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Biological Classification
Why Classify?• To study the diversity of life, biologists use
classification systems to group organisms according to evolutionary relationships (common ancestry). This makes the diversity of life easier to study.
• Taxonomy – discipline to group organisms hierarchically and assign each organism a universally accepted name.
Carl Linneaus
• The modern system of taxonomy used today was created by Carl Linnaeus in the 1700s.
• It included a naming system called binomial nomenclature which literally means two-name naming system.
Binomial Nomenclature (scientific names)
Generic name specific name
Group of closely related species
Group of organisms maintained by biological mechanisms that result in their breeding mostly with their type (interbreeding)
Rules:
1. One binomial name for each species
2. Capitilzed Generic, lowercase specific. Ex: Homo sapiens, Tyrannosaurus rex
3. Constructed according to rules of Latin or Greek grammar
4. Discoverer of species gets naming rights
5. Typed in italics, underlined when written
Specific names can’t stand alone!
Centropyge bicolor
Baeolophus bicolor
Boletus bicolor
Labio bicolor
Ecsenius bicolor
Loxocemus bicolor
Phyllobates bicolor
Euphorbia bicolor
Gila bicolor
Epalzeorhynchus bicolor
Rhamnusium bicolor
Chilobrachys bicolor
Calendula bicolor
Lespedeza bicolor
Flabellina bicolor
Eucomis bicolor
Androctonus bicolor
Saguinus bicolor
Specific names can’t stand alone!
Match the binomial name to the bear
A. Brown (Grizzly) Bear
B. American Black Bear
C. Giant Panda
D. Polar Bear
___ Ursus arctos
___ Ursus maritimus
___ Ursus americanus
___ Ailuropoda melanoleuca
Convergent Evolution
Convergent evolution produces analogies, which are NOT useful in classification
Divergent Evolution
Divergent evolution produces homologies (from a common ancestor) which are useful in classification
DNA Comparisons
Similar DNA sequences are molecular homologies which are useful in classification
Embryo Comparisons
Embryos reveal homologies which are useful in classification
adult tunicate
What’s a Blue Tang?
Acanthurus coeruleus
Atlantic
Paracanthurus hepatus
Indo-Pacific
Paracanthurus hepatus is commonly called
• blue tang• regal tang• hippo tang• palette surgeon fish• flagtail surgeon fish• blue surgeon fish• other languages?
Biological Classification is Hierarchical
King
Philip
Cut
Open
Five
Green
Snakes
Which taxonomic group has the most diversity? The least?
Which taxonomic group has organisms that are most closely related? Least?
Taxonomic
Classification
Blue Tang Yellow Tang
Kingdom Animalia Animalia
Phylum Chordata Chordata
Class Actinopterygii Actinopterygii
Order Perciformes Perciformes
Family Acanthuridae Acanthuridae
Genus Paracanthurus Zebrasoma
Species P. hepatus Z. flavescens
Taxonomic
Classification
Blue Tang Percula Clownfish
Kingdom Animalia Animalia
Phylum Chordata Chordata
Class Actinopterygii Actinopterygii
Order Perciformes Perciformes
Family Acanthuridae Pomacentridae
Genus Paracanthurus Amphiprion
Species P. hepatus A. percula
Taxonomic
Classification
Blue Tang Great White Shark
Kingdom Animalia Animalia
Phylum Chordata Chordata
Class Actinopterygii Chondrichthyes
Order Perciformes Lamniformes
Family Acanthuridae Lamnidae
Genus Paracanthurus Carcharodon
Species P. hepatus C. carcharias
Taxonomic
Classification
Blue Tang Human
Kingdom Animalia Animalia
Phylum Chordata Chordata
Class Actinopterygii Mammalia
Order Perciformes Primate
Family Acanthuridae Hominidae
Genus Paracanthurus Homo
Species P. hepatus H. sapiens
Caiman Parrot T. rex
Animalia Animalia Animalia
Chordata Chordata Chordata
Reptilia Aves Reptilia