Biological oceanography

46 OLR (1985) 32 (.l)

D370. Miscellaneous

85:0302 Gambles, Peter, 1984. Tibetan geology. UK-Chinese

joint venture. Nature, Lond., 309(5971):p.739.

A two-year, jointly funded U.K.-Chinese research project to investigate how the Tibetan Plateau was formed was announced by the Royal Society of London and the Chinese Academy of Sciences; fieldwork will occur in the summer of 1985. The study is considered a landmark in scientific collab- oration between the two countries. (wbg)

85:0303 Kagan, B.A. and N.B. Maslova, 1984. A stochastic

model of the Earth-Moon system tidal evolution. Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR, 276(1):88-91. (In Russian.)

85:0304 Roedder, Edwin, 1984. Fluid inclusions. An intro-

duction to studies of all types of fluid inclusions,

gas, liquid, or melt, trapped in materials from earth and space, and their application to the understanding of geologic processes. Revs Min- eralogy, 12:644pp.

This guide to the study and application of fluid inclusions has been prepared by a single author, who has devoted more than 30 years of research to the subject. An introduction and a review of the origin of fluid inclusions and changes subsequent to entrapment are followed by chapters describing methods of determination, sample selection and preparation, measurement, interpretation, and util- ization. The last half of the volume deals with geologic environments, processes and applications. (hbf)

85:0305 Wise, D.U. et al., 1984. Fault-related rocks: sugges-

tions for terminology. Geology, geol. Soc. Am., 12(7):391-394. Dept. of Geol. and Geography, Univ. of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA.

E. BIOLOGICAL OCEANOGRAPHY

El0. Apparatus and methods

85:0306 Herve, Sirpa and Pertti Heinonen, 1984. Factors

affecting the chlorophyll a assay of [freshwater] phytoplankton samples during transport and analysis. Annls bot. Fenn., 21(1): 17-20.

Samples should be completely protected from light during transport and from direct sunlight during analysis. Filters may be dried for 1 hr in a fume cupboard and may be frozen without the addition of MgCO3 for at least 1 day. Optimal time for homogenization is 10 sec, for centrifugation 10 rain, and for extraction 1 hr at room temperature or 24 hr in the cold. Water District Office of Central Finland, PB 110, SF-40101 Jyvaskyla, Finland. (mwf)

85:0307 Jones, R.D., R.Y. Morita and R.P. Griffiths, 1984.

Method for estimating in--situ chemolithotrophie ammonium oxidation using carbon monoxide oxidation. Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser., 17(3):259-269.

Ammonium oxidizers are able to oxidize both CH 4 and CO, but these oxidations are inhibited by N-Serve. Activity of chemolithotrophic ammonium oxidizers was assessed using ~4CO and 14CH4, with and without N-Serve. Pure cultures of ammonium and methane oxidizers, as well as organisms in soil, lakes, and estuarine waters were examined. The method appears to be a sensitive measure for estimating nitrification. Dept. of Microbiol., Oregon State Univ., Corvallis, OR 97331, USA. (jst)

85:0308 McLaren, I.A., C.J. Corkett (comment), J.C. Roff

(reply) and K.Banse (comment), 1984. Singular, mass-specific PIB ratios cannot be used to estimate eopepod production. [Discussion of a paper by M.J. Tremblay and J.C. Roff, Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci., 40:749-753.] Can. J. Fish. aquat. Sci., 41(5):828-834.

It is argued by McLaren and Corkett (MC) that the Scotian Shelf copepod production estimated by Tremblay and Roff (TR) is 'uncertain'; they have

O[,R ~ 1985) 32 ( I ) E. Biological Oceanography 47

misapplied the Banse and Mosher (BM) production/biomass equation because this ratio is not mass-specific for copepods. Further, 'the equation is wrong in form' for a variety of reasons. Roff agrees that it is wrong in form, but 'nonetheless empirically useful.' Banse 'is in some agreement' with the criticisms of MC particularly because of BM's specific caveat that the equation not be used for any species dominating the biomass, but 'is not con- vinced that P/B ratios are not mass-specific,' and does not think MC have shown whether their approach or TR's shortcut yields the more accurate estimate. (fcs)

85:0309 Peterson, Ingrid and J.S. Wroblewski, 1984. Mor-

tality rate of fishes in the pelagic ecosystem. Can. J. Fish. aquat. Set., 41(7):1117-1120.

An equation for predicting the mortality rate of fish larvae based on size was developed and the results compared with the available empirical evidence. Estimates generated by the equation fit those data closely. Ocean Circulation Div., AOML, Bedford Inst. of Oceanogr., P.O. Box 1006, Dartmouth, NS B2Y 4A2, Canada. (wbg)

85:0310 Phillips, B.F., L.M. Joll and D.C. Ramm, 1984. An

electromagnetic tracking system for studying the movements of rock (spiny) lobsters. J. expl mar. Biol. Ecol., 79(1):9-18.

Electromagnetic tags emitting a pulsed signal were detected in loop antennae placed on the bottom in a grid pattern within a shallow coastal reef area. Signals were received in a tuned receiver and then interpreted using an oscilloscope. Results showing examples of the nocturnal movements of Panulirus cygnus George in Western Australia are presented. CSIRO Marine Labs., P.O. Box 20, North Beach, Western Australia, 6020 Australia.

85:0311 Schnute, Jon and Skip McKinnell, 1984. A biolog-

ically meaningful approach to response surface analysis. Can. J. Fish. aquat. Sci., 41(6):936-953.

The quadratic models produced by response surface analysis and used to summarize complex biological experiments often are difficult to interpret intui- tively, and have parameters of widely varying magnitudes. Presented here is a new model formu- lation with exponential transformations often used in fisheries studies, which avoids these problems. New parameters are defined and related to the shape of the response surface; efficient numerical methods may be used to estimate the parameters. Use of the

new approach and avoidance of errors are illustrated. An alternative to a possibly erroneous transformation often used in fisheries studies is proposed. Pacific Biol. Sta., Nanaimo, BC V9R 5K6, Canada. (mjj)

85:0312 Yamanaka, Ichiro, Tsukasa Hosomura and Etsuji

Kozasa, 1984. Image analysis of the NIMBUS- CZCS data in the waters adjacent to Japan. [Japan-U.S. joint research project.] BulL far Seas Fish. Res. Lab., 21:25-82. Fis. Infor. Service Center, 1-7, Kojimachi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102, Japan.

E50. General biology, ecology, biogeography, etc.

85:0313 Bender, E.A., T.J. Case and M.E. Gilpin, 1984.

Perturbation experiments in community ecology: theory and practice. Ecology, 65(1):1-13.

Perturbation experiments conducted on real and idealized ecological communities are analyzed. Treating communities as black boxes, the character and strengths of species interactions are evaluated by observing the response (output) of a system to natural or human-induced disturbances (input). The perturbations studied include instantaneous alterations of species numbers (pulse) and sustained alterations of species densities (press). Pulse experiments yield information on direct interactions: press experiments provide data on direct interactions mixed with the indirect effects which can be mediated by other species in the community. Mathematical techniques are developed that measure ecological interactions between species. Dept. of Math., C-012, Univ. of Calif., La Jolla, CA 92093, USA. (jst)

85:0314 May, R.M., 1984. Oceanic noise [stochasticity] and

fish stocks. (Report.) Nature, Lond., 310(5974): p.190.

Rapid fluctuations in the abundance of pelagic fish unaccompanied by similar rapid changes in the physical environment, or by harvesting factors, led Steele and Henderson (1984) to develop a population model with a red noise spectrum of environmental stochasticity. The model involves two equilibrium states (resource limited and predation limited). However, more study is needed before one can definitely conclude that oceanic red noise, rather than fishing, has tipped marine ecosystems from one

48 E. Biological Oceanography OLR (1982) 32 ( I )

state to the other. Dept. of Zool., Princeton Univ., NJ 08544, USA. (wbg)

85:0315 Pickard, John, 1984. Exotic plants on Lord Howe

Island: distribution in space and time, 1853-1981. J. Biogeogr., 11(3):181-208. Sch. of Biol. Sci., Macquarie Univ., North Ryde, N.S.W. 2113, Australia.

ES0. Plankton (also pr imary productivity, seston and detritus)

85:0316 Avaria, Sergio and Pablo Munoz, 1983. [Composition

of the phytoplankton biomass off northern Chile in May 1981. (Operacion Oceanografica Marchile Xll-Erten II1). I Ciencia Tecnol. Mar, Valparaiso, 7:109-140. (In Spanish, English abstract.)

Water and net samples yielded 180 species (5 taxons) of which 43 were first records for the area. The coastal region was dominated by diatoms and oceanic areas by dinoflagellates. Cell densities ranged from <10S/L to >I06/L. High phytoplankton densities were related to equatorial subsurface waters with low densities found in subtropical waters. Spring and fall phytoplankton populations had a similar species composition but dominants differed. Inst. de Oceanol., Univ. de Valparaiso, Casilla 13-D, Vina del Mar, Chile. (ahm)

85:0317 Boucher, Jean, 1984. Ia~alization of zooplankton

populations in the Ligurian marine front: role of ontogenic migration. Deep-Sea Res., 31(5A):469- 484.

High-speed plankton records from the French Riviera coast were examined with respect to hydrological systems. Juveniles of some copepod species were associated with the haline front of the Ligurian Sea whereas adults were absent or distributed independently of hydrological features. 'Indirect evidence suggests that ontogenic migrations are responsible for the distribution in the Ligurian front.' Dept. Etudes Ocean., Centre Oceanol. de Bretagne, B.P. 337, 29273 Brest Cedex, France. (mwf)

85:0318 Chmyr, V.D. and G.P. Berseneva, 1983. Content of

carbon and chlorophyll in planktonic algae. Soy. J. Ecol. (a translation of Ekologiya), 14(5):249-254.

Equations describing the quantitative relationship between chlorophyll a content and organic carbon matter in unicellular algae are presented. As the carbon to chlorophyll a ratio changes little over a range of cell sizes, it may be possible to compute biomass from chlorophyll with just an 'approximate estimate' of the phytoplankton size structure. Inst. of the Biol. of Southern Seas, Acad. of Sci. of the UKSSR, Sevastopol, USSR. (ahm)

85:0319 Currie, D.J., 1984. Phytoplankton growth and the

microscale nutrient patch hypothesis. J. Plankt. Res., 6(4):591-599.

Examination of literature data failed to reveal any significant difference between observed growth rates and those predicted from steady-state N-growth kinetics. P kinetics may underestimate growth rates. However, it is demonstrated that a non-homoge- neous nutrient supply regime actually should de- crease phytoplankton growth rates, regardless of physical characteristics of the patches. Patchiness cannot account for elevated phytoplankton growth rates in-situ. Dept. de Sci. Biol., Univ. de Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, H3C 3J7, Canada.

85:0320 Dame, R.F. and D. Stilwell, 1984. Environmental

factors influencing nmcrodetritus flux in North Inlet Estuary ISouth Carolina]. Estuar. coast. Shelf Sci., 18(6):721-726. Belle W. Baruch Inst. for Mar. Biol. and Coastal Res., Univ. of South Carolina, Conway, SC 29526, USA.

85:0321 EI-Sayed, S.Z. and L.H. Weber, 1982. Spatial and

temporal variations in phytoplankton biomass and primary productivity in the southwest Atlantic and the Scotia Sea. Polar Biol., 1(2):83-90.

Temporal variability of phytoplankton productivity and biomass was insignificant compared to the effects of geographical variability. The authors suggest that determining the specific factors responsible for the observed 'localized enhancement or impoverishment' of phytoplankton would be more helpful than applying the 'island-mass effect' or the Polar Front Zone effect to explain Antarctic productivity data. Dept. of Oceanogr., Texas A&M Univ., College Station, TX 77843, USA. (ahm)

85:0322 Eppley, R.W., F.M.H. Reid, J.J. Cullen, C.D.

Winant and E. Stewart, 1984. Subsurface patch of a dinoflagellate (Ceratium tripos) off southern California: patch length, growth rate, associated

OLR (1985) 32 ( I ) E. Biological Oceanography 49

vertically migrating species. Mar. Biol., 80(2): 207-214.

Ceratium tripos dominated a multi-species dinoflagellate patch in the subsurface chlorophyll maximum in August 1978 on the southern California shelf. The specific growth rate of C. tripos averaged 0.25 d ~. Patch length was about 45 km along the shelf. The growth of C. tripos in the California patch is compared with that in a C. tripos patch off New York in 1976. Scripps Inst. of Oceanogr., La Jolla, Calif. 92093, USA.

85:0323 Finden, D.A.S., E. Tipping, G.H.M. Jaworski and

C.S. Reynolds, 1984. Light-induced reduction of natural iron(Ill) oxide and its relevance to phytuplankton. Nature, Lond., 309(5971):783- 784.

Evidence suggests that iron oxide is an adequate source of iron for algae; it appears to undergo light-induced reduction to the soluble (i.e. available) Fe(ll) form. Co-precipitated humic substances may participate in the reduction process. Results provide evidence that phytoplankton growth is rarely limited by lack of iron. Tipping: Freshwater Biol. Assoc., The Ferry House, Ambleside, Cumbria LA22 0LP, UK. (jst)

85:0324 Ghilarov, A.M., 1984. The paradox of the plankton

reconsidered; or, why do species coexist? Oikos, 43(1):46-52.

For Hutchinson's 'paradox of the plankton," another approach is offered, admitting the 'coexistence principle' as an empirical generalization and examining the possibility of a parallel evolution of allied species which are limited by the same set of resources, Some epistemological considerations are discussed--what is theory in ecology? Dept. of Gen. Ecol. and Hydrobiol., Moscow State Univ., Moscow 117234, USSR. (jst)

85:0325 Glasser, J.W., 1984. Analysis of zooplankton feeding

experiments: some methodological considerations. J. Plankt. Res., 6(4):553-569.

The theoretical expectations for tactical foraging by zooplankton and the design of relevant experiments are discussed. Certain assumptions about food encounter are necessary for the experimenter to interpret differences between dietary and environmental frequencies in terms of probabilities of food capture when encountered. Interestingly, the assumptions needed to produce results consonant with the current paradigm of zooplankton feeding may be

less reasonable than alternatives. Results suggest the hypothesis that zooplankton may adapt to characteristics of prey items most frequently encountered, Dept. of Zool., Univ, of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA. (jst)

85:0326 Glibert, P.M. and J.J. McCarthy, 1984. Uptake and

assimilation of ammonium and nitrate by phytoplankton: indices of nutritional status for natural assemblages. J. Plankt. Res., 6(4):677- 697.

Rates of uptake of NH4 + and NO~, their rates of assimilation into protein, and NH4 + enhancement of dark carbon fixation were assessed. Despite a variety of approaches, the authors had difficulty deriving generalizations about phytoplankton nutritional status from any single index. Direct measurements demonstrated that for NH4 + concentrations <0.3 ~tg atom/L, more severe nutritional stress was apparent in Caribbean Sea assemblages than in Sargasso Sea assemblages maintained in NH4 + concentrations an order of magnitude lower. Severe nutritional stress was observed during the decline of phytoplankton blooms in both the Chesapeake Bay and a Gulf Stream ring. WHOI, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA. (ist)

85:0327 Hart, R.C. and G.L. Christmas, 1984. A twin

Gliwicz-Haney in-sitn zooplankton grazing chamber: design, operation and potential applications. J. Plankt. Res., 6(4):715-719.

The twin-chambered modification of the Gliwicz Haney in-situ grazing vessel is described. Grazing rates are determined in one chamber; the second functions as a self-draining plankton trap. Inst. for Freshwater Studies, Rhodes Univ.. 6140 Grahams- town, South Africa.

85:0328 Hewes, C.D., F.M.H. Reid and Osmund Holm-

Hansen, 1984. The quantitative analysis of nanoplankton: a study of methods. J. Plankt. Res., 6(4):601-613.

When compared to traditional techniques (Uter- mOhl, electronic particle counter, counting chamber, etc.) for ability to give quantitative cell-density estimates of either natural water samples or laboratory cultures, the FTF technique (Filter-Trans- fer-Freeze) was found equal or superior to these other methods for nanoplankton populations. It offers advantages such as (1) good optical quality of the sample, (2) flexibility in sample preservation and fixation. (3) convenience of multiple optical modes,

50 E. Biological Oceanography OLR [ 1985) 32 ( 1 )

and (4) rapid and easy preparation allowing accurate analysis of nanoplankton shipboard. Scripps Inst. of Oceanogr., Univ. of California, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.

85:0329 Jones, K.J., R.J. Gowen and P. Tett, 1984. Water

column structure and summer phytoplankton distribution in the Sound of Jura, Scotland. J. expl mar. Biol. Ecol., 78(3):269-289. Scottish Mar. Biol. Assoc., Dunstaffnage Mar. Res. Lab., P.O. Box 3, Oban, Argyll PA34 4AD, Scotland.

85:0330 Li, W.K.W., J.C. Smith and T. Platt, 1984, Tem-

perature response of photosynthetic capacity and carboxylase activity in Arctic marine phytoplankton. Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser., 17(3):237-243.

Of the 3 carboxylating enzymes examined, only ribulose-l,5-bisphosphate carboxylase showed an activation energy which correlated well with the temperature response of photosynthetic capacity. Maximum photosynthetic capacity increased from ~0.4 mg C mg Chl a -I h ] at -1.5°C to 2.0 mg C mg Chl a ] h J at >0.0°C. Mar. Ecol. Lab., Bedford Inst. of Oceanogr., Dartmouth, NS B2Y 4A2, Canada. (m j j)

85:0331 Matta, J.F. and H.G. Marshall, 1984. A multivariate

analysis of phytoplankton assemblages in the western North Atlantic. J. Plankt. Res., 6(4):663- 675.

Principle component analysis of phytoplankton community variability indicated that annual variation was the largest component of variation in the data. When long-term temporal variation was re- moved, strong seasonal and geographic patterns were discernible. The geographic pattern suggested the possibility of distinct assemblages among the sampled regions (NE U.S. shelf). Dept. of Biol. Sci., Old Dominion Univ., Norfolk, VA 23508, USA. (jst)

85:0332 Nair, V.R. and M. Madhupratap, 1984. Latitudinal

range of epiplanktonic Chaetognatha and Ostra- coda in the western tropical Indian Ocean. Hydrobiologia, 112(3):209-216.

Species richness was maximum north of 10°S. The latitudinal variation of 13 chaetognath species indicated that many of the typical Indo--Pacific species are restricted to the tropical zone with limited penetration into the subtropical region. All 16 species of planktonic ostracods were cosmopolitan.

Species assemblages in the Indian Ocean are discussed. Natl. Inst. of Oceanogr., Regional Centre, Versova, Bombay 400 061, India.

85:0333 Pace, M.L., 1984. Zooplankton [freshwater] com-

munity structure, but not biomass, influences the phosphorus-chlorophyll a relationship. Can. J. Fish. aquat. Sci., 41(7):1089-1096. Dept. of Oceanogr., Univ. of Hawaii, 1000 Pope Rd., Honolulu, HI 96822, USA.

85:0334 Rolke, Manfred and JUrgen Lenz, 1984. Size struc-

ture analysis of zooplankton samples by means of an automated image analyzing system. J. Plankt. Res., 6(4):637-645.

The image analyzing system enables individual measurement of specimens and construction of a size-frequency distribution, representing number and biomass of individuals of different size classes. Reliability and applicability of the system are discussed. Inst. fur Meeresk. an der Univ. Kiel, Dusternbrooker Weg 20, 23 Kiel, FRG.

85:0335 Sorokin, Iu.I., 1984. Intensity of mineral phosphate

consumption by sea microplankton. Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR, 276(2):508-513. (In Russian.)

85:0336 Sorokin, Iu.I. and T.I. Mamaeva, 1984. The esti-

marion of bacterioplankton role in the organic matter productivity and circulation in the south- east Pacific Ocean. Dokl. A kad. Nauk SSSR, 275(6):1499-1507. (In Russian.)

85:0337 Stephenson, G.L., P. Hamilton, N.K. Kaushik, J.B.

Robinson and K.R. Solomon, 1984. Spatial distribution of [freshwater] plankton in enclosures of three sizes. Can. J. Fish. aquat. Sci., 41(7): 1048-1054. Dept. of Environ. Biol., Univ. of Guelph, Guelph, Ont. NIG 2Wl, Canada.

85:0338 Zaika, V.E. and V.A. Iashin, 1984. Luminescent

picoseston (0.2-2.0 mkm) in oligotrophic waters of the Mediterranean and Black seas. Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR, 275(6):1514-1519. (In Russian.)

OLR (['985) 32 (1) E. Biological Oceanograph5 51

El00. Nekton (communities; also fish, rep- tiles, mammals)

85:0339 Hazard, K.W. and L.F. Lowry, 1984. Benthic prey in

a bowbead whale from the northern Bering Sea. Arctic, 37(2): 166-168.

Stomach contents from a bowhead whale, Balaena mysticetus, contained ~2(L40 L of recently ingested prey, principally gammarid amphipods (91.7%) and cumaceans (7%). All identified prey were primarily epibenthic forms. The stomach of this whale was significant in that: (1) it contained the largest amount of food recorded in any whale taken and examined in spring; (2) it provided the first direct evidence of bowhead feeding in the Bering Sea: and (3) the contents indicated that benthic prey some- times are intentionally fed upon. Lowry: Alaska Dept. of Fish and Game, 1300 College Rd., Fair- banks, AK 99701, USA.

85:0340 Maylan, A.B., 1983. Marine turtles of the Leeward

Islands, Lesser Antilles. Atoll Res. Bull, Smith- son. Inst., 278:ca.25pp.

This paper provides a preliminary description of the marine turtle fauna of the Leeward Islands. The author seeks to avoid the problems typically encountered in surveying mobile marine species by using structured interviews of local fishermen cor- roborated by direct observations. Dept. of Zool., Univ. of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA. (wbg)

85:0341 Paterson, Robert and Patricia Paterson, 1984. A

study of the past and present status of humpback whales in east Australian waters. Biol. Conserv., 29(4):321-343.

Counts of humpback whales made from the east Australian coast at Point Lookout and Cape More- ton, suitable places for surveying transits to and from their breeding grounds, suggest that the stock has recovered slightly since commercial whaling operations ceased there in 1962. Observations from other nearby locations indicate that migration patterns were unaffected by whaling operations and that sheltered waters within the Great Barrier Reef are an important breeding ground for whales. P.O. Box 160, Annerley, Queensland 4103, Australia. (wbg)

85:0342 Roberts, T.R., 1984. Skeletal anatomy and classi-

fication of the neotenic Asian saimoniform superfamily Salangoidea (icefisbes or noodlefishes).

Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., 43(13):179-220. Calif. Acad. of Sci., Golden Gate Park, San Francisco, CA 94118, USA.

85:0343 Robineau, Daniel and J.-M. Rose, 1984. The ceta-

ceans of Djibouti. Review of the existing knowl- edge on the cetaceans of the Red Sea and the Gulf of Aden. Bull. Mus. natn. Hist. nat., Paris, (4)6(A, Zool., 1):219-249.

Eleven cetacean species have been identified in Djibouti. Commonly seen are: Sousa plumbea, Tursiops aduncus, and Stenella longirostris. Less commonly seen are: Stenella attenuata, Delphinus tropicalis, Grampus griseus, Globicephala macrorhyn- chus, Pseudorca crassidens, Orcinus orca, Ziphius cavirostris, and Physeter macrocephalus. Stranded animals, specimens captured in shark-nets and sight records were the bases for the identifications. Mus. natl. d'Hist, nat., Centre natl. d'Etude des Mammi- feres marins, 55, rue Buffon, 75005 Paris, France.

85:0344 Schmitz, O.J. and D.M. Lavigne, 1984. Intrinsic rate

of increase, body size, and specific metabolic rate in marine mammals. Oecologia, 62(3):305-309. Lavigne: Dept. of Zool., Univ. of Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada.

85:0345 Widder, E.A., M.I. Latz, P.J. Herring and J.F. Case,

1984. Far red bioluminescence from two deep--sea fishes. Science, 225(4661):512-514.

The deep-sea stomiatoid fishes Aristostomias scintil- lans and Malacosteus niger emit a red bioluminescence from the suborbital organs; peak emission occurs at ~705 nm in the far red. Postorbital light organs emit blue luminescence with maxima between 470 and 480 nm. The red bioluminescence system may involve both an energy transfer ar- rangement and wavelength-selective filtering. Dept. of Biol. Sci., Univ. of Calif., Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA. (jst)

85:0346 Wiig, Oystein and R.W. Lie, 1984. An analysis of the

morphological relationships between the hooded seals ( Cystophora cristata) of Newfoundland, the Denmark Strait, and Jan Mayen. J. Zool., Proc. zool. Soc. Lond., 203(2):227-240.

Using univariate and multivariate techniques on 16 metrical and 18 non-metrical variants in seal skulls, 'no multivariate separation of the stocks' was seen. It is concluded that there is little genetic difference

52 E, Biological Oceanography OLR (198'5) 32 (I)

between stocks and that intermixing may occur. Dept. of Systematic Zool., Zool. Museum, Univ. of Bergen, N-5000 Bergen, Norway. (ahm)

Ell0. Bottom communities

85:0347 Bright, T.J., G.P. Kraemer, G.A. Minnery and S.T.

Viada, 1984. Hermatypes ot the Flower Garden Banks, northwestern Gulf of Mexico: a compar- ison to other western Atlantic reefs. Bull. mar. Sci., 34(3):461-476.

Studies done from 1974 to 1980 on these banks at the shelf edge in clear, oceanic water with annual temperatures from 18°to 32°C revealed a reduced coral diversity but not reduced abundances or growth rates compared to more southerly reefs. (mwf)

85:0348 Brown, B.E., M.C. Holley, L. Sya'Rani and M. Le

Tissier, 1983. Coral assemblages of reef flats around Pulau Pad, Thousand Islands, Indonesia. Atoll Res. Bull., Smithson. Inst., 281:17pp.

A spectrum of physical influences, resulting from the reversing monsoons, governs coral distribution on reef flats around Pulau Purl, with greater diversity in the relatively sheltered southern reefs and reduced diversity on the more exposed northern reefs. A total of 74 species on southern reefs and 43 species on northern reefs were recorded. The outer reef flats at all sites were dominated by Acropora species: A. pulchra/aspera species dominated the unconsoli- dated landward section, A. digitifera occupied the mid-seaward section, and A. hyacinthus colonized the seaward edge. Dept. of Zool., Univ. of Newcastle upon Tyne, NEI 7RU, UK.

85:0349 Evans, Sverker, 1984. Energy budgets and predation

impact of dominant epibenthic carnivores on a shallow soft bottom community at the Swedish west coast. Estuar. coast. Shelf Sci., 18(6):651- 672. Dept. of Zool., Uppsala Univ., Box 561, S-751 22 Uppsala, Sweden.

85:0350 Jara, H.F. and C.A. Moreno, 1984. Herbivory and

structure in a midlittoral rocky community: a case in southern Chile. Ecology, 65(1):28-38.

Herbivore density was manipulated, and percent cover of sessile organisms was measured monthly for 2 years. In the absence of herbivores, or if space were

disturbed in the autumn, the red alga Iridaea boryana dominated. In the presence of abundant herbivores, or if space were disturbed in the spring, barnacles and crustose algae dominated. Interaction of these factors accounts for the 'natural regional mosaic of 1. boryana abundance and barnacles plus crustose algae.' Dept. of Biol., San Diego State Univ., San Diego, CA 92182-0057, USA. (mwf)

85:0351 Kaplan, S.W., 1984. The association between the sea

anemone Metridium senile (L.) and the mussel Mytilus edulls (L.) reduces predation by the starfish Asterias rorbesii (Desor). J. expl mar. Biol. Ecol., 79(2):155-157. Inst. of Animal Behav., Rutgers Univ., 101 Warren St., Newark, NJ 07102, USA.

85:0352 Kern, J.C. and S.S. Bell, 1984. Spatial heterogeneity

in size--structure of meiofannal-sized invertebrates on small-spatial scales (meters) and its implications. J. expl mar. Biol. Ecol., 78(3):221- 235.

Population size- and age-structure, and sex ratios, were determined for 3 copepod species and a juvenile bivalve at locations ranging from Florida to the Arctic. Spatial heterogeneity was common on scales of meters. This problem could be overcome by a nested sampling design, which would allow spatial variation to be separated from temporal changes. Sch. of Oceanogr., Oregon State Univ., Corvallis, OR 97331, USA. (mjj)

85:0353 Reichelt, R.E. and R.H. Bradbury, 1984. Spatial

patterns in coral reef benthos: mnitiscale analysis of sites from three oceans. Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser., 17(3):251-257.

Whether the processes that influence the local distribution of species also might act on distributions across reefs and between reefs was explored statistically in reef benthos from the Great Barrier Reef, the Red Sea, and the Caribbean. The coupling between scales was 'very weak at the multi-species community level but strong for a few individual species.' Australian Inst. of Mar. Sci., P.M.B. No. 3, Townsville MS Queensland, Australia 4810. (mwf)

85:0354 Underwood, A.J., 1984. The vertical distribution and

seasonal abundance of intertidal microalgae on a rocky shore in New South Wales [Australial. J. expl mar. Biol. Ecol., 78(3):199-220. Dept. of Zool., Univ. of Sydney, N.S.W. 2006, Australia.

54 E, Biological Oceanography O LR ( 1985 ~' 32 ( I )

85:0361 Griffiths, R.P., B.A. Caldwell and R.Y. Morita, 1984.

Observations on microbial percent respiration values in Arctic and subarctic marine waters and sediments. Microb. Ecol., 10(2):151-164.

Percent respiration values were lower in sediments, bottom waters and at the mouths of large rivers. In arctic but not subarctic waters, values were lower in summer than in winter. Variation in percent respiration was correlated with NO3 hut not temperature, salinity, PO 4 or NH4. Percent respiration may be controlled by 'qualitative characteristics' of organic nutrients as well as by NO 3. Stress induced by nutrient deficiency could be documented by percent respiration values in some situations. College of Oceanogr., Oregon State Univ., Corvallis, OR, USA. (mjj)

85:0362 Riemann, Bo, Per Nielsen, Mette Jeppesen, Birgitte

Marcussen and J.A. Fuhrman, 1984. Diel changes in bacterial biomass and growth rates in coastal environments, determined by means of thymidine incorporation into DNA, frequency of dividing cells (FDC), and microautoradiography. Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser., 17(3):227-235.

Two methods of calculating bacterial production from 3H-thymidine incorporation were compared with data obtained from frequency of dividing cells (FDC). The percentage of metabolically active bacteria was estimated using a microautoradio- graphic technique which provides a correction factor for FDC-predicted growth rates. While there are minor diel changes in cell numbers and bacterial secondary production, there are marked diel changes in the percentage of metabolically active bacteria. Freshwater Biol. Lab., Univ. of Copenhagen, Hel- singorsgade 51, DK-3400 Hillerod, Denmark. (jst)

85:0363 Roth, I.G. and S.S. Hayasaka, 1984. Seasonal

distribution and partial characterization of an- aerobic cellulolytic bacteria associated with North Carolina Zostera marina seagrass bed sediment. Botanica mar., 27(5):203-210. Dept. of Micro- biol., Clemson Univ., SC 29631, USA.

85:0364 Wright, R.T. and R.B. Coffin, 1984. Measuring

microzooplankton grazing on planktonic marine bacteria by its impact on bacterial production. Microb. Ecol., 10(2):137-149.

Grazing by microzooplankton (1-3 ~m) was estimated by following changes in filtered (1 /~m) estuarine bacterial concentrations over periods of up

to 24 hours. Bacterial production could be estimated by examining samples from which grazers were eliminated by differential filtration. Rates of grazing and bacterial production indicate that there is a daily turnover of the bacterial standing crop. Gordon College, Wenham, MA 01984, USA. 0st)

El80. Biochemistry

85:0365 Schneppenheim, R. and H. Theede, 1982. Freezing-

point depressing peptides and glycoproteins from Arctic-boreal and Antarctic fish. Polar Biol., 1(2):115-123. Inst. fur Meereskunde, Univ. Kiel, Dusternbrooker Weg 20, D-2300 Kiel 1, FRG.

E220. Invertebrates (except E230-Crusta- cea, E240-Protozoa)

85:0366 Bartsch, Ilse, 1984. Two new species of the pulcher

group in the genus Copldognathns (Acari, Hala- caridae). Zoologica Scr., 13(1):27-31. Biol. Anstalt Helgoland, Notkestrasse 31, D-2000 Hamburg 52, FRG.

85:0367 Burke, R.D., 1984. Pheromonal control of meta-

morphosis in the Pacific sand dollar, Dendraster excentricns. Science, 225(4660):442-443.

Competent larvae of Dendraster excentricus are induced to undergo metamorphosis when exposed to sand from a sand dollar bed or to an aqueous extract of the sand. Chromatographic techniques yield a 980-dalton peptide that induces metamorphosis at 106-10 5 M; extracts of whole adults and of gonads also induce metamorphosis. It is concluded that a pheromone released by adults initiates metamorphosis in D. excentricus. Dept. of Biol., Univ. of Victoria, BC V8W 2Y2, Canada. ~jst)

85:0368 Domanski, P.A., 1984. Giant larvae: prolonged

planktonic larval phase in the asteroid Lnidia sarsl. Mar. Biol., 80(2): 189-195.

The bipinnaria larva of Luidia sarsi can attain (exceptionally) a length of 35 ram; metamorphosis usually occurs well before this size is reached. A seastar rudiment develops at the oral end of the bipinnaria and normally detaches itself before reaching a diameter of 5 mm; midwater trawl samples, however, have included L. sarsi larvae with

OLR"(1985) 32 ( I I E. Biological Oceanography 55

post-larval rudiments 15 mm in diameter and greater. There is evidence that the largest post-larvae absorbed the bipinnaria tissue; this, it is concluded, is the final stage before enforced settlement. Inst. of Oceanogr. Sci., Wormley, Godalming GU8 5UB, Surrey, UK.

85:0369 Hickman, C.S., 1984. A new archaeogastropod (Rhipi-

doglossa, Trochacea) from hydrothermal vents on the East Pacific Rise. Zoologica Scr., 13(1):19-25.

Melanodrymia aurantiaca gen. et sp.n., a conispiral archaeogastropod, occurs on chimneys and stacks of polymetallic sulphide deposits at hydrothermal vents on the abyssal ocean floor at 21°N off Baja California. The unusual shell form and simplifi- cation of shell microstructure are interpreted as evolutionary correlates of small size. The radula is unusual, but it shares many features with the rhipidoglossan radulae of 4 undescribed limpet- shaped species from EPR vents. Dept. of Paleon- tology, Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.

85:0370 Iliffe, T.M., Horst Wilkens, Jakob Parzefall and

Dennis Williams, 1984. Marine lava cave fauna: composition, biogeography, and origins. Science, 225(4659):309-311.

The marine fauna inhabiting the Jameos del Agua cave, Lanzarote, Canary Islands, comprise 4 distinct groups: Tethyan cave-limited relict species including an apparently new crustacean family (class Remi- pedia); cave-limited species with close affinities to deep-sea organisms; ubiquitous species occurring both inside and outside the cave; and 'accidental species' drawn into the cave by currents but unable to reproduce there. 'The presence of phylogenetically ancient Remipedia in isolated caves of [both sides] of the Atlantic...indicates a Tethyan origin predating a relatively narrow separation of the Atlantic.' Ber- muda Biol. Sta. for Res., Ferry Reach 1-15, Ber- muda. (msg)

85:0371 Padilla, D.K., 1984. The importance of form: dif-

ferences in competitive ability, resistance to consumers and environmental stress in an as- semblage of coralline algae. J. expl mar. Biol. Ecol., 79(2): 105-127.

The structure of the 3 forms of coralline algae appeared to provide protection against different 'selective agents.' Corallina vancouveriensis was the most resistant to desiccation, perhaps because its bushy structure holds more water than that of other

species. Coarsely-branched Calliarthron tuberculosum was most resistant to consumption while the 6 encrusting corallines were the 'best spatial compet- itors.' Dept. of Zool., Oregon State Univ., Corvallis, OR 97331, USA. (ahm)

85:0372 Pettibone, M.H., 1984. A new scale-worm commensal

with deep-sea mussels on the Galapagos hydrothermal vent (Polychaeta: Polynoidae). Proc. biol. Soc. Wash., 97(1):226-239.

Polynoid polychaetes, found in mantle cavities of mussels in the Galapagos Rift vent area, are described as Branchipolynoe symmytilida, n.gen., n.sp., and referred to the new subfamily Branchi- polynoinae. They are unusual in having well- developed arborescent branchiae.

85:0373 Renaud-Mornant, Jeanne, 1984. Halechiniscidae

(Heterotardigrada) from the cruise Benthedi, Mozambique channel. Bull. Mus. natn. Hist. nat., Paris, (4)6(A, Zoot., 1):67-88. Lab. des Vers, associe au CNRS, Mus. natl. d'Hist, nat., 61, rue Buffon, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France.

E230. Crustacea

85:0374 Antezana, T., K. Ray and C. Melo, 1982. Trophic

behavior of Euphansia superba Dana in laboratory conditions. Polar Biol., 1(2):77-82.

Experiments on one to thousands of individuals in large aquaria showed that ingestion was directly proportional to chlorophyll concentration and was not related to krill density. Ingestion and egestion did not differ significantly from day to night. Thus, the results counter hypotheses which imply that krill swarms are dense enough to become food limited or theft feeding is rhythmic and diel. Dept. of Oceanol, Univ. of Concepcion, Chile. (mwf)

85:0375 Aste, Andrea and M.A. Retamal, 1983. [Larval

development of Callianassa garthi Retamal, 1975 under laboratory conditions.] Ciencia Tecnol. Mar, Valparaiso, 7:5-26. (In Spanish, English abstract.) Dept. de Oceanol., Univ. de Concep- cion, Casilla 2407, Concepcion, Chile.

85:0376 Barr, D.J., 1984. Enantiosis cavernicola a new genus

and species of demersal copepod (Calanoida:

56 E. Biological Oceanography OLR ( 1985"[32 (I)

Epacteriscidae) from San Salvador Island, Ba- hamas. Proc. biol. Soc. Wash., 97(1): 160-166.

85:0377 Chen, Huilian, 1984. A study of the genus Car-

cinoplax (Crustacea, Decapoda: Goneplacidae) of Chinese waters. Oceanologia Limnol. sin., 15(2): 189-202, (In Chinese, English abstract.) Inst. of Oceanol., Acad. Sin., People's Republic of China.

85:0378 Diviacco, Giovanni, 1982. First record of Dantzem-

bergia megacheir (Walker) in the Mediterranean Sea and remarks on Dautzembergia chevreux (Crastacea, Amphipoda). Boll. Mus. cir. Stor. nat. Verona, 9:631-640. (In Italian, English abstract.) Ist. di Anatomia Comparata, Genova, Italy.

85:0379 Harris, G.J. and Elfed Morgan, 1984. The location of

circa-tidal pacemakers in the estuarine amphipod Corophium volutator using a selective chilling technique. J. expl Biol., 110:125-142.

The hypothermal sensitivity of swimming activity was utilized to locate the anatomical site of C. volutator's circa-tidal pacemaker which governs its endogenous tidal rhythm of swimming. It is suggested that swimming activity rhythms in Corophium may be controlled by two anatomically discrete oscillators, one located in each of the cephalic ganglia; the circa-tidal rhythm of swimming appears to be under multiple clock control. Dept. of Zool. and Comp. Physiol., Univ. of Birmingham, B 15 2TT, UK. (jst)

85:0380 Herman, P.M.J., Carlo Heip and Bernadette Guil-

lemijn, 1984. Production of Taehidlus discipes (Copepoda: Harpacticoida). Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser., 17(3):271-278.

Because 'the question of production efficiencies in meiobenthic populations is not at all settled,' a copepod population from a brackish water pond in Belgium was studied during spring 1979. Two methods of estimating production for copepodites and adults were in good agreement; production efficiency for the total population was 0.43 which corresponds well to the value estimated from cultures. Mar. Biol. Section, State Univ. of Gent, Ledeganckstraat 35, B-9000 Gent, Belgium. (mwf)

85:0381 Humes, A.G., 1984. Hemicyclops columnarls sp.n.

(Copepoda, Poecilostomatoida, Clansidiidae) associated with a coral in Panama (Pacific side).

Zoologica Scr., 13(1):33-39. BUMP, MBL, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA.

85:0382 Keating, K.I. and B.C. Dagbusan, 1984. Effect of

selenium deficiency on cuticle integrity in the Ciadocera (Crustacea). Proc. natn. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 81(11):3433-3437. Dept. of Environ. Sci., Cook Coll., Rutgers Univ., New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA.

85:0383 Kensley, Brian and Marilyn Schotte, 1984. Rede-

scription of Arcturella lineata (Stebbing) from South Africa (Crnstacea: Isopoda: Arcturidae). Proc. biol. Soc. Wash., 97(1):240-244.

85:0384 Kim, Dong Yup and Hyung Tack Huh, 1983.

Seasonal variations of copepods in Garolim Bay [Korea]. Bull. Korea Ocean Res. Dev. Inst., 5(2):29-35. (In Korean, English abstract.) Biol. Oceanogr. Lab., KORDI, Seoul, Korea.

85:0385 Ledoyer, Michel, 1982. Oedicerotidae [Crustacea,

Amphipoda] of the Mediterranean. Boll. Mus. cir. Stor. nat. Verona, 9:45-84. (In French, English abstract.) Lab de Zool. mar., Univ. d'Aix- Marseille III, France.

85:0386 Lewinsohn, Chanan, 1984. Dromiidae (Crustacea,

Decapoda, Brachyura) fro m Madagascar and the Seychelles. Bull. Mus. natn. Hist. nat., Paris, (4)6(A, Zool., 1): 89-129. Dept. of Zool., Tel-Aviv Univ., Israel.

85:0387 Manning, R.B., 1984. Crenatosquilla, a new genus of

stomatopod crustacean from the east Pacific. Proc. biol. Soc. Wash., 97(1):191-193.

85:0388 Manning, R.B., Helga Schiff and B.C. Abbott, 1984.

Eye structure and the classification of stomatopod Crustacea. Zoologica Scr., 13(1):41-44. Dept. of Invert. Zool., Natl. Mus. of Nat. Hist., Smith- sonian Inst., Washington, DC 20560, USA.

85:0389 Martin, J.W. and D.L. Felder, 1984. Rediscovery and

redescription of Cirolana obtruncata Richardson, 1901 (Peracarida: Isopoda: Cirolanidae) from the east coast of Mexico. Proc. biol. Soc. Wash., 97(1):30-34.

OLR (1985) 32 ( 1 ) E. Biological Occanograpil~ 57

85:0390 Morgan, M.A. and P.M.J. Woodhead, 1984. The life

history and sexual biology of Pseodunciola obliqnua (Crustacea: Ampbipoda) in the New York Bight. Estuar. coast. Shelf Sci., 18(6):639- 650. Mar. Sci. Res. Center, SUNY, Long Island, NY 11794. USA.

85:0391 Morin, T.D. and C.D. MacDonald, 1984. Occur-

rence of the slipper lobster Scyllarides haanii in the Hawaiian Archipelago. Proc. biol. Soc. Wash., 97(2):404-407. Waikiki Aquar., 2777 Kalakaua Ave.. Honolulu, HI 96815, USA.

85:0392 PaffenhOfer, G.-A., 1984. Food ingestion by the

marine planktonic copepod Paracalanus in relation to abundance and size distribution of food. Mar. Biol., 80(3):323-333.

Small algae (4.5 /,m) were most important to naupliar stages. As copepods increased in size, the relative ingestion rate of medium-sized algae ( 12 ~m) increased. Large algae (20 jam) were ingested by stage V and adult females, but were not a major source of nitrogen. Ingestion rates were reduced in the presence of a multialgal food source. Skidaway Inst. of Oceanogr., P.O. Box 13687, Savannah, GA 31416, USA. (ahm)

85:0393 Poore, G.C.B., 1984. Clarification of the monotypic

genera Chiriscus and Symmius (Crustacea: lsopoda: Idoteidae). Proc. biol. Soc. Wash., 97(1): 71-7%

85:0394 Roddie, B.D., R.J.G. Leakey and A.J. Berry, 1984.

Salinity-temperature tolerance and osmoregula- tion in Eurytemora affinis (Poppe) (Copepoda: Calanoida) in relation to its distribution in the zooplankton of the upper reaches of the Forth Estuary [Scotland]. J. expl mar. Biol. Ecol., 79(2):191-211. Dept. of Biol. Sci., Univ. of Stirling, Scotland FK9 4LA, UK.

85:0395 Romero, O.Z., 1983. [A comparative study of the

energy budget of juvenile Penaeus brasiliensis on different diets.] Ciencia Tecnol. Mar, Valparaiso, 7:27-45. (In Spanish, English abstract.) Inst. de Invest. Oceanol., Univ. de Antofagasta, Casilla 1240, Antofagasta, Chile.

85:0396 Skadsheim, Arnfinn, 1984. Coexistence and repro-

ductive adaptations of amphipods: the role of

environmental heterogeneity. Oikos, 43(1):94- 103.

Competitive exclusion among 4 similar species of Gammaridae living at similar intertidal levels in the Oslofjord (Norway) appears to be limited by micro- habitat segregation. Overlap in animal size, breeding periods, and juvenile release may be due to environmental heterogeneity. Small broods of large eggs in winter and larger broods of smaller eggs in summer were produced by females of all species. The evolution of reproductive traits of boreal and polar Gammaridae is explained by a graphical model that incorporates 'seasonal variation in reproductive effort and juvenile survival." Female size may not be related to offspring size. Dept, of Mar. Zool., Univ. of Oslo, P.O. Box 1064, Blindern, Oslo 3, Norway. ( mll

85:0397 Stock, J.H., 1984. First record of Bogidieilidae

(Crustacea, Amphipoda) from the Pacific: Bogi- diella ( X ystriogidiella n. subgen.) capricornea new species from the Great Barrier Reef. Bull. mar. Sci., 34(3):380-385. Inst. of Taxon. Zool., Univ. of Amsterdam, P.O. Box 20125, 1000 HC Amsterdam, Netherlands.

85:0398 Uye, Shin-ichi, 1984. Studies on the population

dynamics and production of inshore marine copepods. J. oceanogr. Soc. Japan, 40(2): 163-174. (In Japanese, English abstract.)

During the past decade it has been discovered that the eggs of 20 species of marine copepods may have a resting stage. The egg-laying habits of Tortanus forcipatus are compared with those of Acartia clausi. Rates of egg production, recruitment, and mortality have been determined for A. clausi in field studies in Onagawa Bay and in the laboratory, and it is shown that the daily production:biomass ratio increases linearly with temperature. Fac. of Appl. Biol. Sci., Hiroshima Univ., Midori-machi 2-17. Fukuyama 720, Japan. (hbf)

85:0399 Van Dover, C.L., A.B. Williams and J.R. Factor,

1984. The first zoeai stage of a hydrothermal vent crab (Decapoda: Brachyura: Bythograeidae). Proc. biol. Soc. Wash., 97(2):413-418.

The zoea has numerous features that distinguish it from all known brachyuran larvae. These include the ornamentation of the carapace, abdomen, and telsom as well as details of the appendages. The

58 E. Biological Oceanography OLR (19~5) 32 (I)

zoeal morphology supports Williams' (1980) establishment of the superfamily Bythograeoidea. Dept. of Biol., UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90024, USA.

85:0000 W~tgele, J.W., 1984. Two new littoral Anthuridea from

Baja California and redescription of Mesanthura occidentalis (Crnstacea, lsopoda). Zoologica Scr., 13(1):45-57. Fachbereich Biol., Univ. Olden- burg, P.O.B. 2503, D-2900 Oldenburg, FRG.

85:0001 Wicksten, M.K., 1984. New records of snapping

shrimps (family Alpheidae) from California. Proc. biol. Soc. Wash., 97(1):186-190.

85:0002 Williams, R. and N.R. Collins, 1984. Distribution

and variability in abundance of Schistomysis spiritus (Crnstacea: Mysidacea) in the Bristol Channel in relation to environmental variables, with comments on other mysids. Mar. Biol., 80(2): 197-206.

Twelve species of mysids were identified; their geographical distributions and 'seasonal changes in numerical abundance and biomass' were investi- gated. Schistomysis spiritus, the most abundant species, comprised '43% of the total integrated omnivore standing stock.' Abundance of S. spiritus was related to environmental variables through correlation analysis; temperature and salinity were significant. NERC, Inst. for Mar. Environ. Res., Prospect Place, The Hoe, Plymouth PLI 3DH, Devon, UK. (mjj)

Newfoundland, Florida to CC, CH to Newfound- land, ubiquitous). The areas from Florida to Cape Cod and from Newfoundland to Cape Hatteras are 'recognized as 2 major overlapping faunal prov- inces.' Of the 512 pages, about 10 are text, 350 are computer listings of species catalogs, and 150 are locality maps. Dept. of Paleobiol., Natl. Museum of Nat. History, Smithsonian Inst., Washington, DC 20560, USA. (ihz)

85:0404 Nigam, Rajiv, 1984. Living benthonic Foraminifera in

a tidal environment: Gulf of Khambhat (India). Mar. Geol., 58(3/4):415-425. Natl. Inst. of Oceanogr., Dona Paula, Goa 403 004, India.

E 2 6 0 . M a c r o p h y t e s (algae, grasses, etc.)

85:0005 Cousens, R., 1984. Estimation of annual production

by the intertidal brown alga Ascophyllum nodo- sum (L.) Le Jolis. Botanica mar., 27(5):217-227.

Results obtained using a modification of Bardseth's (1955) method were compared with annual production estimates from an application of Neill's (1979) technique; both methods were applied to the same samples from a variety of Nova Scotian sites. Estimates of annual production ranged 0.61-2.82 kg dw m 2 depending on site, method, and initial assumptions. Weed Res. Organ., Agricultural Res. Council, Begbroke Hill, Yarnton, Oxford OX5 1PF, UK. (slr)

E250. Foraminifera, Radiolaria, Tintin- nida, etc. (see also D-SUBMARINE GEOL- OGY AND GEOPHYSICS)

85:0003 Culver, S.J. and M.A. Buzas, 1980. Distribution of

recent benthic Foraminifera off the North Amer- ican Atlantic coast. Smithson. Contr. mar. Sci., 6:512pp.

Data from the 142 papers published since 1851 on the North American east coast recent benthic Foraminifera are synthesized and manipulated to produce 5 catalogs and 150 maps. Synonomization reduces the 1303 recorded taxa to 876; '149 occur at 20 or more of the 542 sample sites.' Species groups are distinguished based on depth (coastal, ,(200 m, >200 m, ubiquitous) and geography (Florida to Cape Hatteras [CH], CH to Cape Cod [CC], CC to

85:0006 LaPointe, B.E., C.J. Dawes and K.R. Tenore, 1984.

Interactions between light and temperature on the physiological ecology of Gracilaria tikvahiae (Gigartinales: Rhodophyta). II. Nitrate uptake and levels of pigments and chemical constit- uents. Mar. Biol., 80(2):171-178.

Levels of chlorophyll a, R-phycoerythrin, and percentage N all varied inversely with light intensity, which appears to be the more important factor regulating pigment and nitrogen levels. Temperature appears more important in the regulation of protein, carbohydrate, and percentage C (all of which varied inversely with temperature). An apparent correlation between growth rate, photosynthetic capacity, and nitrate uptake suggests that G. tikvahiae's ecological success could be due to a potential for balanced growth over a broad range of light and temperature conditions. Harbor Branch Inst., Inc., P.O. Box 818, Big Pine Key, FL 33043, USA. (jst)

OLR (1995) 32 ( I ) E. Biological Oceanograph?,' 59

85:0407 Lapointe, B.E., K.R. Tenore and C.J. Dawes, 1984.

Interactions between light and temperature on the physiological ecology of Gracilaria tikvahiae (Gigartinales: Rhodophyta). I. Growth, photosynthesis and respiration. Mar. Biol., 80(2): 161- 170.

Light/temperature interactions significantly influenced growth rate, net photosynthesis, and respiration in this red algae. Maximum values for growth, the photosynthesis to respiration ratio, and the net photosynthesis to gross photosynthesis ratio all occurred at 25°C. Respiration was intercorrelated with growth and net photosynthesis. Respiration in G. tikvahiae appears to be regulated primarily by growth and not temperature per se; environmental factors regulating growth probably have a large influence on respiration in this species, Harbor Branch Inst., P.O. Box 818, Big Pine Key, FL 33043, USA. (jst)

85:0408 Reynolds, J.F., P.R. Kemp and G.L. Cunningham,

1984. Photosynthetic responses of saltgrass (Distichlis spicata) to irradiance, temperature and salinity growth treatments: a modeling synthesis. Photosynthetica, 18(1):100-110.

A mathematical model of net CO 2 exchange was developed. Twelve different treatment conditions were evaluated; patterns of variation in the fitted model parameters were examined using cluster, principal component, and variance analyses. The growth irradiance principally influenced photon-use efficiency, while temperature and salinity appeared to interact in their influence on the efficiency of carboxylation. Stomatal responses were also examined, but effects were not separable from treatment effects on carboxylation efficiency. Dept. of Bot., North Carolina State Univ., Raleigh, NC 27650, USA. (jst)

85:0409 Robertson, A.I. and K.H. Mann, 1984. Disturbance

by ice and life-history adaptations of the seagrass Zostera marina. Mar. Biol., 80(2):131-141. CSIRO Mar. Res. Lab., P.O. Box 20, North Beach, WA 6020, Australia.

E270. Microphytes (coccolithophores, diatoms, flagellates, etc.)

85:0410 Gayley, R.1. and M. Ram, 1984, Observation of

diatoms in Greenland ice. Arctic, 37(2): 172-173.

Dept. of Phys. and Astron., SUNY, Amherst, NY 14260, USA.

85:0411 Han, Myung Soo and Kwang-ll Yoo, 1983. A

taxonomical study on the dinoflagellates in Jinhae Bay. I. Armored and unarmored dinoflagellates. I1. Peridiniales. Bull. Korea Ocean Res. Dev. Inst., 5(2):37-67; 2 papers. (In Korean, English abstracts.) Biol. Oceanogr. Lab., KORDI, Seoul, Korea.

85:0412 Simola, Heikki, 1984. Population dynamics of plank-

ton diatoms in a 69--year sequence of annually laminated [lacustrine] sediment. Oikos, 43(1):30- 40. Karelian Inst., Sect. of Ecol., Univ. of Joensuu, P.O. Box l 1 l, SF-80101 Joensuu 10, Finland.

E300. Effects of pollution (also uptake, trace accumulations, etc.; see also B350- Atmospheric pollution, C210-Chemical pollution, F250-Waste disposal)

85:0413 Aguilar, Alex, 1984. Relationship of DDE/ZDDT in

marine mammals to the chronology of DDT input into the ecosystem. Can. J. Fish. aquat. Sci., 41(6):840-844.

The D D E / Z D D T ratios in the blubber of North Atlantic pinnipeds and odontocetes, as determined by several scientists and surveys, are compiled to obtain a biannual mean series. Conversion of DDT to DDE is interpreted as due not only to the marine mammals but also to the overall detoxifying activity of the North Atlantic marine biota. For 1964-81, a strong correlation between these ratios and time is found in both groups, showing that such an index can be used tentatively when assessing the chronology of pollutant input into the ecosystem. An equilibrium value may be reached at the beginning of the next century, provided that no new inputs of contaminant into North Atlantic waters exist. Dept. of Zool., Univ. of Barcelona, Barcelona-28, Spain.

85:0414 Barber, R.T., P.J. Whaling and D.M. Cohen, 1984.

Mercury in recent and century--old deep-sea fish. Environ. Sci. Technol., 18(7):552-555.

Museum specimens of Antimora rostrata collected from 2000-3000 m in the western North Atlantic are compared with recently collected specimens. Mer- cury content and fish length were positively corre-

60 E. Biological Oceanography OLR (Iq85) 321 I)

lated in all samples; mercury content was no higher in recent than in century-old fish. Preservation of the museum specimens is shown to cause no mercury contamination; results indicate, therefore, that high mercury concentrations in open ocean fish 'result from natural processes,' not from industrial pollution. Mar. Lab., Duke Univ., Beaufort, NC 28516, USA. (mjj)

85:0415 Cosper, E.M., C.F. Wurster and R.G. Rowland,

1984. PCB resistance within phytoplankton populations in polluted and unpolluted marine environments. Mar. environ. Res., 12(3):209-223.

Asterionella japonica and Ditylum brightwellii were clonally isolated from a polluted (Sandy Hook, New Jersey) and an unpolluted marine site (Montauk, New York). Comparisons suggest that some, but not all, of the clones isolated from the chronically polluted site were relatively insensitive to PCB's. There were more PCB resistant clones from Sandy Hook than from Montauk. Light appears to have an interactive effect on PCB sensitivity. Mar. Sci. Res. Center, SUNY, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA. (jst)

85:0416 de Kock, A.C. and R.M. Randall, 1984. Organo-

chlorine insecticide and polychiorinated biphenyi residues in eggs of coastal birds from the eastern Cape, South Africa. Environ. Pollut., (Ser. A)35(3): 193-201.

The amounts of PCB and organochlorine insecticide residues found in eggs of birds representative of various marine habitats were assessed. In general, while the eggs showed evidence of contamination, no residue levels seemed high enough to cause reproductive impairment or egg shell thinning. Dept. of Zool., Univ. of Port Elizabeth, South Africa. (wbg)

85:0417 Eskin, R.A. and B.C. Coull, 1984. A priori deter-

ruination of valid control sites: an example using marine meiobenthic nematodes. Mar. environ. Res., 12(3): 161-172.

Proper control sites for nematode abundance, patch size and patch dispersion could not be defined prior to a manipulative oil pollution experiment despite the apparent physical similarity and proximity of 2 locations. Comparisons of abundance and patch size demonstrated that neither site could serve as a control for the other. Spectral analysis was not useful, in this case, in resolving patch dispersion in the range 1.2-60 cm. These data indicated that in circumstances where aposteriori studies comparing 2 areas cannot be avoided, it is only with great caution

that a single factor should be interpreted as causative of observed densities or organism distribution. Dept. of Biol., Univ. of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA.

85:0418 Iliffe, T.M., T.D. Jickells and M.S. Brewer, 1984.

Organic pollution of an inland marine cave from Bermuda. Mar. environ. Res., 12(3):173-189.

Presented are data on the normal environment of marine caves in Bermuda. A cave which has become grossly polluted as a result of indiscriminate dump- ing is cited as an example. Bermuda Biol. Station for Res., Ferry Reach 1-15, Bermuda.

85:0419 Kasschau, M.R. and C.L. Howard, 1984. Free amino

acid pool of a sea anemone: exposure and recovery after an oil spill. Bull. environ. Contamin. Toxicol., 33(1):56-62. Div. of Biol. Sci., Univ. of Houston-Clear Lake, Houston, TX 77058, USA.

85:0420 Langston, W.J., 1984. Availability of arsenic to

estuarine and marine organisms: a field and laboratory evaluation. Mar. BioL, 80(2): 143-154.

Arsenic contents in Fucus vesiculosus and several mollusc species from a Cornwall (England) estuarine complex were determined to ascertain the relative availabilities of particulate and dissolved As to biota. Transplant experiments and radiotracer studies were conducted. Implications for the selection of As- contamination indicator organisms are discussed. Mar. Biol. Assoc. of the United Kingdom, The Lab., Citadel Hill, Plymouth PLI 2PB, Devon, UK. (ihz)

85:0421 Nilsson, Mats, SOren Mattsson and Elis Holm, 1984.

Radioecologieal studies of activation products released from a nuclear power plant into the marine environment. Mar. environ. Res., 12(3): 225-242.

Some seaweeds and crustaceans appear to be excellent bioindicators for radioactive products released from nuclear power plants into the marine regime. Fucus, Ascophyllum, Cladophora (algae), Idothea and Gammarus (crustaceans) were used to map the spatial and temporal distributions of released radioactive moieties. The time variance of activity concentration appears to reflect the release of activation and fission products from a nuclear power plant. Rad. Phys. Dept., Univ. of Lund, Lasarettet, S-221 85 Lund, Sweden. (jst)

OLR (19"g5) 32 (1) E. Biological Oceanography 61

85:0422 Oehlenschlager, J. and M. Manthey, 1982. Fluoride

content of Antarctic marine animals caught off Elephant Island. Polar Biol., 1(2): 125-127. Fed. Res. Centre for Fish., Palmaille 9, D-2000 Hamburg 50, FRG.

85:0423 Reish, D.J., P.S. Oshida, F.G. Wilkes, A.J. Mearns,

T.C. Ginn and R.S. Carr, 1984. Effects lof pollutants] on saltwater organisms. Review. J. Wat. Pollut. Control Fed., 56(6):758-774.

Reviewed here are the effects of pesticides, oil and heavy metals on estuarine and marine organisms. Special attention is given to copper, including its toxicity and body burdens in organisms. Includes 237 references. Dept. of Biol., Calif. State Univ., Long Beach, CA 90840, USA. (mjj)

85:0474 Stickle, W.B., S.D. Rice and A. Moles, 1984.

Bioenergetics and survival of the marine snail Tha/s lhna during long-term oil exposure. Mar. BioL, 80(3)'281-289. Dept. of Zool. and Physiol., Louisiana State Univ., Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA.

85:0425 Uthe, J.F., D.W. McLeese, G.R. Sirota and L.E.

Burridge, 1984. Accumulation of polycyclic aro- matic hydrocarbons by lobsters (Homarus amer- icanus) held in a tidal pound. Can. tech. Rept Fish. aquat. Sci., 1059:1 lpp.

85:0426 Zaroogian, G.E. and M. Johnson, 1984. Nickel

uptake and loss in the bivalves Crassostrea virginica and Mytilus edulis. Archs environ. Contamin. Toxicol., 13(4):411-418. U.S. EPA, ERL, South Ferry Rd., Narragansett, RI 02882, USA.

E340. Aquaculture (commercial)

85:0427 Waddy, S.L. and D.E. Aiken, 1984. Broodstock

management for year-round production of larvae for culture of the American lobster. Can. tech. Rept Fish. aquat. Sci., 1272:15pp.

E370. Theoretical biology and ecology

85:0428 Beatty, John et al., 1984. Special issue. Philosophy of

biology. Philosophy Sci., 51(2): 183-354; 9 papers.

Topics presented include the relative importance of random drift vs natural selection; the advantages of common cause over separate cause explanations in evolutionary theory; and a formal approach to the structure of population genetics. Three contributions consider the nature of biological species. One paper examines how theories are connected by analyzing the discovery of the link between vitamins and coenzymes; a final paper analyzes the propensity interpretation of fitness. (msg)

85:0429 Cohen, J.E. and Frrdrric Briand, 1984. Trophic links

of community food webs. Proc. natn. Acad. Sci. U.SA., 81(13):4105-4109.

In community food webs, to a first approximation, the mean number of trophic links is proportional to the total number of trophic species. The mean number of trophic links between any two categories of trophic species is proportional to the geometric mean number of species in the categories joined. These linear relationships and scale-invariance in the proportions of basal, intermediate, and top species make it possible to predict with remarkable precision the proportions of each kind of trophic link among all community food webs. Differences between food webs in constant and fluctuating environments reflect apparently greater constraints on the trophic organization of food webs in the latter. Rockefeller Univ., 1230 York Ave., New York, NY 10021, USA.

85:0430 Garsd, Armando, 1984. Spurious correlation in

ecological modelling. Ecol. Model., 23(3): 191-201.

Spurious correlation is an example of a basic ecological concept that has not been examined statistically, and thus may result in imprecise interpretation of data. Spurious correlation can obscure genuine interactions between populations, and suggest erroneous causal relationships. Statis- tical devices, such as partial correlations, can be used in both simple models and time series analyses to filter spurious distortions from the data. Energy and Environ. Policy Center, Harvard Univ., 140 Mt. Auburn St., Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.

62 OLR (1985) 32 (1) f

FAO0. Books, collections (general)

85:0431 Poulet, S.-A., A.-G. Bauchau, M.Th. Fontaine, Y.

Boilly-Marer, F. Mazeaud and J.-L. Huv6, 1984. Chemoreception and behaviour of marine organisms. Symposium, 22 November 1983. Oceanis, 10(2):131-204; 5 papers. (In French, English abstracts.)

Reports suggest that (1) chemoreception may regu- late reproduction, locomotion, and nutrition in zooplankton; (2) pheromones are detected by recep- tors in the antennules of the male crab (Carcinus maenas), in the cephalic antennae of the annelid Autolytinae, and in the transformed parapodial cirri in nereids; (3) salmon and trout are sensitive to olfactory cues, and the latter may detect micro- pollutants at concentrations as low as 10 ng/L. (row f)

E410. Miscellaneous

85:0432 Critchley, A.T. and R. Dijkema, 1984. On the

presence of the introduced brown alga Sargassum

muticum, attached to commercially imported Ostrea edulis in the SW Netherlands. Botanica mar., 27(5):211-216. Univ. of Natal, Dept. of Bot., Pietermaritzburg 3200, Natal, South Af- rica.

85:0433 Koske, R.E. and W.R. Poison, 1984. Are VA

mycorrhizae required for sand dune stabilization? Bioscience, 34(7):420-424.

Preliminary greenhouse studies demonstrated the dependence of American beachgrass plants on the establishment of vesicular-arbuscular (VA) mycorrhizae in dune soil. These studies and field observations worldwide suggest that a minimal amount of VA fungal inoculum is necessary for significant plant growth and, thus, dune stabilization. VA fungi contribute to dune stabilization indirectly, by im- proving the phosphate nutrition of plants, and directly, by forming aggregates of sand grains that resist movement more than single sand grains. Dept. of Bot., Univ. of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, USA.

F. GENERAL

FI0. Apparatus, methods, mathematics (multidisciplinary)

85:0434 Antonovsky, A., 1984. The application of colour to

SEM imaging for increased definition. Micron, 15(2):7%84.

A technique of applying color to SEM images to gain both improved aesthetic and informational quality is described and illustrated. Three detector images, the back-scattered electron, secondary electron, and low collector voltage secondary electron images, are assigned the primary color components of red, green, and blue, respectively. The tri-color photographic system approaches the quality of light-illumination pictures. Includes examples of color imaging. CSIRO Div. of Chem. Tech., Mel- bourne, Victoria, Australia. (jch)

85:0435 Chapman, D.A., 1984. Towed cable behaviour during

ship turning manoeuvres. Ocean Engng, 11(4): 327-361. Sch. of Engng., Univ. of Bath, BA2 7AY, UK.

85:0436 Konecny, G., M. Reynolds and M. Schroeder, 1984.

Mapping from space: the metric camera experiment. Science, 225(4658): 167-169.

Using a photogrammetric mapping camera on board Spacelab I, high-resolution large-format photo- graphs were taken of various world regions to determine whether medium-scale thematic and top- ographic maps could be made from space-based camera images. Such maps presently exist for only ~40% of the Earth's surface and are both time- consuming and expensive to produce from aerial

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Biological oceanography