BIODIESEL :AN ALTERNATE FUEL

Dr. J. P. Nath

Baripada

What are Biofuels ?

• Renewable fuels from bio sources

• Include– Ethanol– Biodiesel– Bio-hydrogen– Biogases

WHY BIOFUELS?

• SUSTAINABILITY

• POLLUTION THREAT

• REDUCTION OF GREEN HOUSE GAS EMISSIONS

• REGIONAL (RURAL) DEVELOPMENT

• SOCIAL STRUCTURE & AGRICULTURE

• SECURITY OF SUPPLY

FIRST USE OF PEANUT OIL IN1895 BY DR RUDOLF DIESEL

• • ““The use of vegetable The use of vegetable oils for engine fuels oils for engine fuels may seem insignificant may seem insignificant todaytoday. But such oils . But such oils may become in course may become in course of time as important as of time as important as petroleum and the petroleum and the coal tar products of coal tar products of the present time.the present time."" 

(1858 – 1913) 1912

WORLD EXPERIENCE ON BIODIESEL

•Biodiesel has been produced on an industrial scale in EU since 1992, largely in response to positive signals from the EU institutions. •In 2001, it is estimated that some twenty plants produced around 1 million tonnes, mainly in

•Austria, •Belgium, •France, •Germany, •Italy, •Sweden.

 

BIODIESEL IN EUROPE

Total biodiesel production in 2000 (mt)

France 328,000Germany 246,000Italy 78,000Austria 27,600Belgium 20,000Total 700,600

The German biodiesel sector saw the biggest production increase of the five countries in 2000. Its growth rate was 31% with total production of 246,000mt compared with 171,000mt in 1999.

EU TARGETS FOR BIOFUEL

Biofuel Year Market

Biodiesel 2003 2.3MMT

Biodiesel 2010 8.3MMT

Biodiesel 2000 504 M$

Biodiesel 2007 2.4 B$

Ethanol 2003 8.3 MMT

Ethanol 2010 9.7MMT

Biodiesel growth : 25%/ YearGermany/Austria-no tax, UK 20% lower taxOther Countries 0-10% of diesel Tax

US Lead – A Senate Report

Analyze the agricultural sector and macroeconomic impacts of the Hagel-Johnson renewable energy bill (S.1006)

Requires a minimum percentage of motor vehicle fuel sold in the U.S. must be renewable fuel.

0.8% in 2002 to 5% by 2012 ( NOW MAY BE 8% )

Renewable fuels are biodiesel, ethanol or other fuel produced from biomass and biogas.

JMU-07/01

Biodiesel Production

0100200300400500600700800900

1,000

2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015

Mil

gal

Soybeans Other Oils

What US people pay for in a gallon of diesel

(Dec, 2002)

Retail Price: $1.29 / gallon

Retail Price Rs.16.85 / L

BIODIESEL vs OTHER ALTERNATE FUELS

DIESEL CNG LNG METHANOL ETHANOL BIODIESEL

___________________________________________________________________________

Vehicle cost 10 5 5 5 5 10Infrastructure 10 2 5 5 5 10Safety 7 4 3 1 3 8Operating range 10 5 10 10 10 10Operating cost 10 5 7 5 5 7

Reliability 10 7 5 3 3 10

Customer acceptance 5 8 8 8 9 8Funding assistance 1 10 2 0 2 2Training cost 10 5 5 5 5 10Fuel availability 10 10 5 5 5 6Fuel quality 9 5 10 8 8 9Fuel price stability 6 8 8 6 6 6

TOTAL 98 74 73 61 66 96 __

WHAT IS BIODIESEL ?

Biodiesel is vegetable oil processed to resemble Diesel Fuel

• High Cetane

• High lubricity

• Comparable BTU content

• Readily mixes with diesel

•Ready to use in diesel run engines

IMPORTANCE OF BIODIESEL

• Environment friendly• Clean burning• Renewable fuel• No engine modification• Increase in engine life• Biodegradable and non-toxic• Easy to handle and store

BIODIESEL

• Made by chemically combining any natural oil or fat with an alcohol

• Most of the oils, edible & non-edible are suitable

• Selection of feed stock based on

* Availability

* Price

* Policy• France,Germany & Italy currently the leaders

RAW MATERIALS

• Rapeseed, the major source (>80%)

• Sunflower oil (10%, Italy and Southern France)

• Soybean oil (USA & Brazil)

• Palm oil (Malaysia)

• Linseed, olive oils (Spain)

• Cottonseed oil (Greece)

• Beef tallow (Ireland), lard, used frying oil (Austria), Jatropha (Nicaragua & South Americas), Guang-Pi (China)

BASIC REACTION

CH2COOR’

|

CHCOOR”

|

CH2COOR”’

3 ROH

Catalyst

CH2OH

|

CHOH

|

CH2OH

R'COOR

+

R''COOR

+

R'''COOR

60 Kg

Oil

6.78 Kg

Alcohol

0.60Kg

NaOH

6.5 Kg

Glycerin

58 Kg

Biodiesel

PROPERTIES UNIT DIN 51606 (1997) ASTM (2001)6751

Density g/cm3 0.875-0.90 --

Carbon Residue (100%)

% mass Max 0.05 Max 0.050

Ash Content % mass Max 0.02 Max 0.020

Total Sulfur % mass Max 0.01 Max 0.05

Cetane No. -- Min 49 Min 40

Flash Point 0C Min 110 Min 100

Copper Corrosion degree 1 No. 3b max

Viscosity, 40 0C mm2/s (cSt) 3.5-5.0 1.9-6.0

Neutralization Value mg Max 0.5 Max 0.8

 Free Glycerin % mass Max 0.02 Max 0.02

Total Glycerin % mass Max 0.25 Max 0.24

CFPP Summer (0C) Max 0.0 --

Winter (0C) Max -15 --

BIODIESEL SPECIFICATIONS

BIODIESEL PROCESS ATIOC (R&D )

• Base catalyzed transesterification of oilRAW MATERIALS USED

*Rice Bran oil*Sunflower oil*Mohuva oil*Rapeseed oil*Japtropha oil* Karanjia oil

SCALE: 100g to 60kg batch

IOC R&D BIODIESEL PILOT-PLANT

BIODIESEL-Why Lower Emissions ?

• Biodiesel has high cetane• In built Oxygen content• Burns fully• Has no Sulphur• No Aromatics• Complete CO2 cycle

Emissions Reductions

B20 emissions reductions compared to petroleum diesel:

– Carbon monoxide -20%

– Unburned hydrocarbons -30%

– Particulate matter -22%

– Sulfates -20%

– NPAH -50%

– Mutagenicity -20%

Environmental ConcernsEmissions by combustion engine (100B)

Emission Reduction (%)

CO 67

HC 30

PM 68

SOOT 50

PAH 85

CO2 100

NOX +/-2--6

S 80-100

Exploration

Refining

Use in Cars and Trucks

Fossil CO2

Release to Atmosphere

PETRO-DIESEL CO2 CYCLE13 pounds of fossil CO2 released per gallon burned

BIODIESEL CO2 CYCLENo fossil CO2 Released ; No global warming

Biodiesel Production

Use in Cars and TrucksOil Crops

Renewable CO2

BUS POWERED ALTERNATIVE FUELS

WIDE ACCEPTANCE

• By diesel vehicle industry

Audi BMW Case ClaasDeutz Iseki John Deere KubotaMassey-Ferguson Mercedes-Benz NissanPuegot Renault Same SeatSkoda Steyr Valmet VolkswagenVolvo

• By the fuel trade; e.g, ELF, Texaco, Shell, Total

• By the end-user – bus companies, taxi fleets, forestry enterprises,railroad, boat owners

• A total of 128 production sites (capacity 500-120,000 tons/annum)

LUBRICITY-Major BenefitLONG TERM ENGINE WEAR EXTENSIVELY STUDIED IN EUROPE & THE US

EXXON STUDY

B20 PROVIDE, SIGNIFICANT, QUANTIFIABLE IMPROVEMENTS IN WEAR

FILM FORMING ABILITY – 93% FILM (B20); 32% FILM (DIESEL)

EPA RULE (JAN. 2001) TO BRING DOWN SULFUR CONTENT IN DIESEL FROM 500 ppm TO 15 ppm BY 2006

“LUBRICITY TEST HAVE SHOWN THAT UPTO 2% OF BIODIESEL IS ENOUGH TO MAKE ANY DISTILLATE FUEL FULLY LUBRICIOUS”;

FUEL CONSUMPTION

• Biodiesel contains ~10% oxygen

• Brake-specific fuel consumption figures – Petrodiesel 0.43 lb/HP-hr– B20 0.44 “

– B100 0.50 “

BIODIESEL IS REALITY NOW

• Large number of surveys done• Variety of feed stocks tested• Transesterification developed on commercial scale• Biodiesel specs. By ASTM & others• About 40 million mile testing• Approval by auto OEM’s• Tax structure in place in several countries• Future projections firmed up• Legalisations in place in many countries

• INDIA HAS TROPICAL ADVANTAGE • ENORMOUS WASTE LANDS & CHEAP FARM LABOUR• BIODIESEL IN INDIA CAN BE SUCCESS STORY

US RAILROAD BIODIESEL

Sierra Railroad in California, oldest company First to use biodiesel as fuel 1500 locos to be converted Need 30 million gallon of Biofuels/Year 3.5 lac acres of land farm 3000 additional jobs Shall meet EPA norms for 2006

RAIL ROAD TEST PROGRAM ON BIODIESEL (1999)

4000 HP (2984 KW) gas turbine powered passenger locomotive

Several Biofuels tested (REE, SME, etc.) Turbine maintenance cost compared Energy content, compatibilities, emission, cost compared

to diesel Emission data studies Cost/Km/Unit energy (power) calculated Biodiesel holds future in railroad applications Remarkable reduction in emission ; Report at www.nrbp.org

BIODIESEL AND ECONOMY

• An increase of $1 per barrel of crude oil prices adds $425 million to our oil import bill

• Oil import constitutes a major part of our trade deficit and has an enormous impact on our economy and creation of new jobs

• The US dept of Energy estimates that each $billion of trade deficit costs the US 27,000 jobs

• Developing a strong market for biodiesel would have tremendous economic benefits

• Investments in biodiesel technology may ensure that we have transportation fuel options and we will not be so vulnerable

THE INDIAN SCENE

• Annual growth rate ~6% compared to world average of 2%

• Oil pool deficit & Subsidies Rs 16,000 crores , Rs 18,440 crores (1996-97)

• Current per capita usage of petroleum is absymmaly low (0.1 ton/year) against 4.0 in Germany or 1.5 tons in Malaysia

• Even Malaysia’s figure would be beyond our paying capacity

• Our domestic production would meet only 33% of demand at the end of 10th plan and only 27% by 2010-11

• INVESTMENT IN BIOFUELS MAKE STRONG ECONOMIC SENSE

CAN BIODIESEL WORK IN INDIA?

• India with just 2.4% of global area supports more than 16% of the human population and 17% of the cattle population

• India is one of the largest importers of edible oil

• Where do we find the oil for biodiesel?

• A sustainable source of vegetable oil is to be found before we can think of biodiesel

JATROPHA MAY BE THE ANSWER?

• According to the Economic Survey (1995-96), Govt of India, of the cultivable land area about 100-150 million hectares are classified as waste or degraded land

• Jatropha (Jatropha curcas, Ratanjyot, wild castor) thrives on any type of soil

– Needs minimal inputs or management

– Has no insect ,pests& not browsed by cattle or sheep

– Can survive long periods of drought

– Propagation is easy

– Yield from the 3rd year onwards and continues for 25-30 years

– 25% oil from seeds by expelling; 30% by solvent extraction

– The meal after extraction an excellent organic manure (38% protein, N:P:K ratio 2.7:1.2:1)

Jatropha Plantation

Study by Agro-Forestry Federation – Maharashtra (1991)

• Jatropha is a hardy plant.• Well adopted to arid, semi-arid conditions.• Low fertility and moisture demand.• Grow on stony, shallow or even calcareous

soil.• Propagated through seed or cuttings.• Tolerate to scanty to heavy rainfall.

Jatropha Plantation• 5-6Kg seed / hectare, 2500 plants / hectare

• EXPECTED YIELDS

Year after planting Expected yield per ha. Rainfed Crop (Kg.)

Expected yield per ha. Irrigated Crop (Kg.)

1st -- 250

2nd 250 1000

3rd 1000 2500

4th 2000 5000

5th 3000 8000

6th & onwards 4000 12000

BIODIESEL FROM JATROPHA

• IF– 10 MILLION HECATRES OF WASTE LAND IS BROUGHT UNDER

JATROPHA CULTIVATION– Can yield 15 million tons of seed (@1.5 Tons / Hectare )– 4.0 million tons of oil– An equivalent amount of biodiesel, almost one tenth requirement of

diesel in the country– Enormous employment generation potential in rural areas

• If only 1 person/family is employed per 5 hectares for jatropha cultivation, additional 2 million new jobs

• 200 new extraction units of 250 tpd capacity to crush the seeds

– 11 Million tons of excellent organic manure– 0.4 million tons of technical grade glycerol

Effect on Rural Economy

• Seed price Rs. 4/Kg.

• Seed yield 3000Kg / hectare.

• 5 hectare plantation / family.

• 60,000 Rs / year income.

Additionally :

• Waste lands converted to productive national assets.

• Creation of jobs in downstream processing.

• GAINFUL employment in rural sector.

• Contribution to national energy pool.

INDIAN INITIATIVE ON BIODIESEL

• Indian Govt. has taken a serious note of Biodiesel• Planning Commission has set up committees on ;• Product development• Engine studies• Legal regulations• Plantations• Specifications• Marketing• Environmental issues REPORT PRESENTED

WHY BIODIESEL IMPORTANT FOR RAILWAYS

• Indian Rail has very large available land

• Bodiesel will help Railways to :

– * Improve upon emission norms

– * Eventually reduce diesel cost

* Contribute to Environment protection

BIODIESEL-INDIAN RAILWAYSACTIONS TAKEN

• Presentations given to

• RDSO

• Railway Board

• Hon’able MR

• Task force Setup

Indianoil as partner in development – testing –supply

PARTNERSHIP OF NATIONAL SIGNIFICANCE