Developed for DOE by AFV Institute 1

BiodieselBiodieselas a as a

Vehicle FuelVehicle Fuel

Developed for DOE by AFV Institute 2

Drivers Need Drivers Need

Introduction to biodiesel

Why biodiesel as a vehicle fuel

Properties and characteristics of biodiesel

Biodiesel fueling station safety practices

Fire extinguishing equipment

Emergency procedures

Safe vehicle fueling procedures

Developed for DOE by AFV Institute 3

Module 1Module 1

Introduction Introduction toto

BiodieselBiodiesel

Developed for DOE by AFV Institute 4

Module 1Module 1Learning ObjectivesLearning Objectives

What is biodiesel?

Why biodiesel as a vehicle fuel?

Biodiesel performance characteristics

Developed for DOE by AFV Institute 5

What is Biodiesel?What is Biodiesel?

General DefinitionBiodiesel (B100) is a domestic, renewable fuel for diesel engines derived from natural oils, such as soybean oil, that meets the specifications of American Society of Testing & Materials (ASTM) D 6751.

Additional InformationBiodiesel (B100) can be blended in concentrations of up to 20% with petroleum-based diesel fuel and used in existing diesel engines with little or no modification. Biodiesel (B100) is not raw vegetable oil.

Courtesy National Biodiesel Board

Developed for DOE by AFV Institute 6

Little Known FactLittle Known FactRudolph Diesel designedthe diesel engine in 1894 torun on peanut oil“The use of vegetable oils for engine fuels may seem insignificant today. But such oils may become in the course of time as important as petroleum and the coal tar products of the present time.”

–1912 Courtesy National Biodiesel Board

Developed for DOE by AFV Institute 7

Why Biodiesel?Why Biodiesel?

Courtesy National Biodiesel Board

Emission Type B100 B20 B2

Total Unburned Hydrocarbons -67% -20% -2.2%

Carbon Monoxide -48% -12% -1.3%

Particulate Matter -47% -12% -1.3%

Oxides of Nitrogen (NOX) +10% +2% +.2%

Reduced Emissions

Developed for DOE by AFV Institute 8

Why Biodiesel? - 2Why Biodiesel? - 2

Biodiesel is non-toxic

Biodiesel does not contaminate ground water or soil

Most commonly used as B20

– 20% biodiesel & 80% diesel blend

Can be used in lower percentage blends (e.g., B5, B10)

Developed for DOE by AFV Institute 9

Why Biodiesel? - 3Why Biodiesel? - 3

Biodiesel (B100) is an EPAct Designated Alternative Fuel

450 gallons B100 = 1 vehicle credit Must be used in blends of at least 20%

biodiesel to get credit Can be used to meet up to 50% of a

fleet’s EPAct requirement Can not be banked or traded

Developed for DOE by AFV Institute 10

Biodiesel Economics - 1Biodiesel Economics - 1

Fleet fuel costs typically “a penny a point” or more over diesel

New fueling station costs same as diesel

Retrofit existing diesel station at minimal cost

Developed for DOE by AFV Institute 11

Biodiesel Economics – 2Biodiesel Economics – 2

No vehicle price premium – standard diesel vehicles

Little or no vehicle modification necessary– Many vehicles produced since 1994 are B20

compatible

– Most manufacturers endorse B5 blends, higher blends “use at own risk”

Developed for DOE by AFV Institute 12

Biodiesel Biodiesel PerformancePerformance

Startup, range, cold weather performance similar to petroleum diesel

Fuel consumption, horsepower, torque, haulage rates similar to petroleum diesel

Courtesy National Biodiesel Board

Developed for DOE by AFV Institute 13

Biodiesel Biodiesel Performance - 2Performance - 2

High Lubricity

– 2% biodiesel improves fuel lubricity by up to 66%

– Protects, extends engine

High Flash Point– 260ºF vs. 125ºF diesel

– Safest fuel to use, handle, and store

Courtesy National Biodiesel Board

Developed for DOE by AFV Institute 14

Biodiesel Biodiesel Performance - 3Performance - 3

Operates in conventional diesel engines and fuel injection equipment

Cold Flow– For B2-B20 use same

precautions as #2 petroleum diesel

– No special storage required

Courtesy National Biodiesel Board

Developed for DOE by AFV Institute 15

Module 2Module 2

Properties Properties and and

Characteristics Characteristics of Biodieselof Biodiesel

Developed for DOE by AFV Institute 16

Module 2Module 2Learning ObjectivesLearning Objectives

Understand biodiesel and how it compares to other fuels

Become familiar with biodiesel characteristics

Developed for DOE by AFV Institute 17

Biodiesel Biodiesel Production - 1Production - 1

Refined from

– New vegetable oils • U.S. – Soybeans• Europe – Rapeseed (Canola) oil

– Yellow grease• Recycled cooking oil

Developed for DOE by AFV Institute 18

BiodieselBiodieselProduction - 2Production - 2

Chemical process called “transesterification”

Result: Methyl esters and glycerin

Courtesy National Biodiesel Board

Developed for DOE by AFV Institute 19

Fuel QualityFuel Quality Standard for B100 is as a mixing fuel– ASTM D6751

Standard for B20 under development

Developed for DOE by AFV Institute 20

Appearance & SmellAppearance & Smell

Transparent, usually yellow color

Smell

– Fuel is odorless

– After burning, pleasing aroma, often smells like French fries

Developed for DOE by AFV Institute 21

Compared to Other FuelsCompared to Other Fuels

Biodiesel (Palmitic) C15H31CO2CH3

Gasoline C8H30

Diesel C14H30

Methanol CH3OH

Ethanol CH3CH2OH

Natural Gas CH4

Propane C3H8

Developed for DOE by AFV Institute 22

Fuel ValueFuel Value

Cetane

– Typical B20: 50

– #2 diesel: 40-45

– #1 diesel: 48-52

Developed for DOE by AFV Institute 23

FlammabilityFlammability

Flash point

– B100 (soybean): 425° F

– B20: 245° F

– Typical #2 diesel: 160° F

Developed for DOE by AFV Institute 24

Flammability - 2Flammability - 2

B20 flammability limits (by vol in air)

– Lower flammability limit – 0.6%

– Upper Flammability limit – 7.5%

Diesel flammability limits

– Lower Flammability Limit - 0.3%

– Upper Flammability Limit - 10%

Developed for DOE by AFV Institute 25

Module 3Module 3

Biodiesel Fueling Biodiesel Fueling StationsStations

Developed for DOE by AFV Institute 26

Module 3Module 3Learning ObjectivesLearning Objectives

Understand similarity to normal diesel fueling

Become familiar with fueling components

Developed for DOE by AFV Institute 27

Fueling Station Fueling Station ComponentsComponents

Biodiesel fueling equipment is similar to conventional diesel fueling equipment

source: Deer Valley School District

Developed for DOE by AFV Institute 28

Fueling Station Fueling Station Components - 2Components - 2

Biodiesel storage

Courtesy of the National Biodiesel Board

Developed for DOE by AFV Institute 29

Fueling Station Fueling Station Components - 3Components - 3

Dispenser(s)

Developed for DOE by AFV Institute 30

Module 4Module 4

Emergency Emergency Action Plan AndAction Plan AndSafety PracticesSafety Practices

Developed for DOE by AFV Institute 31

Module 4Module 4Learning ObjectivesLearning Objectives

Know purpose and content of Emergency Action Plan

Become knowledgeable about safety practices

Understand emergency actions

Developed for DOE by AFV Institute 32

Purpose of Purpose of Emergency Action PlanEmergency Action Plan

Identification of emergencies

Action items

Notification procedures

Evacuation procedures

Safety systems

Emergency event action items

Developed for DOE by AFV Institute 33

Facility Layout PlanFacility Layout Plan

May exist for private stations

Designates important information such as:– Biodiesel storage tank location

– Emergency shutdown device (ESD)

– Fire extinguisher location

– Pre-planned evacuation route

– Designated assembly area

– Street address of facility

Developed for DOE by AFV Institute 34

Safety PracticesSafety Practices

Same as diesel fuel Emergency telephone numbers– Fire department

– Emergency medical help

– Police

– Maintenance

– Adjoining facilities

Safety Signs

Developed for DOE by AFV Institute 35

Safety Practices – 2Safety Practices – 2

Equipment condition and inspection– Before using, inspect

• Dispenser hoses• Fueling nozzle and vehicle fuel receptacle

– Do not use defective equipment

– Report defective equipment to station maintenance technician or attendent

Developed for DOE by AFV Institute 36

Safety Practices – 3Safety Practices – 3

Turn off the vehicle during fueling

Turn off/do not use cell phone in fueling station

Do not re-enter vehicle during fueling

Keep ignition sources away from biodiesel

Do not light matches or smoke cigarettes

Developed for DOE by AFV Institute 37

Fire Involving BiodieselFire Involving Biodiesel

Do not attempt to remove nozzle from vehicle

Evacuate immediate area of fire

Trigger ESD button

Contact fire department

Developed for DOE by AFV Institute 38

Combustible Combustible Debris FireDebris Fire

Press ESD button

Extinguish only if trained and it is safe to do so

Near fueling equipment, extinguishing a fire should be attempted only by qualified fire fighters

Developed for DOE by AFV Institute 39

Module 5Module 5

Correct Use of Correct Use of Safety EquipmentSafety Equipment

Developed for DOE by AFV Institute 40

Module 5Module 5Learning ObjectivesLearning Objectives

Understand purpose and function of fueling station safety equipment

– Fire extinguisher

– Emergency shutdown device

Developed for DOE by AFV Institute 41

Correct Use ofCorrect Use ofSafety EquipmentSafety Equipment

Fire Extinguisher

– Media• Dry chemical• Foam• Carbon dioxide

– Water fog may be used to cool exposed containers and equipment

Developed for DOE by AFV Institute 42

Correct Use ofCorrect Use ofSafety Equipment - 3Safety Equipment - 3

Emergency shutdown system

– Same system as a diesel fueling facility

– Emergency shutdown device location

Developed for DOE by AFV Institute 43

Module 5Module 5

Biodiesel Biodiesel FuelingFueling

ProceduresProcedures

Developed for DOE by AFV Institute 44

Biodiesel FuelingBiodiesel Fueling

Receptacle– Remove receptacle cap

Dispenser– Authorize fuel sale

– Remove nozzle

Nozzle– Insert nozzle into fuel tank

– Initiate fueling

Developed for DOE by AFV Institute 45

Biodiesel Fueling - 2Biodiesel Fueling - 2

Nozzle

– End fueling

Dispenser

– Replace nozzle on dispenser

Receptacle

– Replace receptacle cap