Monomers and Polymers• Monomers are small units that

join together to form polymers.

• A polymer is large compound made of many monomers.

• Process in which polymers are formed is polymerization.

Carbohydrates

• Compounds made of C, H, and O in a 1:2:1 ratio.

• Monosaccharides= simple sugar monomer.

• Polysaccharides= large polymers formed from monosaccharides.

Uses of Carbohydrates

• Main source of energy for living things.

• Plants and fungi use for support and protection.

Lipids

• Mostly made from C and H.

• Numerous shapes and sizes.

• Fats, oils, waxes, and steroids.

Functions of Lipids

• Lipids store energy.

• Form waterproof coverings.

• Form our cell membrane!

Lipid Bilayer• Lipids can be water fearing or hydrophobic,

and water loving, hydrophilic.

Hydrophobic

Hydrophilic

Saturated and Unsaturated Fats

• Many lipids are found as long fatty acids.

• If a lipid chain has only singlebonds between carbon atoms,it is considered saturated.

• If it has one or more doublebond, it is called unsaturated.

Nucleic Acids

• Macromolecules containing H, O, N, C, and P.

• Monomer is called a nucleotide. IT has a 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base.

• Nucleotides join together by covalent bonds.

Phosphate Nitrogenous Base

5-C sugar

• Depending on sugar, nucleotides form macromolecules called DNA or RNA.

• Deoxyribose v. Ribose

• Nucleic acids serve to transmit and store genetic information.

• This information helps form proteins, which we will discuss tomorrow.

Proteins

• Contain N, H, C, and O.

• Made of monomers called amino acids.

• Amino acids have an amino group (-NH2) on one end and a carboxyl group (-COOH) on the other.

• Many amino acids covalently bond to form proteins.

• Proteins have up to four levels of organization.

Functions of Proteins

• Regulate the rate of chemical reactions.

• Regulate cell processes.

• Form bones and muscles.

• Transport substances in and out of cells.

• Help fight disease.