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BIOCHEMISTRY
A Review of Biology
MACROMOLECULES• Macromolecules are polymers that
are made of smaller pieces called monomers (building blocks)
• The four big macromolecules needed for your body are:– Carbohydrates – Lipids– Proteins – Nucleic Acids
CARBOHYDRATES •Made up of sugars (building blocks)
USE OF CARBOHYDRATES
• Main source of energy (cells burn glucose for their main source of energy during respiration)
TYPES OF CARBOHYDRATES
•Monosaccharides•Disaccharides•Polysaccharides
MONOSACCHARIDES
•Only one sugar molecule (simple carbohydrate)
•Example -glucose (C6H12O6)
DISACCHARIDES
•Double sugars (two sugars joined)
•Examples: sucrose and lactose
POLYSACCHARIDES
• Many sugars joined together (complex carbohydrates)
• Examples: starch and glycogen–Plants store excess sugar as starch
–Humans store excess sugar as glycogen in the liver.
LIPIDS• Include glycerides, steroids, & terpenoids
USES OF LIPIDS
• Stored for energy • Form basic structure of cell
membranes• Protection and insulation • Help fight disease• Help in many biochemical reactions
TYPES OF LIPIDS• Glycerides – building block are fatty acids
(long hydrocarbon chains with COOH at one end)– Includes triglycerides, saturated, and
unsaturated fats• Steroids – composed of 4 rings
– Includes estrogen, testosterone, and cholesterol
• Terpenoids – polymers of short-chain fats– Includes vitamins A, D, E, and K
PROTEINS• Many amino acids linked together (building blocks)
USES OF PROTEINS• Build living materials like muscle and
hair• Act as enzymes, which help carry out
chemical reactions• Fight disease (antibodies)• Transport particles into or out of cells• Act as markers on cells
AMINO ACID STRUCTURE
• Nucleic acids are made of nucleotides (sugar, phosphate, and base)–Examples include DNA, RNA, and ATP
NUCLEIC ACIDS
USE OF NUCLEIC ACIDS• Used in genetics and as an
energy source
• Enzymes are proteins.• Enzymes work on substrates
by either breaking them down or adding something to them–Example: Lactase breaks down lactose (sugar in milk) into its building blocks (glucose and galactose).
ENZYMES
• Each enzyme is specific and has a specific job.–The enzyme that breaks down starch (amylase) does NOT break down proteins.
• Most enzyme names end in -ase