biodiesel project report presentation

PROJECT REPORT PRESENTATION

PROJECT REPORT PRESENTATION

BIODIESEL A Perspective

AUTHOR: MANU H NAIR

FACULTY ADVISOR :Er. PRAMOD GEORGE PROFESSIONAL ADVISOR :Dr. BALAN K.

12/4/2016BIODIESEL- A PRESPECTIVE

AKNOWLEDGEMENT WE WOULD LIKE TO SINCIERELY THANK:

DR JOHN M.GEORGE Principal ,Caarmel Engineering College.DR BALAN K. Former MD to National Coir research and development institute .(External Guide)ER. KISHEN KARANAKARAN MD , TMN Biofuels, Pvt Ltd Coimbatore.DR.KOCHUBABY MANJOORAN, Kochin Refinery , Kochin.Prof: A.D POULOUSE H.O.D Department of Mechanical Engineering.Er. PRAMOD GEORGE Internal Guide .Er SHAAN .And all other faculty members of the Department of Mechanical Engineering.All our dear friends .

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OBJECTIVES:Biodiesel as an alternative fuel without much alterations in existing vehicle technologies.

Comparative study with Petro Diesel .

Biodiesel as a fuel and Industry for Emerging India 2/4/20163


WORLD ENERGY DEPENDENCY

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WORLD OIL DEPLETION

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WHAT IS BIODIESEL?Alternate environment friendly fuel.

From animal or plant source.

Made of long chain alkyl esters.

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BIODIESEL ON GLOBAL CONTEXT.Production rose by 50% from2002-09.

Popular amongst developed countries or ANNEX categorized countries(Kyoto protocol)

Criticism .Impact on food security.Doubt of overall +ve net Carbon balance.Automobiles , airplanes , locomotives , factories, houses..etc running on Biofuel.

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BIODIESEL PRODUCTION2/4/20168


CASE STUDY FINDINGS FROM TMN BIOFUELS ON FEEDSTOCK:Major feed stock is Cashew cornel rejection oil.Its an acidified oil waste.Imported from Indonesia from a sister concernR&D on various other sources underway.

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PRODUCTION TECHNIQUES2/4/201610


1.DIRECT USE AND BLENDING:Direct use:100% biofuel with no Petro Diesel.B100

Blending :Usual varieties ; B5,B10,B20.B95.B10 means 10% Petro Diesel and 90% Biodiesel .

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ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF DIRECT USE OF VEGITABLE OILS:ADVANTAGES

Liquid nature-portability,

Heat content (80% of diesel fuel),

Ready availability and Renewability. DISADVANTAGES

Higher viscosity,

Lower volatility and

The reactivity of unsaturated hydrocarbon chains2/4/201612

BIODIESEL- A PRESPECTIVE2/4/201612

Known problems, probable cause and potential solutions for using straight vegetable oil in diesels


2. MICROEMULSIONSSolves the problem of high viscosity of vegetable oils.Are solvents live methanol, ethanol etc.Defined as a colloidal equilibrium dispersion of optically isotropic fluid microstructures.Usually 1-150 nm range formed spontaneously from two normally immiscible liquids and one or more ionic or non-ionic amphiphiles Improve spray characteristics by explosive vaporization of the low boiling constituents in the micelles .Short term performances of both ionic and non-ionic micro emulsions of aqueous ethanol in soybean oil nearly as good as that of No. 2 diesel, in spite of the lower cetane number and energy content .

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TEST RESULTS SHOWING PROPERTIES OF SHIPP NON -IONIC FUEL.(SOURCE: Fangrui Ma,Milford A. Hanna, Biodiesel Production: a review , Bio resource Technologies ,Lincon,NE ,USA 1999.)

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2.1 THERMAL CRACKING(PYROLYSIS)Conversion of one substance into another by means of heat or by heat with the aid of a catalyst .

Heating in the absence of air or oxygen.

And cleavage of chemical bonds to yield small molecules .

First pyrolysis of vegetable oil was conducted in an attempt to synthesize petroleum from vegetable oil.

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The process is simple and effective compared with other cracking processesRapeseed oil pyrolyzed to produce a mixture of methyl esters in a tubular reactor between 500 and 850C and in nitrogen.

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(SOURCE: Fangrui Ma,Milford A. Hanna, Biodiesel Production: a review , Bio resource Technologies ,Lincon,NE ,USA 1999.)


2.2TRANSESTERIFICATION (ALCOHOLYSIS)The reaction of a fat or oil with an alcohol to form esters and glycerol.A catalyst is usually used to improve the reaction rate and yield.

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2.2.1MECHANISM AND KINETICS

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SOURCE: Fangrui Ma,Milford A. Hanna, Biodiesel Production: a review , Bio resource Technologies ,Lincon,NE ,USA 1999.)


FACTORS AFFECTING FREE FATTY ACIDS IN TRANS ESTERIFICATION:Moisture.

Catalyst .

Molar ratio .

Reaction time.

Reaction temperature.

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THE PROCESS OF TRANSESTERIFICATION AND DOWNSTREAM OPERATIONS

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OTHER TRANSESTERIFICATIONSIn-situ transesterification is taken into consideration.Found that acid catalyzed in-situ process is better than conventional methods .By increasing reaction temperature and time and by decreasing the particle size of the soybeans and the water content of ethanol, a purer product was obtained.The separated glycerol reacted with triglycerides to produce mono- and diglycerides, which are valuable chemical intermediates for detergents and emulsifiers2/4/201623


PRODUCTION TECHNIQUES EMPLOYES AT TMN BIOFUELS PVT LTD

METHODS :

BASIC ESTERIFICATION TRANS ESTERIFICATION

TMN Biofuels Employs a combination of both .

One of a kind .

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TMN BIOFUELS BIODIESEL PLANT.2/4/201625


PRODUCTION TECHNIQUES Primary production techniqueSecondary production techniqueTertiary production technique 2/4/201626


PRIMARY PRODUCTION Oldest and most common production technique.

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SECONDARY PRODUCTIONCombination of esterification and trans esterification.

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Biodiesel from different grade of oils at TMN Biofuels Pvt Ltd.


TERTIARY PRODUCTIONALGAL SYNTHESIS

Third generation process

Costly and time consuming.

Other includes fungal cultivated biodiesels and biodiesels from coffee ground beans .(under R&D)

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SEQUENTIAL PROCESS IN MAKING BIODIESEL FROM ALGAE (SOURCE: ECOGENICS RESEARCH CENTRE)FIGURE (A) MICRO-ALGAE AT LABS FOR SYNTHESIS

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FIGURE(B) MICRO-ALGAE AT LAB BEFORE DRYING 2/4/201631


FIGURE(C) ALGAE DRIED BEFORE OIL EXTRACTION

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FIGURE(C) ALGAE DRIED BEFORE OIL EXTRACTION

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STORAGE,HANDLING AND TRANSPORTSTABILITY

LONG TERM STORAGE STABILITY

STABILITY AT HIGHER TEMPERATURE AND PRESSURE

OXIATION STABILITY

HIGHER LEVEL OF UNSTURATION MORE OXIDATION OCCUR

METAL SUCH AS COOPER, BRASS,LEAD, WILL ACCELARATE OXIDATION PROCESS TO FORM SEDIMENTS.

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STORAGECOMMERCIALEY DONE BY PROVIDING NITROGEN BLANKETS ON STORAGE TANKS.AVOID CONTACT WITH OXYGEN.USE OF ANTIOXIDENTS.

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MICROBIAL CONTAMINATIONAEROBIC FUNGUS, BACTERIA AND YEST, MICROORGANISAM USUALLY GROW AT FUEL BY WATER CONTAMINATION.

SULFUR FROM ALGAE REACTION ON THE TANK SURFACE COUSES CORROSION.2/4/201636


STORAGE TANK DISPENCING EQUIPMENT AND MATERIAL COMPATIBILITY

THERE IS NO REACTION WITH MOST OF THE METALSFAVORABLE METALS- AL,STEEL,FLURINATED POLY ETHYLINE,TEFLON ETC.METALS LIKE BRASS, BRONZE, COPPER CAUSE REACTIONS.

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TRANSPORTATIONTO AVOID CONTAMINATION DURING TRANSPORT ENSURE THE FOLLOWING:

TRUCKS ARE CONSTRUCTED OF ALUMINIUM,CARBON STEEL.

THERE IS NO RESIDUAL WATER IN TANK.

PROPER INSPECTION OR WASH OUT BEFORE LOADING.

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BIODIESEL AND PETRODIESEL:2/4/201639


EXPERIMENT #1(SOURCE :Jurgan kahl, Alex Munak , Olaf Scrader, Hendrik stein ; Comparison of biodiesel with different diesel fuels regarding exhaust gas emissions and health effects,2008)A 493 CC single cylinder, indirect injection diesel engine equipped with one hole injector nozzle of diameter 0.5 mm was used for performance tests

Biodiesel from refined palm oil stearin and biodiesel from crude coconut oil blended with diesel at various mixing ratio.

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ENGINE SPECIFICATION2/4/201641


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PROPERTIES OF DIESEL AND BIODIESEL2/4/201643


RESULTS

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GRAPH 1. RELATION OF DENSITY Vs CONCENTRATIONS OF BIODIESEL BLENDS


GRAPH 2. THE RELATION BETWEEN VISCOSITY AT 40 C Vs CONVENTRATION OF BIODIESEL BLENDS2/4/201645


GRAPH 3. THE RELATION OF POUR POINT Vs CONCENTRATION OF BIODIESEL BLENDS2/4/201646


GRAPH 4. THE RELATION OF FLASH POINT Vs CONCENTRATION OF BIODIESEL BLENDS2/4/201647


GRAPH 5. THE RELATION OF FIREPONT Vs CONCENTRATION OF BIODIESEL BLENDS .2/4/201648


GRAPH 6. THE RELATION OF HEATING VALUE Vs CONCENTRATION OF BIODIESEL BLENDS2/4/201649


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I .SPRAY ANGLE OF DIESEL OIL .II .SPRAY ANGLE OF BIODIESEL OIL (REFINED PALM OIL STEARIN)


III. SPRAY ANGLE OF BIODIESEL OIL (CRUDE COCONUT OIL)2/4/201651


ENGINE CHARECTERSTICS 2/4/201652

I. Comparison of brake power vs. engine speed for concentration of biodiesels from refined palm oil stearin blend.


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II Comparison of brake power vs. engine speed for concentration of biodiesels from crude coconut oil blend.


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III Comparison of brake power vs. engine speed for type of fuel.


Biodiesels from refined palm oil stearin blend and crude coconut oil blend2/4/201655


VI Comparison of bsfc vs. engine speed for type of fuel.

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VII Comparison of smoke emission vs. engine speed for type of fuel.2/4/201657


EXPERIMENT#2(SOURCE :Oelmhle Leer Connemann GmbH & Co,Comparison of biodiesel with different diesel fuels regarding exhaust gas emissions and health effectsM, Hanover, Germany ,2007) Swedish low sulfur diesel fuel MK1, according to the Swedish standard SS 15 54 35, obtained from Saybolt Sweden AB, Gothenburg, Sweden, German biodiesel (rapeseed oil methylester; RME), according to German standard E DIN 51!606, obtained from Oelmhle Leer Connemann GmbH & Co, fossil diesel fuel (DF) according to the European standard DIN EN 590, obtained from Louis Dreyfus & Cie Minerall GmbH, Hanover, Germany,a low sulfur diesel fuel with high aromatic compounds content and flatter boiling characteristics,according to the European standard DIN EN 590, obtained from Rling System Logistic Service GmbH, Buchholz, Germany. This diesel fuel is referred to as DF05.

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ENGINE SPECIFICATIONS 2/4/201659


EXPERIMENT LAYOUT2/4/201660


RESULTS2/4/201661

SPECIFIC CO EMISSION RATES


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SPECIFIC HC EMISSION RATES


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SPECIFIC NOx EMISSION RATES


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SPECIFIC PM EMISSION RATES


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SIZE DISTRIBUTION OF PARTICLES WITH RESPECT TO THE NUMBER OF PARTICLES


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SPECIFIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS EMISSION RATES


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: SPECIFIC ALKENES EMISSION RATE


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SPECIFIC EMISSION RATES OD ALDEHYDES AND KETONES


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1.Particle emissions stratifiedfor solid and soluble fraction.2. Mutagenic effects of the particle extracts with (+S9)and without (-S9) metabolicactivation


Conclusions to comparison :Biodiesel has close agreements with diesel characteristics in a CI engine.Biodiesel has positive and negative effects on the emissionsBiodiesel from refined palm oil stearin can be used as alternative diesel fuel for small CI engine without any modifications.The mutagenicity of RME emissions is much lower compared to fossil fuels indicating a reduced health risk from cancer.

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INDIAN PERSPECTIVE ON BIODIESEL:Different from biofuel activities in many other countries of the world .Based on the use of non-edible oils Oil-bearing trees that can grow on less fertile landPortrays the biodiesel sector first describes the biodiesel value chain in India, laying special emphasis on the feedstock and resulting from this the type of land needed for production2/4/201671


BIODIESEL VALUE CHAIN IN INDIA:2/4/201672


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POTENTIAL USE OF BIODIESEL IN INDIAEnergy security in remote villages.

National energy security and reduction of crude oil imports.

Reduction od Co2 emissions .2/4/201675


Source: reports by German institute on Indian biodiesel2/4/201676


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MANI FINDINGS ON INDIAN BIODIESEL PERSPECTIVEOnly a few states encouraging biodiesels cultivation (TBO based)

Lack of favorable policies .

Lack of awareness on biodiesels.

Consumers and farmers reluctant.

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A promising fuel for developing India and a source of income for the agricultural sector.

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RECOMMENDATIONS :Consumption of biodiesel should be favored over fossil diesel, provided the energy and carbon balance of biodiesel production is positive.Demand-side incentives are crucial to get the biodiesel sector going and make investment risks more calculable.A considerable research effort is needed to increase knowledge about TBO-based biodiesel

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ContdGovernment should facilitate the productive use of lands that are owned by various government departments but remain unutilizedGovernment should provide soft loans to support private biofuel farming.Oil-bearing trees can be used among other species in areas where forest land is assigned for afforestation.

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Government should preferably support ways of cultivation that integrate oil-bearing trees into rural production systems in a way that does not threaten food production. 2/4/201684


CONCLUSIONS:Biodiesels is a significant sustainable energy resource and is used all over the world.

Biodiesel can be used as an alternative fuel without any modification to the present diesel engine

Promising alternate fuel.

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Scope :

To do an experiment that satisfies the concerns in India about biodiesels being a promising alternative fuel.

And to conduct further research on biodiesels and new possible feedstock.2/4/201686


THANK YOU . 2/4/201687


Problem

Probable causePotential solution

Short-term

1. Cold weather startingHigh viscosity, low cetane, and low flash pointof vegetable oils

Preheat fuel prior to injection. Chemically alter fuelto an ester

2. Plugging and gumming of filters,lines and injectors

Natural gums (phosphatides) in vegetable oil.Other ash

Partially refine the oil to remove gums. Filter to4-microns

3. Engine knockingVery low cetane of some oils. Improper injectiontiming.Adjust injection timing. Use higher compressionengines. Preheat fuel prior to injection. Chemicallyalter fuel to an ester

Long-term

4. Coking of injectors on pistonand head of engineHigh viscosity of vegetable oil, incompletecombustion of fuel. Poor combustion at partload with vegetable oils

Heat fuel prior to injection. Switch engine to dieselfuel when operation at part load. Chemically alterthe vegetable oil to an ester

5. Carbon deposits on pistonand head of engineHigh viscosity of vegetable oil, incompleteCombustion of fuel. Poor combustion at partload with vegetable oils

Heat fuel prior to injection. Switch engine to dieselfuel when operation at part load. Chemically alterthe vegetable oil to an ester

6. Excessive engine wearHigh viscosity of vegetable oil, incompletecombustion of fuel. Poor combustion at partload with vegetable oils. Possibly free fatty acidsin vegetable oil. Dilution of engine lubricatingoil due to blow-by of vegetable oil

Heat fuel prior to injection. Switch engine to dieselfuel when operation at part load. Chemically alterthe vegetable oil to an ester. Increase motor oilchanges. Motor oil additives to inhibit oxidation

7. Failure of engine lubricatingoil due to polymerizationCollection of polyunsaturated vegetable oilblow-by in crankcase to the point wherepolymerization occurs

Heat fuel prior to injection. Switch engine to dieselfuel when operation at part load. Chemically alterthe vegetable oil to an ester. Increase motor oilchanges. Motor oil additives to inhibit oxidation.

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biodiesel project report presentation