Bio105 Molekuler Biyoloji-Ders1

8/2/2019 Bio105 Molekuler Biyoloji-Ders1

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Molekler Biyolojiye GiriEvrenin Oluumu

Atom, elementler ve yaplarKimyasal balarKimyasal evrim

BO105 MOLEKLER BYOLOJ


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Molekler Biyolojiye Giri

Molekler biyoloji molekler dzeydeki biyolojik almalar kapsamaktadr.Molekler biyoloji; biyoloji, kimya ve zellikle de genetik ve biyokimya ile iiegemi durumdadr.

Molekler biyoloji temelde DNA, RNA ve protein sentezi ve reglasyonu gibihcrede meydana gelen eitli olaylar arasndaki ilikiyi incelemektedir.


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Bugn evrende, yer kabuunda ve insan vcudunda bulunan elementlerinkarlatrlmas

CANLI MADDEDE YER ALAN KMYASAL ELEMENTLER:

Evren balangta sadece H ve Hedan olumutur. Bunlarn termonkleer reaksiyonlaragirmesiyle daha ar elementler-ncelikle karbon, azot, oksijen, sonra da periyodik

cetveldeki dier elementler olutu.


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CANLILIK; hcrelerde oluan pek ok kimyasal reaksiyon veetkileimin sonucunda devam eden bir olaydr.


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Canl organizmalar her dzeyde yksek birorganizasyona sahiptir.


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Organizmalar kendi benzeri olan bir canl oluturmak zereoalrlar. Bu aksiyom biyogenezis olarak adlandrlr.


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Kaltsal bilgi DNAda programlanm haldedir.

Bu bilgi organizmann ait olduu tre zg zellikleri belirler ve

onun byme ve gelimesini ynetir.


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Canl organizmalar ak sistemler olduklar iin enerjiyidardan alrlar.

Canlln devam iin yaplacak iler enerji dnmlerinigerektirir.

Enerji kayna olarak ya gne (fotosentetik organizmalar)ya da besin maddeleri (heterotrofik organizmalar) kullanlr.


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Organizmann i ortamn belirli snrlar iinde deimez tutandzenleyici mekanizmalar vardr. Bu dzenleme homeostazisolarak adlandrlr.


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Organizmalar evreleri ile etkileim sonucunda evrimleirler.

Evrimin sonularndan biri organizmalarn evrelerine uyum

salamalardr.


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Canl Sistemlerin zellikleri

Organizmalar olduka kompleks fakat dzenlidirler

Biyolojik yaplarn belirli fonksiyonlar vardr

Canl sistemler metabolik reaksiyonlar olutururlar

Kendi-kendini kopyalamak iin arpc bir yetenekgsterirler


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Biyomolekller: Canllk Moleklleri

H, O, C ve Ninsan vcudundaki atomlarn %99unu olutururlarELEMENT YZDE ORAN

Oksijen 63

Hidrojen 25.2Karbon 9.5

Azot 1.4


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1. Atom (Karbon)

2. Molekl (DNA)

3. Organel (Mitokondri)

4. Hcre (Eritrosit)5. Doku (Ba dokusu)

6. Organ (Beyin)

7. Organizma (nsan)

8. Populasyon

9. Komnite10. Ekosistem

11. Biyosfer


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Organizasyon dzeyleri


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HCRE NDEK MAKROMOLEKLLER


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Biyosfer

Canl organizmalar ve bunlarn evresinin oluturduu btnbiyosfer olarak adlandrlr.

Canllar atmosferin st tabakalarndan topran bir ka metrealtna ve okyanuslarn tabanna kadar uzanan deiik ortamlarda

varln srdrr.Yeryzn atmosfer (hava), litosfer (kara),

hidrosfer (su) ve biyosfer (canllar) olarak farkl ksmlara

ayrabiliriz.


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Ekosistem

Organizmalarn oluturduu kk gruplarn birbirleri veevreleri ile ilikileri ekosistem terimi ile ifade edilir. Darwin

teorisine gre, organizmalar evrelerine adapte olduklar gibi,

evrelerinde bulunan dier organizmalara da adapte olmakzorundadrlar. Bir ekosistemde enerji ak fotosentetik

ototroflardan herbivorlara ve karnivorlara dorudur.


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Komnite

Farkl trler arasndaki ilikiler bu kavram altnda incelenir.

rnein l komnitesi tavanlar, srtlanlar, kular, fareler ve

kakts gibi baz bitkileri ierir.


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Tr

Birbirleri ile iftleerek reme yetenei olan canl yavrularoluturabilen benzer bireylerden oluan gruplar.


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Poplasyonlar

Belirli bir corafi blgede birbirleri ile iftleme eilimi olanbenzer bireylerin oluturduu kk gruplar.

rnein, eer iki iek tarlas bir tepe ile birbirinden ayrlmve bu tepe sz konusu iei iermiyorsa bu iki iek tarlas

iki ayr poplasyonu temsil eder.
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arabee/biobk/BioBookglossPQ.htmlhttp://www2.estrellamountain.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/BioBookglossPQ.htmlhttp://www2.estrellamountain.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/BioBookglossPQ.htmlhttp://www2.estrellamountain.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/BioBookglossPQ.htmlhttp://www2.estrellamountain.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/BioBookglossPQ.htmlhttp://www2.estrellamountain.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/BioBookglossPQ.htmlhttp://www2.estrellamountain.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/BioBookglossPQ.htmlhttp://www2.estrellamountain.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/BioBookglossPQ.htmlhttp://www2.estrellamountain.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/BioBookglossPQ.htmlhttp://www2.estrellamountain.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/BioBookglossPQ.htmlhttp://www2.estrellamountain.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/BioBookglossPQ.htmlhttp://www2.estrellamountain.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/BioBookglossPQ.htmlhttp://www2.estrellamountain.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/BioBookglossPQ.htmlhttp://www2.estrellamountain.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/BioBookglossPQ.htmlhttp://www2.estrellamountain.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/BioBookglossPQ.htmlhttp://www2.estrellamountain.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/BioBookglossPQ.htmlhttp://www2.estrellamountain.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/BioBookglossPQ.htmlhttp://www2.estrellamountain.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/BioBookglossPQ.htmlhttp://www2.estrellamountain.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/BioBookglossPQ.htmlhttp://www2.estrellamountain.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/BioBookglossPQ.htmlhttp://www2.estrellamountain.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/BioBookglossPQ.htmlhttp://www2.estrellamountain.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/BioBookglossPQ.htmlhttp://www2.estrellamountain.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/BioBookglossPQ.htmlhttp://www2.estrellamountain.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/BioBookglossPQ.htmlhttp://www2.estrellamountain.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/BioBookglossPQ.htmlhttp://www2.estrellamountain.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/BioBookglossPQ.htmlhttp://www2.estrellamountain.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/BioBookglossPQ.htmlhttp://www2.estrellamountain.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/BioBookglossPQ.htmlhttp://www2.estrellamountain.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/BioBookglossPQ.htmlhttp://www2.estrellamountain.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/BioBookglossPQ.htmlhttp://www2.estrellamountain.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/BioBookglossPQ.htmlhttp://www2.estrellamountain.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/BioBookglossPQ.htmlhttp://www2.estrellamountain.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/BioBookglossPQ.htmlhttp://www2.estrellamountain.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/BioBookglossPQ.htmlhttp://www2.estrellamountain.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/BioBookglossPQ.htmlhttp://www2.estrellamountain.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/BioBookglossPQ.htmlhttp://www2.estrellamountain.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/BioBookglossPQ.htmlhttp://www2.estrellamountain.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/BioBookglossPQ.htmlhttp://www2.estrellamountain.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/BioBookglossPQ.htmlhttp://www2.estrellamountain.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/BioBookglossPQ.htmlhttp://www2.estrellamountain.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/BioBookglossPQ.htmlhttp://www2.estrellamountain.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/BioBookglossPQ.htmlhttp://www2.estrellamountain.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/BioBookglossPQ.htmlhttp://www2.estrellamountain.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/BioBookglossPQ.htmlhttp://www2.estrellamountain.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/BioBookglossPQ.htmlhttp://www2.estrellamountain.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/BioBookglossPQ.htmlhttp://www2.estrellamountain.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/BioBookglossPQ.htmlhttp://www2.estrellamountain.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/BioBookglossPQ.htmlhttp://www2.estrellamountain.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/BioBookglossPQ.htmlhttp://www2.estrellamountain.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/BioBookglossPQ.htmlhttp://www2.estrellamountain.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/BioBookglossPQ.htmlhttp://www2.estrellamountain.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/BioBookglossPQ.htmlhttp://www2.estrellamountain.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/BioBookglossPQ.htmlhttp://www2.estrellamountain.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/BioBookglossPQ.htmlhttp://www2.estrellamountain.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/BioBookglossPQ.htmlhttp://www2.estrellamountain.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/BioBookglossPQ.htmlhttp://www2.estrellamountain.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/BioBookglossPQ.htmlhttp://www2.estrellamountain.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/BioBookglossPQ.htmlhttp://www2.estrellamountain.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/BioBookglossPQ.htmlhttp://www2.estrellamountain.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/BioBookglossPQ.htmlhttp://www2.estrellamountain.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/BioBookglossPQ.html


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Organizma (Birey)

DNAdaki bilginin zel bir dzenlenme ile karakterize olduubir ya da daha fazla hcre

Organizmalar tek ya da ok hcreli olabilirler. ok hcreliorganizmalar zellemi hcre tiplerine ve dokular, organlar ve

organ sistemleri arasnda i blmne sahiptir.
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Organ Sistemi (ok hcreli organizmalarda)

zgl bir ilev yapan hcreler, dokular ve organlar grubu.

rnein kalp-damar sistemi kan dolamn gerekletirir.
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Organ (ok hcreli organizmalarda)

Belirli bir ilevin tamamn gerekletiren hcreler ve dokulartopluluu.

rnein kalp, kalp-damar sistemine kan pompalar
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Doku (ok hcreli organizmalarda)

zgl bir ilevi yerine getiren hcre grubu

rnein, kalpteki kas dokusunun kendine zg zellikleri,kalbin bir pompa gibi almasn salar.
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Hcre

Canllarn temel birimidir. Her hcre altsal materyale, enerjieldesinde grev yapan kimyasallara ve hcre ii yaplarasahiptir.

Canl organizmalar tanmlar gerei, metabolik kimyasalar vekaltsal bilgi tayan bir nkleik asidi iermek zorundadr.
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Organel

Hcre iinde zgl bir ilevi olan yap

rnein mitokondri karyotlardaki ATP retimindensorumludur.
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Evrenin byk bir ksm madde ve enerjiden oluur.

Enerji, i yapabilme kapasitesidir.

Madde uzayda yer kaplar ve bir ktlesi vardr.Maddelerin tm temel elementlerden oluur. Elementler farkl

kimyasal ya da fiziksel zelliklere sahip bileiklere paralanamaz.

Elementler tek tip atom ieren bileiklerdir. rnein, elmas ve

grafit, karbon atomlarndan olumutur. Safaltn (24 karat), sadecealtn atomlarn ierir. Atomlar bir elementin paralanabilecei enkk paralardr.
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atomun merkezinde (ekirdek) bulunur; her atomun en azbir protonu vardr.

Protonlarn yk +1 olup ktlesi yaklak 1 atomik birimdir (1amu= atomic mass unit)

da atomu ekirdeinde bulunur, yk tamaz, ktlesi 1amudan biraz byktr.

ekirdein dnda bulunan ok kk paracklarolup, -1 yk tarlar, ktleleri ihmal edilebilecek kklktedir.
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Atomun sahip olduu proton says atom says olarakadlandrlr.

Atomun sahip olduu proton ve ntronlarn says

atomik ktle (atom arl) olarak adlandrlr.

Atom saylar ayn ancak ntron saylar farkl olanatomlara izotoplar denir.


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ATOMUN YAPISI Evrende bulunan btn maddeler elementlerin bir araya gelmesi ile meydanagelmitir. Elementler basit kimyasal reaksiyonlarla daha kk paralarablnemezler.

Bugnk anlamda elementin ilk tanmn 1627-1691 yllar arasnda yaam olanRobert BOYLE yapmtr. Buna gre eer bir madde daha basit maddelereparalanamyorsa ve daha basit maddelerden meydana gelmezse o maddeyeelement denmektedir.

Maddenin en kk temel kimyasal yap tana atom ad verilmektedir. Atomda balca iki ksm bulunmaktadr. Atom, pozitif ykl bir ekirdek ve

bunun etrafnda younluu yer yer azalp oalan negatif ykl bir elektron

bulutundan meydana gelmitir. Atomun byklnn ancak onbinde birini ekirdek oluturur. Geriye kalan

muazzam hacim ise elektron bulutlar tarafndan doldurulmaktadr.
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Atomun Yaps-2

ekirdek balca proton ventronlardan meydanagelmitir.

Her bir element iin protonsays deiebilir. Byleceatom arlklar farkl 2 eitatom meydana gelebilir. Bu ikiatoma izotoplar ad verilir.

Bir element atomu iindekiprotonlarn saysna o elementinatom numaras denmektedir.rnein hidrojen atomunda birproton bulunduundan atomnumaras 1, oksijen atomunda 8proton bulunduundan atomnumaras 8 dir.

Bir elementte proton sayskadar da elektronbulunmaktadr.
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Hidrojen izotoplar
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Karbon izotoplar
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Elektronlar hem madde paracklar (ktleye sahip olma zellii) hem deenerji birimleri olarak dnlr. Enerji ile karlaan elektronlar buenerjinin bir ksmn kazanrlar.
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D yrngeleri dolu olmayan elementlerkimyasal olarak reaktiftir.
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Atomun Yaps-3 Elektronlarn ekirdek etrafnda hzla dnmeleri ilemeydana getirdikleri bulutlar farkl enerji

seviyelerine sahiptirler.

Atomda enerjisi en byk olan elektronlar atomun

en d ksmnda bulunurlar. Bunlarn uzaklamasveya bir baka elektronun daha eklenmesi ileiyonlar meydana gelmektedir.
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Atomun Yaps-4 Atom ekirdei etrafnda bulunan elektronlar farkl enerjidzeylerinde bulunmaktadr.

Atom ekirdei etrafnda elektron enerji seviyeleriK,L,M,N,O,P ve Q harfleri ile ifade edilmektedir. Atom

ekirdeine en yakn olan K seviyesidir. K seviyesindebulunan elektronlarn enerjileri en dk olanlardr.

s Orbitalinde uzaydaki yk dalm


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Atomun Yaps-5 Elektronun atom ekirdei

etrafnda %90 orannda veya enfazla bulunduu ve takip ettiiyrngeye orbital adverilmektedir.

Her biri kuantum srasyla ifade

edilen eitli orbitaller vardr.Orbitaller s, p, d ve f olmak zereisimlendirilmektedir.

s Orbitalinde uzaydaki yk dalmkresel simetriktir. Elektronun hernoktada bulunma ihtimali ayndr. sOrbitalinde en fazla 2 elektronbulunmaktadr.

p Orbitallerinde elektronlarn ekirdeketrafnda baz yerlerde bulunma ihtimalidaha fazladr. p Orbitallerinin herbirinde 2 elektron olmak zere toplam 6elektron bulunmaktadr.

d Orbitali 5 alt dzenlemeye sahiptir. d

orbitalleri daha karmak bir ekilgstermektedir. Her alt orbitalde 2elektron bulunduundan t orbitallerindetoplam 10 elektron bulunmaktadr.

f Orbitalleri uzayda farkl ynleredalm 7 alt orbital ihtiva etmektedir.Bu orbitallerin yk dalm dorbitallerinden daha karmaktr. f Alt

orbitallerinin her birinde 2 elektron,hepsinde ise toplam 14 elektronbulunmaktadr.
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KMYASAL BALAR

Pek ok elementin atomlar dier atomlara balanarak dahakompleks ve yeni molekller meydana getirme zelliinesahiptir. te iki veya daha fazla atomu bir arada tutan ekimkuvvetine kimyasal ba ad verilmektedir.
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Kimyasal ba, molekllerde atomlar bir arada tutan kuvvettir. Atomlar daha

dk enerjili duruma erimek iin biraraya gelirler.

Bir ban oluabilmesi iin atomlar tek bana bulunduklar zamankindendaha kararl olmaldrlar. ki atomun birbirlerine gre en kararl olduklaruzaklkta kimyasal ba kurulur ve bu srada aa kan enerjiye ; BA

ENERJS denir.
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Kimyasal balar genel olarak drde

ayrabiliriz yonik Balar

Kovalent Balar

Hidrojen Balar

Molekl veya Van der Waals Balar
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Kimyasal Balar:

I. Molekl ii Balar

* Kovalent Ba

* yonik Ba

* H- balar

II. Molekller aras Balar

* H Balar

* Polar Etkileimler (iyonik)

* van der Waals Balar

* Hidrofobik Etkileimler
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Makromolekller, gl kovalent balarla birarada tutulanparalardan meydana gelmitir.

yonlar, molekllerve molekllerin belli ksmlar arasndameydana gelen de canllk asndan en az KOVALENTOLMAYAN (non-kovalent) ETKLEMLER kovalentbalarkadar nemlidir.
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yonik balar

Atomlar ancak d elektron tabakasnda bulunan elektronlartamamladklar zaman kararl bir yapya ularlar.

yonik balar bir veya birka elektronun bir atom bnyesine

gemesi sonucu pozitif ve negatif ykl iyonlar arasndameydana gelir. Burada etkin olan kuvvet hakikaten bir badeil, farkl elektrikle ykl taneciklerin birbiriniekmesidir.
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yonik balar-2

yonik ba

lar, metaller ile ametaller arasnda metallerin elektron vermesi ametallerinelektron almasyla oluan balanmadr. Metaller elektron vererek (+) deerlik, ametaller elektron alarak (-) deerlik alrlar. Bu

ekilde oluan (+) ve (-) ykler birbirini byk bir kuvvetle ekerler. Bu ekim iyonik ban oluumuna sebep olur. Onun iin iyonik bal bileikleri

ayrtrmak zordur.

yonik katlar belirli bir kristal yap olutururlar. yonik bal bileikler oda scaklnda kat halde bulunurlar. yonik bileikler kat halde elektrii iletmez. Sv halde ve zeltileri elektrii iletirler.
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Elektron aktarm ile kurulan bu ba; YONK BA...Ayn ykl iyonlar arasndaki itmenin en az, zt ykl iyonlar arasndaki ekimkuvvetlerinin en fazla olduu dengede iyonik katlar oluur.
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Sodyum klrr kristalindeki klor ve sodyumatomlarnn dzenlenii
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58/110

Kovalent Balar

Pek ok durumda elektron bir atomdan dierine transfer edilmeyip ikiatom arasnda ortaklaa kullanlmas ile oluan kimyasal balarakovalent ba ad verilmektedir.

yonlama enerjileri veya elektron ilgileri birbirine eit veya ok yaknatomlarn veya ayn tr atomlarn meydana getirdikleri molekllerarasnda kovalent balar olumaktadr.
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ki atomun elektronlarnn ortaklamasyla kurulan bu ba : KOVALENT BA dr.
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62/110

ki hidrojen atomu arasnda kovalent ba kurulmas
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2
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Kovalent Balar-2

Hidrojen moleklndeki bir atom iki elektronu ortaklaa kullanmaktadr. Her iki atom da Kelektron tabakasn iki elektron ile doldurduu iin daha kararl bir yapya ulamtr.

Eer hidrojen rneinde olduu gibi ayn elementin iki atomu birbirine balanacak olursa,elektronlar iin iki atomdan biri daha fazla ekim kuvvetine sahip deildir. Yani iki elektron daiki hidrojen atomu tarafndan ayn oranda ekilmektedir. Bir bada negatif ykl elektron biratomdan dierine daha yakn bulunacak olursa bu baa polar kovalent ba ad verilmektedir.rnein H2O moleklnde elektronlar oksijene, hidrojenden daha yakn bulunmaktadr.

Eer bir bada negatif ykl elektron, iki atom tarafndan da eit kuvvetle ekiliyorsa bu baapolar olmayan kovalent ba ad verilmektedir.
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KNCL BALAR

(NONKOVALENT BALAR)

* VAN DER WAALS BALARI

* YONK ETKLEMLER

* HDROJEN BALARI

* HROFOBK ETKLEMLER

ZAYIF KMYASAL BALAR
http://www2.estrellamountain.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/BioBookglossO.htmlhttp://www2.estrellamountain.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/BioBookglossO.htmlhttp://www2.estrellamountain.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/BioBookglossO.htmlhttp://www2.estrellamountain.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/BioBookglossO.htmlhttp://www2.estrellamountain.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/BioBookglossO.htmlhttp://www2.estrellamountain.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/BioBookglossO.htmlhttp://www2.estrellamountain.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/BioBookglossO.htmlhttp://www2.estrellamountain.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/BioBookglossO.html


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Organik molekller birbirlerine, NONKOVALENTetkileimlerle balanabilirler

Zayf

ba

Zayf Kimyasal Balarn kuvveti, kovalent ban 1/20sinden daha kktr.

K l l ( k l ) b kil i l i jil i k l
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