to allow vigorous metabolism to begin.

• oxygen

Flowering Plants Life Cycle

Photosynthesis of Plants• Photosynthesis is a process in

which green plants use energy from the sun to transform water, carbon dioxide, and minerals into oxygen and organic compounds.

• Photosynthesis happens when water is absorbed by the roots of green plants and is carried to the leaves by the xylem, and carbon dioxide is obtained from air that enters the leaves through the stomata and diffuses to the cells containing chlorophyll.

• Photosynthesis provides us with most of the oxygen we need in order to breathe.

Animals: Invertebrates and vertebrates

• Invertebrates: Invertebrates are organisms that do not have back bone. The main types of invertebrates are organisms with jointed legs and organisms without jointed legs.

• Vertebrates are organisms which has back bones. The main types of vertebrates are fish, bird, reptile, mammal and amphibian.

Ninety-eight percent of animals are invertebrates

They range in size from less than one millimeter to several meters long. Invertebrates display a fascinating diversity of body forms, means of locomotion, and feeding habits.

Classification of Vertebrates• Fish: live in water and lay eggs.• Amphibian: are able to live both on land and water and

lay gelatinous eggs in water. They use gills to breathe in the water and lungs while on land.

• Reptiles: are covered by scales and can live in water or on land but some of them remain mostly in water like the crocodiles and the alligators.

• Birds: warm-blooded and no internal excretion system. They use lungs to breathe, and lay eggs.

• Mammals: are covered with hair or fur. Warm-blooded and most mammals give birth to young alive, are warm blooded and feed their young with milk produced by the female, unlike others.

Life Cycle of a Insect

Life Cycle of a Butterfly