What is Evolutionary Classification?

What criteria do biologists use to classify organisms?

LEQ

What criteria do biologists use to classify organisms?(to group, categorize, arrange, sort or cluster)

According to evolutionary classification which is more closely related a chimpanzee and a human or a koala and a panda?

What evidence would you expect to have to support your claim?

Taxa (or “Groups”)o Organisms are classified by

the number of characteristics they have in common.

o The more characteristics organisms have in common the more taxa they have in common.

Traditional Scientific Classification

Panda

Kingdom: Animalia

Phylum: Chordata

Class: Mammalia

Order: Carnivora

Family: Ursidae

Genus: Ailuropoda

Species: A. melanoleuca

Koala

Kingdom: Animalia

Phylum: Chordata

Class: Mammalia

Infraclass: Marsupialia

Order: Diprotodontia

Family: Phascolarctidae

Genus: Phascolarctos

Species: P. cinereus

Scientific Classification

Human Kingdom: AnimaliaPhylum: ChordataClass: MammaliaOrder: PrimatesFamily: HominidaeGenus: HomoSpecies: H. sapiens

Chimp

Kingdom: AnimaliaPhylum: ChordataClass: MammaliaOrder: PrimatesFamily: HominidaeGenus: Pan

Species: Pan paniscus

CladisticsTakes into consideration a number of derived characters, like…

1. Morphology2. DNA or amino acid

sequence

KEY TERMSPhylogeny (phyl- meaning “race or distinct type of organism”

or group + -gen meaning “producing” i.e. reproducing)

Tribe in which one is born

Cladistics (clade = family group)

System of organizing groups by # of shared traits & their order of appearance (or disappearance)

PHYLOGENYo The idea that all organisms are

thought to have descended from an ancient common ancestor.

o Hypothesized evolutionary paths taken by organisms over long periods of time is depicted by a tree.

PHYLOGENIC TREE

CLADISTICS o Grouping organisms into a “clade”

(group) that includes an ancestor and all descendants

o It’s a hypothesis depicting one possible path of speciation (based on the inheritance of derived traits)

CLADOGRAM

Characteristics of a Cladogramo Shows order of derived traits (lower branches

showed up earlier)o Shows which groups share the same traitso All taxa that are "upstream” from the point where

one line becomes two (traced directly to one node) are said to be members of a group

o Any two branch tips sharing the same immediate node are most closely related

CLADOGRAM1. Which of these

is most unlike the others?

2. And which trait separates this organism from the others?

CLADOGRAMDerived Characters (+ symbol means the organism does have that feature)

  segmented jaws hair placenta multicellular limbs

kangaroo + + + - + +

earthworm + - - - + -

amoeba - - - - - -

lizard + + - - + +

cat + + + + + +

sponge - - - - + -

salmon + + - - + -

CLADOGRAM

CLADOGRAMDerived Characters (+ symbol means the organism does have that feature)

  segmented jaws hair placenta multicellular limbs

kangaroo + + + - + +

earthworm + - - - + -

amoeba - - - - - -

lizard + + - - + +

cat + + + + + +

sponge - - - - + -

salmon + + - - + -

CLADOGRAM

CLADOGRAMDerived Characters (+ symbol means the organism does have that feature)

  segmented jaws hair placenta multicellular limbs

kangaroo + + + - + +

earthworm + - - - + -

amoeba - - - - - -

lizard + + - - + +

cat + + + + + +

sponge - - - - + -

salmon + + - - + -

CLADOGRAM

CLADOGRAMDerived Characters (+ symbol means the organism does have that feature)

  segmented jaws hair placenta multicellular limbs

kangaroo + + + - + +

earthworm + - - - + -

amoeba - - - - - -

lizard + + - - + +

cat + + + + + +

sponge - - - - + -

salmon + + - - + -

CLADOGRAM

CLADOGRAMDerived Characters (+ symbol means the organism does have that feature)

  segmented jaws hair placenta multicellular limbs

kangaroo + + + - + +

earthworm + - - - + -

amoeba - - - - - -

lizard + + - - + +

cat + + + + + +

sponge - - - - + -

salmon + + - - + -

CLADOGRAM

CLADOGRAMDerived Characters (+ symbol means the organism does have that feature)

  segmented jaws hair placenta multicellular limbs

kangaroo + + + - + +

earthworm + - - - + -

amoeba - - - - - -

lizard + + - - + +

cat + + + + + +

sponge - - - - + -

salmon + + - - + -

CLADOGRAM

CLADOGRAM

What are the relationships between A, B, C, D, and E?

Build A Cladogram

SOLUTION