Biochemistry Vocabulary

Biomolecule Carbohydrate

Lipid Protein

Polymer Organic

Inorganic Monomer

Nucleic Acid

Define:

The Chemistry of Life!!!What are you made of?

Atom:- smallest unit of matter; unable to be cut into smaller units and still remain the same.

But what do you get when you cut an atom in half?Proton: +-positively charged

Neutron: -neutral charge (no charge)

Electron: -- negative charge

What is an element?

No, Not this

Element:- a group of atoms with the same structure and properties.

What happens when an atom has more neutrons than it is supposed to?

Isotopes Happen!

Isotopes: - an isotope is an atom with more, or less neutrons than other atoms of its element.

“Normal” Carbon 12Carbon 12

6 Protons6 Neutrons6 Electrons

Radioactive Carbon 14Carbon 14

6 Protons8 Neutrons6 Electrons

What happens when you put two elements together?

Compounds are formed.

Compound:- two or more elements that are combined in specific proportions.

Ex - NaCl

a.k.a………. Salt

What holds the Compounds together?Bonds,………………………… Chemical BondsDef: - forces that hold individual atoms and

compounds together

Types:

Ionic Bond:- the theft of an electron

Happens when atoms are strongly charged

+ and -

Covalent Bond:

- sharing an electron

Happens when atoms are not strong enough to steal electrons.

Example: H2O

Hydrogen Bonds

- weak attraction between atoms because of their magnetic attractionWater molecules have the hydrogen atoms (blue) only on one side which gives them a positive charge at that end.

+

At the other end the oxygen (red) has a negative charge

-

When another water molecule is near, they are attracted + to – (positive to negative)

+ +

-

-

Water, Water, Everywhere………….Water: – the universal solvent

Polar (polarity) : having a definite positive and negative region on/in a molecule.

+

-That means that a water molecule is like a little magnet!

Anything that is magnet (polar) will stick to water!!

Water sticks to other things

Adhesion:-the ability of water to stick to other polar molecules.

This is how plants get water to the top of the trees, and how paper towels pick up spills.

Cohesion:- the ability of water molecules to stick to other water molecules.

We must break through these bonds to enter water.

Surface tension – cohesion at the surface of water

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When you put sugar in your tea, what happens?

The sugar dissolves

The water molecules surround the glucose molecules and pull them away from other ones.

Solution:- combination of components are evenly distributed in a liquid substance (water)

If you put sand in water and mix it, what happens?

The sand sinks to the bottom.

Suspension:- components of a mixture that will not dissolve in the liquid, thus settle.

Acids and Bases

• One of the most important aspects of a living system is the degree of acidity or alkalinity

• Acids form Hydrogen ions in water H+

– HCl H+ + Cl-

• Bases form Hydroxide ions in water OH-

- NaOH Na+ + OH-

Acids

• Number of hydronium ions in solutions is greater than the number of hydroxide ions

• HCl H+ + Cl-

Bases

• Number of hydroxide ions in solution is greater than the number of hydronium ions

• NaOH Na+ + OH-

Why does orange juice sting sometimes?

Why does Coca-Cola fizz? Acid is in there!

Acid and Base is a part of everything around you.

It is measured on a scale called a pH scaleAcid

0Base 14

Neutral 7

Stomach acid

1.5

Orange juice

3 Water 7.0

Soap 10.0

Bleach 13

Carbon CompoundsCarbon: An element that is used

by organic life forms to make molecules of the body.

Macromolecule:Macro = large or manyMolecule = arranged atoms

Def: a large molecule composed of many units, or smaller molecules

Ex: Glucose

A single 6 carbon ring

But if I add a lot of them together, I get:

Complex Carbs

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A single unit is a MONOMER

Having multiple units is a POLYMER

First Carbohydrates

What is a Carb?

Chemical Structure of a Carbohydrate:

C

O

H

H

Carbohydrates are found in the Ratio of :

1 Carbon to 2 Hydrogen to 1 Oxygen

1:2:1 or 2:1

Glucose (simplest carb):

C6H12O6Usually found in a ring

Where do we see Glucose in our daily lives?

Honey is Glucose with minor things added by the bees.

If you put two glucose molecules together, you can get several different things

Sucrose Lactose Fructose

If you stick several Glucose Molecules together we get………Complex carbs! a.k.a. polysaccharidesDef: long term storage of glucose used for different

things:

Starch:

Used by plants to store excess

glucose

Cellulose:

Used by plants as a building material

Glycogen:

Used by animals to store excess

glucose

What can you eat that has more energy than Carbs?

Second Molecule: Lipids (fats) can store enough energy that they can even hold a flame!

Plants store fat as liquids.

Animals store fat as solids

Lipid Composition:

A Glycerin Molecule

This acts as a connector for:

Three Fatty acids The fatty acids contain several carbon groups that store energy in their bonds.

Uses for Lipids:

1. Energy Storage

We use fatty acids for energy when we work out and carbs. have been used up

2. Structure of cellsEvery cell has a cell membrane that is made of Phospholipids.

3. MessengersSteroids are lipids that carry messages through the blood stream

If I am trying to get strong, what do I eat?

a.k.a. ProteinsThird Molecule:

Proteins are used as structural components in all cells!

Amino acids: - 20 different molecules that combine to make all proteins These are just two

Protein Uses:

Construction:

Proteins build components inside and outside our cells

Enzyme reactions:Enzymes are special proteins that build or break down materials inside or outside the cells

What happens to the food you eat?

Enzymes break down the food by acting as a Catalyst

Catalyst – anything that makes a reaction take place without being changed itself

Enzyme (catalyst)

Food particle (substrate)

The enzyme attaches to the food at the

“active site”

The enzyme breaks the food into smaller usable

pieces (products) and releases them

Fourth Molecule:Nucleic Acids: The cells BlueprintDNA & RNA

The “basic building blocks” that make up nucleic acids are called NUCLEOTIDES

DeoxyriboNucleic Acid & RiboNucleic Acid

Phosphate group

Ribose Sugar

Nitrogen Base

DNA:

Contains all the genetic material that is needed by the cell. It is found in a “Double Helix”, two twists in a clockwise spiral.

RNA:A single strand of Nucleotides that carries a message of genetic material out of the nucleus. It’s purpose is to build a Protein.

Review for testDefine:

1. Atom 2. Isotope 3. Ion

4. Molecule 5. Covalent bonds 6. Ionic bonds

7. Mixture 8. Products 9. Solution

10. Solute 11. Solvent 12. Adhesion

13. Cohesion 14. Monomer 15. Polymer

16. Carbohydrate 17. Lipid 18. Nucleic acid

19. DNA 20. RNA 21. Nucleotide

22. Protein 23. Amino Acid 24. Enzyme

25. SubstrateQuestions:

1. Compare and contrast Adhesion and Cohesion

2. How is polarity used by cells in compounds?3. Describe two Chemical Bonds.4. Compare and contrast four types of biomolecules.