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NUCLEIC ACIDS RNA and DNA

NUCLEIC ACIDS RNA and DNA. Nucleic Acids A nucleic acid is a macromolecule composed of chains of monomeric nucleotides. In biochemistry these molecules

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Page 1: NUCLEIC ACIDS RNA and DNA. Nucleic Acids A nucleic acid is a macromolecule composed of chains of monomeric nucleotides. In biochemistry these molecules

NUCLEIC ACIDS RNA and DNA

Page 2: NUCLEIC ACIDS RNA and DNA. Nucleic Acids A nucleic acid is a macromolecule composed of chains of monomeric nucleotides. In biochemistry these molecules

Nucleic Acids

A nucleic acid is a macromolecule composed of chains of monomeric nucleotides. In biochemistry

these molecules carry genetic information or form structures within cells.

The most common nucleic acids are deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA).

Nucleic acids are universal in living things, as they are found in all cells and viruses. Nucleic acids were first discovered by Friedrich Miescher.

Page 3: NUCLEIC ACIDS RNA and DNA. Nucleic Acids A nucleic acid is a macromolecule composed of chains of monomeric nucleotides. In biochemistry these molecules

Nucleotide

Nucleic acids consist of nucleotides that have a sugar, nitrogen base, and phosphate

Page 4: NUCLEIC ACIDS RNA and DNA. Nucleic Acids A nucleic acid is a macromolecule composed of chains of monomeric nucleotides. In biochemistry these molecules

Nitrogen-Containing Bases

Page 5: NUCLEIC ACIDS RNA and DNA. Nucleic Acids A nucleic acid is a macromolecule composed of chains of monomeric nucleotides. In biochemistry these molecules

Pentose (5 –Carbon) Sugars

Page 6: NUCLEIC ACIDS RNA and DNA. Nucleic Acids A nucleic acid is a macromolecule composed of chains of monomeric nucleotides. In biochemistry these molecules

Deoxyribonucleotide

Page 7: NUCLEIC ACIDS RNA and DNA. Nucleic Acids A nucleic acid is a macromolecule composed of chains of monomeric nucleotides. In biochemistry these molecules

Ribonucleotide

Page 8: NUCLEIC ACIDS RNA and DNA. Nucleic Acids A nucleic acid is a macromolecule composed of chains of monomeric nucleotides. In biochemistry these molecules

ATP (Adensosine triphosphate)

Page 9: NUCLEIC ACIDS RNA and DNA. Nucleic Acids A nucleic acid is a macromolecule composed of chains of monomeric nucleotides. In biochemistry these molecules
Page 10: NUCLEIC ACIDS RNA and DNA. Nucleic Acids A nucleic acid is a macromolecule composed of chains of monomeric nucleotides. In biochemistry these molecules

NAD+ + ATP -> NADP+ + ADP catalyzed by NAD+ kinase

Page 11: NUCLEIC ACIDS RNA and DNA. Nucleic Acids A nucleic acid is a macromolecule composed of chains of monomeric nucleotides. In biochemistry these molecules

Polynucleotides

Page 12: NUCLEIC ACIDS RNA and DNA. Nucleic Acids A nucleic acid is a macromolecule composed of chains of monomeric nucleotides. In biochemistry these molecules

DNA and RNA Structures

Page 13: NUCLEIC ACIDS RNA and DNA. Nucleic Acids A nucleic acid is a macromolecule composed of chains of monomeric nucleotides. In biochemistry these molecules

Difference between DNA and RNA structures

Characters DNA RNA

1. Molecule Double stranded, helical Single stranded, straight or variously folded and twisted.

2. Pentose sugar Deoxyribose Ribose

3. Pyrimidine base Thymine Uracil

4. Complementary base pairing

Always present and exists between A = T and G = C

Normally absent, but may be present in twisted segments of a molecule. If present, pairing is between A = U and G = C

5. Ratio of Purines: Pyrimidines

Always 1:1 Not necessarily 1:1

Page 14: NUCLEIC ACIDS RNA and DNA. Nucleic Acids A nucleic acid is a macromolecule composed of chains of monomeric nucleotides. In biochemistry these molecules

Double-helical structure of DNA

Page 15: NUCLEIC ACIDS RNA and DNA. Nucleic Acids A nucleic acid is a macromolecule composed of chains of monomeric nucleotides. In biochemistry these molecules

Double-helical structure of DNA

Page 16: NUCLEIC ACIDS RNA and DNA. Nucleic Acids A nucleic acid is a macromolecule composed of chains of monomeric nucleotides. In biochemistry these molecules

DNA Replication

Page 17: NUCLEIC ACIDS RNA and DNA. Nucleic Acids A nucleic acid is a macromolecule composed of chains of monomeric nucleotides. In biochemistry these molecules

Semiconservative Replication

Page 18: NUCLEIC ACIDS RNA and DNA. Nucleic Acids A nucleic acid is a macromolecule composed of chains of monomeric nucleotides. In biochemistry these molecules

DNA Polymerization

Page 19: NUCLEIC ACIDS RNA and DNA. Nucleic Acids A nucleic acid is a macromolecule composed of chains of monomeric nucleotides. In biochemistry these molecules

PlasmidsA plasmid is an extra-chromosomal DNA molecule separate from the chromosomal DNA which is capable of replicating independently of the chromosomal DNA.

In many cases, it is circular and double-stranded. Plasmids usually occur naturally in bacteria, but are sometimes found in eukaryotic organisms.

Page 20: NUCLEIC ACIDS RNA and DNA. Nucleic Acids A nucleic acid is a macromolecule composed of chains of monomeric nucleotides. In biochemistry these molecules
Page 21: NUCLEIC ACIDS RNA and DNA. Nucleic Acids A nucleic acid is a macromolecule composed of chains of monomeric nucleotides. In biochemistry these molecules
Page 22: NUCLEIC ACIDS RNA and DNA. Nucleic Acids A nucleic acid is a macromolecule composed of chains of monomeric nucleotides. In biochemistry these molecules

Classification of RNA

Page 23: NUCLEIC ACIDS RNA and DNA. Nucleic Acids A nucleic acid is a macromolecule composed of chains of monomeric nucleotides. In biochemistry these molecules

m- RNA

Messenger or mRNA

is a copy of the

information carried by

a gene on the DNA.

The role of mRNA is to

move the information

contained in DNA to

the translation

machinery.

Page 24: NUCLEIC ACIDS RNA and DNA. Nucleic Acids A nucleic acid is a macromolecule composed of chains of monomeric nucleotides. In biochemistry these molecules

t –RNA

tRNA is the information

adapter molecule.

It is the direct interface

between amino-acid

sequence of a protein and

the information in DNA.

Therefore it decodes the

information in DNA.

There are > 20 different

tRNA molecules.

Page 25: NUCLEIC ACIDS RNA and DNA. Nucleic Acids A nucleic acid is a macromolecule composed of chains of monomeric nucleotides. In biochemistry these molecules

r-RNA Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) is the central component of the

ribosome, the protein manufacturing machinery of all living cells.

The function of the

rRNA is to provide

a mechanism for

decoding mRNA

into amino acids

and to interact with

the tRNAs during

translation by

providing peptidyl

transferase activity.

Page 26: NUCLEIC ACIDS RNA and DNA. Nucleic Acids A nucleic acid is a macromolecule composed of chains of monomeric nucleotides. In biochemistry these molecules

REFERENCES

Michael L. Shuler and Fikret Kargı, Bioprocess Engineering: Basic Concepts (2 nd Edition),Prentice Hall, New York, 2002.

1. James E. Bailey and David F. Ollis, Biochemical Engineering Fundementals (2 nd Edition), McGraw-Hill, New York, 1986.

Page 27: NUCLEIC ACIDS RNA and DNA. Nucleic Acids A nucleic acid is a macromolecule composed of chains of monomeric nucleotides. In biochemistry these molecules

www-ics.u-strasbg.fr

www.msu.edu

fig.cox.miami.edu

student.ccbcmd.edu

www.dvbiology.org

nanobiologynotes.blogspot.com

www.acmecompany.com

http://www.diffen.com/difference/Dna_vs_Rna

academic.brooklyn.cuny.edu

Page 28: NUCLEIC ACIDS RNA and DNA. Nucleic Acids A nucleic acid is a macromolecule composed of chains of monomeric nucleotides. In biochemistry these molecules

faculty.uca.edu

eapbiofield.wikispaces.com

virtuallaboratory.net

www.answers.com

members.cox.net

www.harunyahya.org

www.wiley.com

http://www.johnkyrk.com/DNAanatomy.html

http://www.johnkyrk.com/DNAreplication.html

http://207.207.4.198/pub/flash/26/

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