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Mrs. Stahl
The History of Marine Science, Marine Technology, Human Impact,
and The Scientific Method
https://vimeo.com/25323516
What is Marine Biology?
• The study of living organisms that inhabit the seas and their interactions with each other and their environment.
Why is the ocean important? • We know very little about the tremendous amount of
organisms in the ocean.
• Makes up 71% of the planet, only know 5%
– https://ed.ted.com/lessons/how-big-is-the-ocean-scott-gass
• Beauty- Ecotourism
• Commercial Products
• Conservation
• Supply a significant amount of food-> fish, seaweeds, and shellfish. 80 million metric tons of food is harvested annually from the world’s oceans.
Importance of the oceans
• Exchange heat energy with the atmosphere and oceans which create weather patterns -> habitats.
• Industry- shipping channels, imports /exports
• Lots of jobs
• Scientific Research- ecology, physiology, biochemistry, and biogeography.
What is ocean productivity?
• The amount of food the ocean can produce and the number of organisms it can support.
What is Oceanography?
* Study of ocean waves, tides, and currents
There are four branches:
1. Geological Oceanography
2. Chemical Oceanography
3. Physical Oceanography
4. Biological Oceanography
Geological Oceanography
Topography
Hydrothermal vents and the seafloor
Plate tectonics
Chemical Oceanography
•Dissolved elements
•pH
•Dissolved oxygen
•CO2 levels
•Any other chemical aspect
Physical Oceanography
Waves, Tides, Currents
Biological Oceanography
Distribution and abundance of marine life
How living organisms influence and interact with processes in the oceans.
The History of the Sea
165,000 Years Ago
• Stone blades and piles of shells were found in seaside caves in S. Africa from Stone Age clambakes.
• Ochre pigments used for symbolic body paint
110,000 Years Ago
• Shell harpoons, fish hooks, and shell bead jewelry has been found.
• Finding these items allows us to gain insight on how the Native people lived off of the land, and relied on the ocean.
Early Man / Native Americans Used the land for many food sources, such as fish and shellfish.
Shell Middens- seen all around Fl.
Phoenicians- 2000 B.C.
• Pacific Islanders
• Seamanship and navigation
• Used wind, waves, and current patterns to navigate the ocean.
• Used the North Star = “Phoenician Star”
The Greeks and Aristotle, 384-322 B.C.
• Were the first ones to study sea creatures
• Aristotle- was the first one to develop a means of classifying them.
• “ladder of life”- scheme of classification: echinoderms, vertebrates, marine mammals, crustaceans, etc
• Described more than 500 species, studied fish gills, and proposed that they were used for gas exchange, and made many detailed anatomical descriptions about the cuttlefish.
First to make scientific observations, explored all the oceans, and circumnavigated the world twice.
Antarctic ice fields.
Brought back specimens of plants and animals.
Discovered the Pacific Islands- Hawaii, Tahiti, and New Zealand.
Made detailed charts using a chronometer (detailed longitude).
https://commons.wikimedia.org/
wiki/File:Chronometer_01.JPG
Charles Darwin- 1831
HMS Beagle; 5 year journey
Made observations of the natural world.
Proposed the theory of evolution and natural selection.
Made scientists think about adaptations.
Atolls in the tropics.
Atolls-> rings of coral reefs that
enclose a lagoon. They have
risen out of the ocean.
The Voyage of The Beagle (Darwin)
1831 - 1836
http://education.nationalgeographic.com/encyclopedia/atoll/
Extensive dredging of the sea floor.
Discovered many organisms.
Found that the sea floor life is different at different depths.
HMS Challenger-1872
The ship left England in 1872, and returned in 1876, sampling
the waters and marine life of parts of the Atlantic and Pacific
oceans. They collected an enormous number of samples;
from sea water to bottom mud, from microscopic plankton to
fish and birds.
The Challenger Expedition- C. Wyville
Thomson
The major findings of the Challenger Expedition include*:
The Challenger Expedition
• the first systematic plot of currents and temperatures in the ocean
• a map of bottom deposits that has not been changed much by more
recent studies
• an outline of the main contours of the ocean basins
• the discovery of the mid-Atlantic Ridge
• recorded a depth of 26,900 feet (8,200 meters), known as the
Challenger Deep in the Marianas Trench
• the discovery of 715 new genera and 4,717 new species of ocean life
forms
• the discovery of prodigious life forms even at great depths in the
ocean!
* According to the Environmental News Network Daily
News.
Sir Charles Wyville Thomson- 1882
• Chief scientist on the HMS Challenger
• Discovered plankton but didn’t get credit.
Victor Hensen- 1887
• Coined the term plankton- small floating organisms that utilize the currents.
Louis Agassiz- 1873
• Father of Alexander Agassiz
• Founded the first Marine Science laboratory called the Anderson School of Natural History and then moved it to Woods Hole, MA, where Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute stands today. One of the most prestigious marine institutes in the world.
Woods Hole Oceanographic Inst.
• Largest, private research facility
• Massachusetts
• Home of Alvin
Alexander Agassiz- 1877 / 1922 • Cataloged marine life, studied the color
of marine life, and researched how color changes with the depth of the ocean-> Wavelengths- ROYGBIV
• Shallow water -animals were brightly colored, and in the deeper water they went from blues and greens to blacks and reds.
• Studied the structure and formation of coral reefs.
• He also thought that the Pacific and Caribbean were once connected, because he found similar organisms on each coast.
Carl Chun- 1883 • Cephalopod and
squid specialist
• Discovered the vampire squid
• Explored the deep sea
Vampire Squid
https://www.youtube.com/watch
?v=pI6A218YE-Q
Rachel Carson 1907-1964
• Scientist and writer
• Worked for the U.S. Fish and Wildlife
• Focused a lot on public awareness and wrote many books!
Eugenie Clark- 1942
• Known as the “Shark Lady”
• Founded Mote Marine Lab, formerly known as the Cape Haze Marine Lab
Sylvia Earle 1935-?
• Botany- studied vegetation (plants), the basis of the ecosystem / food web.
• Part of the 1970’s Tektite crew, which was all women, and they lived in an underwater habitat.
• 1979- She was fascinated with the deep sea and broke the record for the deepest dive- 381 m. / 1250 ft. in a Jim Suit.
• 1990’s – Chief Scientist of NOAA.
• Currently at National Geographic.
https://www.google.com/
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Jacque Cousteau-1943
• One of the first people to really describe what the ocean looked like underwater.
• SCUBA- Self Contained Underwater Breathing Apparatus
Robert Ballard • Used submersibles
and ROV’s to explore the Titanic, discover hydrothermal vents, USS Yorktown, and The Bismarck
• http://www.ted.com/talks/robert_ballard_on_exploring_the_oceans?language=en
Fifty percent of our
country that we own, have
all legal jurisdiction, have
all rights to do whatever
we want, lies beneath the
sea, and we have better
maps of Mars than that
fifty percent.
—Robert Ballard
Edith Widder • Found the giant squid! First scientist to create
an apparatus to attract and observe the giant squid in its natural habitat.
• https://www.ted.com/talks/edith_widder_how_we_found_the_giant_squid?language=en
Other Marine Labs • Scripps Institution of Oceanography, Ca
• University of Miami Rosenstiel School of Marine Science
• Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institute, Fl.
• Friday Harbor Laboratory, Wa
• Duke University, NC
• Woods Hole Oceanographic, Ma
Marine Biology Today!
• The “known” amount of inhabitants that occupy our oceans is rapidly increasing each day, mainly due to the great advances in technology.
Marine Technology
Trieste- Jacques Piccard
• 1st bathyscaphe, 1953, launched near Naples, Italy
• Was purchased by the US Navy in 1959.
• 1960- historic dive to the bottom of the Marianas Trench; the Challenger Deep.
Johnson Sealink
https://www.youtube.com/watch
?v=6DZCpoKqADs
•Underwater apparatus occupied by two men.
•Used to collect data.
Unmanned
Robot that travels underwater
Makes detailed maps of the seafloor
Military uses them to find mines or to monitor a protected area (such as a harbor).
Shark Week 2013- White Shark off Cape Cod, Massachusetts
• http://www.whoi.edu/osl/sharkcam
ARGO- Camera system used to find the Titanic in 1985
ALVIN
http://www.whoi.edu/page.do?pid=8422
1964
Most famous for locating the lost hydrogen bomb in the Mediterranean Sea in 1966.
Exploring the first known hydrothermal vent sites in the 1970’s.
Surveying the wreck of the RMS Titanic in 1986.
Carries one pilot and two scientists, and can stay submerged for 6-10 hours.
Basket can return up to 400 pounds of seafloor samples.
4,500 meters (about three miles / 14,850 ft)
Named for Allyn Vine, a WHOI scientist that helped pioneer submersible technology.
https://ed.ted.com/featured/K34VLrUM
RMS Titanic's Final Resting Place
12,500 ft (3810 m)
ROV- Remotely Operated Vehicles
• Highly maneuverable, underwater robots, operated by a person aboard a surface vessel. They are linked to the ship by a group of cables that carry electrical signals back and forth between the operator and the vehicle.
http://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/technology/subs/rov/rov.html
Glomar Challenger • First research vessel
specifically designed, in the late 1960’s, for the purpose of drilling into and taking core samples from the deep ocean floor.
Deep-Sea Drilling Programs
The Deep Sea Drilling Project (1968–1975) was conducted
to confirm a compelling theory about the history of the ocean
floor.
The 122-meter drilling ship, the Glomar Challenger, was
designed to drill into the seafloor, more than 6,000 meters
below the sea surface, and recover samples of seafloor
sediment.
In 1985, the JOIDES Resolution
was built to take over the deep-sea
drilling functions as part of the
International Ocean Drilling
Program, a joint oceanographic
research effort between the United
States, France, the United
Kingdom, Germany, and Japan. JOIDES Resolution
Side Scan and Multibeam Sonar- scans the ocean floor and makes detailed maps.
Tools of the Trade
Gravity Core
•The most basic sampling device used to collect core samples from the seafloor. It penetrates less than 10 meters into the sediment.
8/22/2018 91
Hydrometer
•A device used to measure the densities of liquids and solutions.
8/22/2018 92
Secchi Disk •Used to estimate the transparency of seawater, and can provide a relative measure of productivity or turbidity.
8/22/2018 93
Drift Bottles
• The use of drift bottles as a means of charting ocean currents is an old one.
8/22/2018 94
Current Meter
•An instrument for measuring the velocity, force, and temperature of currents.
8/22/2018 95
Refractometer
• An instrument used to measure the salt concentration of seawater by using the refraction of light.
8/22/2018 96
Hydrophone
•A microphone used underwater to take acoustic measurements.
8/22/2018 97
Hydrophone
SCUBA • Self • Contained • Underwater • Breathing • Apparatus
• SCUBA is useful for
shallow water work, with many advances in deep dive capabilities.
8/22/2018 98
Global Positioning System (GPS)
•A worldwide radio-navigation system that utilizes satellites to triangulate a specific location on earth.
8/22/2018 99
Nets and Sieves
Dip Net
•Useful for scooping up seaweed, jellies, and other drifting organisms from docks and the side of the vessels.
8/22/2018 101
Sediment Sieves
•Used to analyze sediment grain size composition.
8/22/2018 102
Plankton Net
• A cone shaped net made of fine mesh material with a collecting jar at the base.
8/22/2018 103
Phyto and Zooplankton Nets: Variety of mesh sizes to target certain species groups
Dredge
•This device is dragged across the ocean floor to obtain biological or geological samples.
•It can take many shapes either cylindrical or boxlike.
8/22/2018 105
Trawl Net
•The mouth of the net is kept open through "otter boards" attached to the leading ends of the net, or, by current passing through the net.
8/22/2018 106
Crab Pots
• Crab Pots are used for collecting crabs for study and food
8/22/2018 107
ARGO BUOY
-Over 3200 floating in oceans
-Collects temperature, density, and salinity from water column
-Transmits data to a satellite and goes back under to collect
for next 30 days
-Each one transmits for 5 years
How ARGO Works
Argo Buoys Around the World
Sample of Onboard Operations
• Marine Mammal Observations and Biopsies
• Marine Bird Observations
• Oceanography Studies
• Flyingfish- Dipnetting
• Humboldt Squid Study
• Zooplankton Abundance Study
• Midwater Fish Survey
• Mammal Acoustics Project
Marine Mammal Survey
Biopsies • Goal: If mammals get close enough to launch
small boat or shoot from the bow, biopsies are collected for DNA studies
• Success Rate: Extremely hard to obtain samples. Collected each leg.
Biopsy Attempts
Crossbow
Sample to Process
Marine Bird Observations
• Goal- identification and population size
• Observe through a variety of binoculars
• Use ID guides
• Tagging- typically around the foot of the animal.
Oceanography Studies
• All the abiotic factors that are crucial for the ocean to maintain homeostasis and have a stable food web.
• Salinity, temperature, dissolved oxygen, nitrogen levels, pH, etc…
Oceanography Operations
1-2
Historical Review of
Oceanography
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
-1.6 -1.4 -1.2 -1.0 -0.8120
100
80
60
40
20
0
34.2 34.4
Antarctica CTD Profile
RV Nathaniel B. Palmer Dec, 2000.
Position: 140.7 E Long, 65.9 S Lat.
Temperature
Temp. [c]
Depth
[m
]
Salinity
Salinity [psu]
Depth
[m
]
Acoustic Survey
Sound 1: Sperm whales
Sound 2: Minke whale
Sound 3: Bowhead whale
Dipnetting
Gut Content Removal
Mid-Water Surveys
Time to Pick the Net
Let the Sorting Begin
Summing It Up
Special Thanks
• Special thanks to Heather Judkins of USF for allowing use of some of her slides and pictures.
