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WITTGENSTEIN, L., Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus, (London, 1922).

238 Bibliography

WOLF, R., Geschichte der Astronomie, (Munchen, 1877). WUNDT, R., Grundriss der Psychologie, (Leipzig, 1905). YOUNG, T., 'On the Theory of Light and Colours', Philosophical Trans-

actions of the Royal Society of London, (1802), 92, pp. 18-21. ZIEGLER, T., Die geistigen und sozialen Stromungen des neunzehnten

Jahrhunderts, (Berlin, 1911). ZILSEL, E., 'The Origins of William Gilbert's Scientific Method', Journal of

the History of Ideas 2 (1941), pp. 1-32.

LIST OF ABBREVIA nONS

AG Descartes, Philosophical Writings, E. Anscombe & P.T. Geach (eds.). (New York. 1971).

ASP Alhazen. De aspectibus. in Opticae thesaurus. Alhazeni Arabis libri septem ...• (Risner: Basel. 1572; repro New York. 1972).

AT Oeuvres de Descartes, C. Adam & P. Tannery (eds.), 12 vols., (Paris, 1897-1910).

E W SE, tr. by M.F. Lowe as Epistemological Writings, R.S. Cohen & Y. Elkana (eds.), Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science, vol. XXXVII. (Dordrecht & Boston, 1977).

HB A Source Book in the History of Psychology, R.J. Herrnstein & E.G. Boring (eds.), (Cambridge, 1965).

HR The Philosophical Works of Descartes, 2 vols., E.D. Haldane & G.R.T. Ross (eds.), (New York, 1973).

Kahl R. Kahl, Selected Writings of Hermann von Helmholtz, (Middletown, Conn .• 1971).

OM Oeuvres de Malebranche, vol. XVII, (Paris, 1960), P. Costabel, A. Cuvillier & A. Robinet (eds.); vol. III, (Paris, 1964), G. Rodis-Lewis (ed.)

PL F. Maurolycus, The Photismi de Lumine of Maurolycus: A Chapter in Late Medieval Optics, H. Crew (tr.), (New York, 1940).

PO Helmholtz's Treatise on Physiological Optics, 3 vols., tr. into English by J.P.C. Southall, from the 3d German edition of Hermann von Helmholtz, Handbuch der physiologischen Optik, 3rd ed., in 3 vols. (Hamburg, 1909-1911); published by the Optical Society of America, (RochesterlNew York, 1924-1925); Dover reprint: 3 vols. in 2, New York. 1962). PO refers to the Southall edition; all other editions are referred to as PO followed by the corresponding year of publication.

240 List of Abbreviations

R V Recherche de la verite, in Oeuvres completes de Malebranche, publie par MM. de Genoude et de Lourdoueix, Tame Premier, (Paris, 1837).

SE Hermann von Helmholtz, Schriften zur Erkenntnistheorie, ed. with extensive notes by P. Herz & M. Schlick, (Berlin, 1921).

T W H. von Helmholtz, 'Die Tatsachen in der Wahrnehmung', in SE.

VR Hermann von Helmholtz, 'Vortrtige und Reden, 2 vols., (5th ed., Braunschweig, 1903).

WAH. von Helmholtz, Wissenschaftliche Abhandlungen, 3 vols., (Leipzig, 1882, 1883, 1895).

ARISTOTLE

CLAUDIUS GALENUS

G.W.F. HEGEL

All references to works by Aristotle are taken from The Student's Oxford Aristotle, W.D. Ross (ed.), (New York, 1942), unless otherwise indicated.

References to his De placitis Hippocratis et Platonis are taken from C. Galenus, De placitis Hippocratis et Platonis, libri novem, I. Mueller (ed.), Vol. I, Prolegomena critica, textum graecum, adnotationem criticam versionemque latin am continens, (Leipzig, 1874). References to the Mueller edition will be followed, in parentheses, by the corresponding reference in the Kuhn edition of Galen's works.

References to Hegel's works refer to his Stimtliche Werke, 20 vols., H. Glockner (ed.), (Stuttgart, 1928), unless otherwise indicated.

INDEX

A priori 9, 28, 64, 73, 74, 77, 114, 120-123, 129-132, 143, 145, 154, 165, 174-179, 210, 212, 213, 217-221 (see also Per-ception: a priori form 00

Abrams, M. 117 Accommodation 48, 81, 89, 90, 92, 97,

104,159 Acoustics

physiological 120, 137, 142-143 Action potential 17 Ad hoc 51, 69, 162 Adaptation 12, 88, 101, 102, 111, 119, 122,

135,143,148,151,152,169,170,172, 198, 202, 216, 221, 222 (see also Cog-nition: and adaptation)

Alberti 68, 159 Albugineouslaqueous humor 41, 42 Alhazen 15-22, 30, 33, 39, 46, 53-55, 58,

66-70, 83, 87 (see also Aristotle: and Alhazen; Perception: Alhazen's theo-ry of visual perception; Sensation: Alhazen on; Research program: Al-hazen's)

Alkindi 21, 29, 33, 38, 40, 65-67, 69 Anderson, B.F. 119 Antinomy of space 153 Apperception 150, 151, 156, 157, 174, 186,

216,220 Aquinas, Thomas of 3 Aristotle 1, 5, 31, 32, 66

and Alhazen 44 Aristotelian empiricism 18, 31 Aristotelian entelechy 102 Aristotelian identity theory 14, 19, 35 Aristotelian physics 2 his doctrine of souls 105 his theory of light 32 his theory of vision 21-25

Artist-engineers 67,68 Artistic 55, 68, 117-120,159,178,197,218

induction 197, 202 Association/associative processes 8, 11,

79,109,119,120,151,169,181,187-193, 196, 198, 203-205, 225

Astronomy 29-31, 69, 94, 95, 97, 104, 115, 127,146,182 (see also Mathematical physics (mechanics, astronomy, op-tics)

Atomism 23-25, 37, 133, 146 atomistic psychology 219 logical 130

Averroes 21 Avicenna 15, 21, 56, 66 Ayer,~. 129, 130 Back-to-Kant movement 115 Bacon,R.15,17,52,54,55,63,64,67-68 Bain, A. 122 Baldwin, J.M. 200, 222 Bauer,H.53 Baxt204 Baxter 113 Bayle, P. 113 Beare, J.I. 133 Bell, C. 134-136 Bell-Magendie Law 134 Berkeley 11, 105 Bernard, F. 139 Binocular parallax 159, 162 Blumenberg, H. 25 Btihmer, H. 127 Boring, E.G. 83, 134, 135, 137,162, 183 Brentano 200 BrUcke, E. 162 Brunelleschi 68, 159 Bi1chner, L. 125 Buridan, J. 5 Butts, R.E. 124 Callahan, J.J. 154 Camera obscur-a 41, 57-60, 68, 81 Campbell, D.T. 170, 171

242

Carnap, R. 19, 130 Cassirer, E. 112, 115, 124 Caton,H.69 Catoptrics 31, 32 Causality 2, 67, 132, 170, 192, 193

Helmholtz's theory of 208, 219-225 Central (response/process/variable) 11,

14,16,49,78,87,133 Choroid 42 Ciliary muscle 63 Clarke, D.M. 73 Clarke, I. 26 Classical sciences 29 Cochlea 142 Cogitatio 56 Cognition 1,2,4,9,15,27,36,84,85,101,

102, 106, 121 and adaptation 12, 87, 88, 102, 110 cognitive achievement 15 cognitive process 3, 6, 87, 107, 122

subliminal 9, 87, 108, 118-123 cognitive psychology 101, 107 cognitive science 11, 12, 13, 112 cognitive theory 82, 87, 89-92, 113

Cohen, M.R. 30-32 Coherentforms, theory of 17, 38, 40, 50 Color (see Perception: theory of color

perception) fundamental 138-140 prismatic 139

Common sense 3, 9, 22, 26, 39, 56, 59, 110,120

Complementary colors 138, 140, 141 Comprehensio per aspectum 53 Comprehensio per intuitionem 53 Comprehensio superficialis 53 Computation 98 (see also Descartes: on

subconscious computation ('natural geometry'); Unconscious/subconsci-ous: inference)

Computer metaphor 99-106, 183 Conceptual/explanatory scheme 2, 12,

17,36,40~,55, 76,222 Condillac 110, 113 Cone (see Visual cone) Congruence 177

Index

Connectionism (see Research program: connectionist)

Conrat, F. 126, 128 Conscious(ness) 2-9,19,26,36-38,77,79,

87-92,97,98,102, 107,109, 118-120, 130, 131,146,148,150,1~157, 168, 173, 180-183, 188-198,200-205,224

Consilience 19 Consolidativa 42 Conventionalism 177 Convergence 89, 92, 98, 159 Cornea 34, 40, 41, 42, 81 Corresponding retinal points 45, 51, 158-

161, 163 Corresponding sensory circles 162 Corroboration 20, 48, 64, 94-97, 121, 143-

145,159,170,214,222 Corti, rods of 142 Cortical isomorphism 162, 206 Cranefield, P. 112 Crombie, A.C. 35, 48, 55, 68, 84 Crystallin us / Glacialis (anterior) 41-64,

90 Cue 14-19, 89, 91-93, 97, 98, 102, 104, 159-

162,205 Culotta, CA 115 Damianos, 29 Danto, A. 214 DarwinlDarwinian 170, 221, 222 Davidson, A. 36 Decoding 4, 10, 11, 107 Dee, John 67 Delboeuf 190 Dember, W.N. 155, 156 Descartes,R. 2,3, 11, 19,37,70,113,116

against the identity theory of per-ception 80-86, 135

and Helmholtz 78 and Hume89 and Kepler 80 and Leibniz 201 and Locke 72-78, 84 and Malebranche 92,109 and mathematical physics 25 and mechanicism 7, 19, 68, 69 and optics 69

Descartes, R. (cont.) and Reid 110 and Scheiner's experiment 48, 81 and skepticism 71 and the Cartesian myth 73, 77 and the clock analogy 76 his dualism 11, 105 his dualism of thought and sense 11,

87,98 his empirical theory of justification

78 his information theory of perception

11,80-88 his philosophy of science 73, 75 his psychophysiological theory of

knowledge 77-78 his psychophysiological theory of

secondary qualities 82 his representationist theory of

knowledge 91 his theory of sensory judgment 89-

92 his theory of visual distance cues 89,

92 on accommodation 81, 90 on epistemology as first philosophy

1-4,9,71 on identity of sensation and percep-

tion 88 on interaction VS. dualism 100 on mental activity 200 on 'moral certainty' 76 on need of conjectural theories 73 on sensation 82-86, 88-91, 133 on specific sense energies 133 on subconscious computation

('natural geometry') 78, 85, 91, 98

Di.iksterhuis, E.J. 27 Ding-an-sich 71, 147 Dioptrics 7, 18, 19,31,32,57, 58,68,69,

81,90,91,149,180,199 Diplopy 28 Distal 11, 14, 16,49,160 Dorter, K 2, 4 Dove, H.W. 162, 163

Index

Drahkin, I.E. 30, 32 Dualism (see Descartes: his dualism)

ofthought and sense 87, 88 psychophysiological 11

Dummett,~. 182 Ecological validity 14 Eidola 37 Einstein, A 146, 153, 154 Elementist psychology 206 Elkana, Y. 115, 121 Emmons 204

243

Empiricism 4, 8, 12, 72, 75, 79, 92, 109-117,120,121,123,124,130,133,143, 158,159,167,169,191,200,205,208, 216, 218, 219, 223 (see also Aristotle: Aristotelian empiricism; Sensation: empiricists on)

Enlightenment 68,117 Epistemology I, 7, 18, 70

and naturalism 64, 77, 171 Aristotelian I, 9 Cartesian I, 2, 6, 8, 9 epistemics 1 epistemological constraints on opti-

cal theory 48, 57 Helmholtz's 10,111, 184, 208, 218 Helmholtz's conception of 129, 131,

148 Helmholtz's VS. Hume's 201 Kant's 116 Locke's 75 medieval 15, 16 Nietzsche's perspectivist theory of

knowledge 214 origin of modern epistemology 71 sensationalist 156 seventeenth century epistemology 7,

10,74,113 Erdmann, B. 216 Estimatio 56 Euclid 21, 23, 27-32, 33, 38, 66, 67 Euclidean/non-Euclidean geometry 175-

179 Eudoxus31 Evolutionary 12, 140, 148, 170-172, 199

244

Experiment/experimental science 3, 6, 7, 10, 13, 27-29, 48, 55, 58, 65-69, 71, 72, 74, 96, 115, 120, 124, 127, 131, 139, 146-148, 151, 159-162, 184, 188,215, 219 (see also Descartes: and Scheiner's experiment)

Extramission, theory of 15, 32, 38, 39, 45 Fantasia 56 Feigl, H. 171 Fenelon, F. 110 Feyerabend, P.K. 166 Fichte, J.G. 112, 114, 117, 118,121,122,

210 First philosophy I, 9, 71 Fixation, pointlline of 34, 152, 159, 162 Form/species 5,41-47, 51-55, 67, 70, 75,

95 Forma certificata 53 Forma vera 53 Fortlage, K. 125 Fourier 142 Fovea ~ntralis 195 Foundationalism 74 Francesca, Piero della 68 Frankfurt, H.G. 2 Frege, G. 182 Freiberg, Theodoric of 55 Fries 122 Functional architecture, traditional theo-

ry56 Galenus, C. 21, 23, 25, 26, 37-40, 46, 51,

56, 66, 133 (see also Perception: Stoic-Galenic theory of visual per-ception)

Galileo, G. 25, 68, 70, 77 Gauss 153, 176 Geisteswissenschaften 197 Geometry, extrinsic 153 Gestalt psychology 162, 206 Gewirtz, 2 Glacialis (anterior) (see Crystallinus /-

Glacialis (anterior) Glasses/optical technology 55,57,62,63 Goethe 112,117,185 Grant., E. 54, 67 Gregory, F. 125

Index

Gregory, R.L. 119, 183, 206 Grossberg, S. 12-13 Grosseteste, R. 54, 55, 67 Habitlhabituallhabituation 131, 151, 189,

191,192,195,198,201,202,225 Hacker, P.M.S. xiv Hall, T.S. 69 Hamilton, W. 203 Hamm,J.209 Hanson, N.R. 209 Hartley 11, 87, 113 Hegel, G.W.F. 44, 115, 118, 122, 127, 165,

217 Young Hegelians 122

Helmholtz, H. von 8-12, 78, 82, 87, 88, 108, 111, 114-225 (passim)

Herder, J.G. 112, 118, 122 Hering, E. 133, 140, 151, 152, 156-157,

162, 170, 181, 190 Hermeneutic 197,218 Hero of Alexandria 21, 27, 31, 32, 38 Herrnstein, R.J. 83 Heteronomic 36 Heuristic 6, 8, 20, 35, 40, 46, 49, 53, 54, 58,

64,69,72,80,82,86-88,97-99,106, 112, 113, 116, 120

Holton, G. 146 Horopter 28 Hume, D. 8, 11, 79, 109-113, 191, 192,

201, 202, 216, 218, 224 (see also Descartes: and Hume)

Hunain ibn Ishaq 21, 22 Hypermetropia 55, 61, 63 Hyperopia (see Hypermetropia) Idealism 79, 111, 113, 114, 146-147, 164,

182,210,213,214,218 German Idealism 115, 118, 125-128

Identical retinal points 158 Identity (see also Aristotle: Aristotelian

identity theory) Postulate 64 theory of perception 3, 9, 14-19, 22-

25, 30, 34, 35, 64, 71, 78, 80, 86, 87,135

llIusion, perceptual 9, 190

Image 15, 41, 48, 54, 58, 63, 64, 70, 82-86, 91-93, 117, 133, 135, 158, 184, 186, 189, 194-196 after-image 141 optical 41, 48, 58, 80, 95, 104, 107,

155-163, 182, 187, 195, 198 lmaginatio 56 Imprensiva 56, 58 Induction/inductive 170, 187-202, 213,

224 (see also Artistic induction) Information 3, 12, 14, 19, 77,87-89,91,

92, 104, 119, 133, 135, 144-147, 151-161, 187,205 (see also Descartes: his information theory of perception; Perception: information theory of) processing 10, 12, 71, 79, 89, 92, 93,

95,104,158 subconscious 8, 88, 102, 151 theory of 8, 15, 17, 19, 85, 87, 89,

91-107, Ill, 117, 132, 169, 189-192,205,216,218

Intentionality 48, 61, 185, 200, 209, 215 Interposition 92, 93, 104, 159, 160 Intromission, theory of 15,38-41, 55 Introspection/introspective psychology

23,79,97,180-189,201,222,224 Iris 42 Itzkoff, S.W. 124 Jacobi 118, 121, 122 Julesz, Bela 205 Justification 4, 14, 18, 77, 110 (see also

Descartes: his empirical theory of justification; Methodology: justifica-tionist)

~,R. 176,178,179 Kanisza 190 Kant, I. 4,71,111-132,143-148,153-157,

171, 174-179, 181, 182, 192, 193, 199, 200, 208-224 (see also Epistemology: Kant's; Perception: Kant on)

Kenny, A. 2, 130 Kepler, J. 7, 8, 17-19,48,57,69,70,80,81,

83,86,98 his dioptrics 70-72, 80, 86

skeptical implications of 71 Kinematics 29, 32

Index 245

Kluckhorn, P. 117 Koenigsberger, L. 115, 126, 128, 195, 212,

215 Kohler, W. 162, 206 Kolers, P.A. 204 Koyre, A. 68 Krause, A. 116 Krautheimer, R. & Krautheimer-Hess, T.

68 Kries, J. von 140, 153, 163, 184 Kuhn, T.S. 6, 27, 28 La Mettrie, J.O. de 110 Lakatos, I. 6,20, 22, 73,95,97,166,204,

214 Lamellae 17 Land, E.H. 138 Land,J.L.116,208 Lange, F.A. 110, 125, 146 Langenstein, Henry of 54 Law of Obliviscence 203 Learning (theory) 8, 11, 12, 19, 92, 109,

117,120,122,124,137,143,148,153, 157-161, 168-170, 173, 178, 180, 184, 185,189,191,195,198,208,218

Leibniz 101, 130, 150, 201 (see also Descartes: and Leibniz)

Lejeune, A. 28-34, 45 Lemay,R.65 Lenin, W.I. 112, 148 Lens 62, 81 Lenzen, V. 112 Lewis, C.I. 130 ldndberg,D.C.5,33,40,44,46,48 Lindsley 204 Local sign 155, 157, 158, 173, 178, 180,

184, 188 Localization, perceptual (see Perception:

perceptual localization) Locke,J. 7, 72-79,84, 110, Ill, 116, 117,

147, 148, 201 (see also Descartes: and Locke) and Berkeley 110 and Malebranche 100 and the clock analogy 75, 76

Logicism 130, 200 Lotze, H. 137, 155-157

246

Luce, A.A 101 Lucretius, T.C. 37 Lumen 5, 54 Lux 5, 41, 54 Magendie, F. 134 Magico-mathematical tradition 7,40, 58,

65-68 (see also Metaphysics: and the magico-mathematical tradition)

Malebranche, N. 11,89,91,97,109,113, 187 (see also Descartes: and Male-branche; Perception: Malebranche's theory of; Research program: Carte-sian: and Malebranche; Sensation: and perception: Malebranche on) and Cartesian dualism of thought

and sense 11, 88 on sensation and perception 87 on subliminal cognitive processes 8,

96 theory of 'compound sensations' 93,

99,103 theory of 'natural judgment' 92,97,

98,101,102,107 Mandelbaum, M.112, 116, 124 Materialism 68, 112, 125, 145-148, 199,

210 Mathematical physics (mechanics,

astronomy, optics) 3-7,17,25-40,55, 65-69, 77, 105, 120, 142 (see also Descartes: and mathematical physics; Metaphysics: and the magjco-mathematical tradition)

Maurolycus, F. 58-63, 68 McClelland, J.L. 119 Measure of curvature 176 Measurement 12, 28, 68, 77, 78,95,114,

120,175,176 Mechanicism 3-8, 17-20, 46-48, 60, 68, 70,

87-88,98,99, 104, 110, 113, 119, 120, 123 (see also Descartes: and mechanicism; Research program: mechanicist)

Mechanics 7, 19, 29, 65, 129, 135, 179 Memory, seat of 56 Mersenne, M. 133 Merz, J.T. 125

Index

Metacontrastlbackward masking 204 Metaphysics

and first philosophy 1, 71 and Helmholtz's view of Kant 179 and the magico-mathematical tradi-

tion 65 Aristotelian 1, 2, 5 Hegel vs. Kant 122 Helmholtz's rejection of 126, 127 seventeenth century metaphysics 7,

70 Methodology 3-7, 19,22,27,30,33,67,

70, 73, 75-77, 101, 105, 116, 151, 162, 164-169,201,222 demarcation of relevant domains 19,

21,49,86,107 justificationist 3, 8, 10, 70-72 of scientific research programs 20,

64,95 Mill, J. 204 Mill, J.S. 196, 202-204, 216 Modality 137 Moleschott, J. 127 Molyneux, W. 107 Monadology 201 Monocular 160, 205 Monodromy of space 177 Montaigne, M. de 71, 72, 79 Milller, J. 82, 132-138, 142-145, 150, 151,

156-157, 168, 199 Milller-Lyer 190 Multiplicatio specierum 54, 67 Myopia 55, 61, 63 Naturalism 7-10, 49, 64, 78,113,115,120,

122-124, 149, 171, 175, 179, 182, 201, 208, 219-225

Naturphilosophie 115, 126 Neo-Kantianism 116, 147, 200, 214 Nervus opticus 17, 26, 41, 43, 51, 53, 58,

59, 82, 133, 136, 138-141, 150, 158, 187,209

Newton, I. 19,69, 72, 135, 165, 175 Nietzsche, F. 214 Nonlinear systems 12 Normal 33, 35, 52 Noumenal147, 211, 217

Object (Bee Perception: theory of object perception)

Occasionalism 99-105 Ocular movement 162, 171-173, 188, 195 Ohm 142 Oken 127 Ontology 1-7, 14, 19, 27-36, 46, 71, 77, 86,

87,98,100,106 Opsin 17 Optic chiasma 43, 51, 53, 158 Optics 5-10, 21, 22, 27-32,34,40,48,49,

65,71,87,103 physiological 18, 69, 86, 109, 111,

120-124,137,143,168 Ordo cognoscendi 10, 110 Ordo essendi 10, 110 Panum, PL. 151, 162, 169 Parma, Blasius of 54 Peckam, John 54, 63 Perception 5-7, 11 (see also Aristotle: his

theory of vision; Descartes: against the identity theory of perception; Descartes: his information theory of perception; Descartes: on subcon-scious computation ('natural geometry'); Descartes: on identity of sensation and perception; Descartes: his theory of visual distance cues; Identity: theory of perception; Sensation: and perception) a priori form of 121, 144-145, 153,

155,174,178,181,209,217 Alhazen's theory of visual per-

ception 39-53 and Berkeley's Principle 8, 109 Aristotle's theory of 10 Aristotle's theory of visual percep-

tion 21-25 Bacon's theory of visual perception

54-57 Berkeley's theory of 11, 105 binocular 151, 158-162,205 Buridanon 5 Cartesian theory oflO, 77, 89-92 classical theories of 6, 21-36

Index 247

cognitive theory of 87-92, 113, 143, 180-192, 195, 198-200, 202-205, 208,216-220,224,225

contemporary theories of 119 geometrical theory of visual percep-

tion 27, 29, 31-36, 39 Helmholtz's theory of 12, 111-114,

118-120, 124, 143, 150, 186-192, 221 his empirical theory of percep-

tion 120, 151, 157-169, 174, 189,218

his theory of the perception of space 149-180

history of the theory of 10, 11, 14-20 information theory of 8, 70, 78-80,

87-92, 105, 106, 113, 123, 150, 151,206 Malebranche on 94-97 radical consequences of 86-87

intuition theory of 151-153, 156-158, 161,163,164,169,198,219

Kant on 114, 116, 123, 123, 131, 144 Malebranche's theory of92, 96,106 of depth 107, 151, 158-162 (see also

Perception: binocular) of distance and magnitude 89, 92-97 perceptual localization 151, 153-156,

161,170,172,181,183,210,220 phenomenalistic analysis of 131 psychology of 88, 106, 149, 180 Reid on 110, 113, 122 representationist theory of 10, 73, 87 sixteenth century theories of visual

perception 57-64 Stoic-Galenic theory of visual per-

ception 25-26, 37-38 theory of color perception

Helmholtz's 12, 138-141 retinex 138

theory of object perception Helmholtz's 12

Peripheral 9, 14, 15,36,49,79,87,91, 133, 187

Perspective 21, 31, 38, 67, 68, 80, 88, 159, 182, 188

248

Perspective (cont.) aerial 159 linear 159

Perspectivism 15, 33, 39, 54, 55, 58, 60 Petites perceptions 201 Phantasms of sense 3 Phenomenalism 129, 131, 146, 147, 171

(see also Perception: phenomenalis-tic analysis of)

Philosophy of science 19, 22, 27, 166, 171, 179 (see also Descartes: his philoso-phy of science) internal vs. external explanation 22,

36,54,79,87,99 Physicalism 19 Piaget, J. 175, 188, 198, 218 Pieron 204 Pigment, visual 17 Pigmental mixture 139 Plato, Platonism 2, 14, 23, 54, 66-68, 83 Plotinus 67 Pneuma 26, 32, 37,38,133 Poggendorff 190 Poincare, H. 175 Ponzo 190 Popper, K. 3,9, 73, 171 Porta, Giambattista della 58, 67, 68 Porterfield 92 Positivism 72, 112, 116, 124, 146 Pragmatism 101, 111,166, 169,178, 179,

184,218,225 Presbyopia (see Hypermetropia) Pressure phosphene 187 Price, H.H. 130 Priestley 11, 113, 123 Principle of specific sense energies 132-

138, 143-148, 156 Proclus, A 31 Progress 19, 97, 98, 110, 135, 144, 171,

218,220 Proto-intellectual 131 Proximal 14, 49 Pseudoscopic 163 Psycho-physiology 11, 38, 77, 82-89,100,

104,116,129,142,149 Psychologism 131, 182, 199-203

Index

Ptolemy 21, 23, 27-34,38,45,66 Pyrrhonic crisis 71, 79 Quadrivium 65 Quality-sphere 137 Quine, W.V.O. 219 Rash, D.H. 204 Randall Jr., J.H. 68 Ratiomorphic 100, 131,200,202 Rationalism 4,73,109-111,113,120,126,

Ray 132,174,182,200,201,217-219

(non-)perpendicular ray 70 central ray 53 perpendicular/non-perpendicular

ray 41, 48, 50, 58, 63 visual ray 29-33, 45, 64

Realism 11,68,111,116,117,120, 169, 170, 203-207 formal 11 hypothetical 9, 11, 111, 114, 169,208-

225 naive 10, 11, 71, 75, 86, 113 pragmatic 169 transcendental 114

Receptor 17 Reconstruction (rational/naturalistic/

philosophical) 3,7, 14-20,22,57,64, 70,111-114,121129,174,182

Reductionism 145, 147 Reflection 33 Refraction 35, 62 Regis, P.S. 94-97 Reichenbach, H. 129, 130 Rei~ T.82,87,88, 107,110, Ill, 113,123,

208, 218 (see also Descartes: and Reid; Perception: Reid on; Sensation: and perception: Reid on)

Reisch, G. 56 Relativism 147, 200 Research program 10, 21, 23, 29, 31, 46,

57,61,64, 66, 87, 116 Alhazen's 44, 66 Aristotelian 11, 17 Cartesian 11

and Malebranche 89-105 cognitivist 8, 12, 108, 111, 112, 120

Research program (cont.) connectiondst12,13 Helmholtzian 11 Lakatosian 20 mechanicist 6, 19,69, 70, 87, lOS, 106 representationist 8, 9, 78-88, 109, 113

Resonance theory 142 Retina 17 Retinal 17 Retinal disparity 159, 161, 162 Retinal fatigue 141 Retinal inversion 58, 80, 158, 159 Retinal rivalry 163, 198 Riehl, A. 116, 132 Riemann 153, 176, 177 Rock, 1.119 Rokitansky 116, 132 Romanticism 8, 111, 114-121 Ronchi, V. 5 Rosen,E.55 Rosner 204 Rumelhart, D.E. 119 RUBSen, BAW. 130, 147 Sabra, A.1. 22, 33,44-47,74 Sarnbursky,S.26,38 Scheiner, C. 48, 81 (see also Descartes:

and Scheiner's experiment) Schelling 112,115,117,121,127 Schiffer, S.R. 201 Schlegel, F. 117 Schleiden, M. 127 Schlick, M. 92, 121, 129-130, 183 Scholasticism 5,7,9,10,14-20,54,57,71,

75 Schramm, M. 41 Schwertschlager, J. 116 Sclera 42 Sensation 3, 8, 11, 18, 25, 29, 36, 134, 136,

137, 146, 155-157, 162 Alhazen on 44-51 and perception 46,87,88, 107, 149-

153 Helmholtz on 181, 182, 189-192,

199,200,218,224 Malebranche on 107 Reid on 110

Index 249

Wundt on 205, 206 and subliminal cognitive process 88 Descartes on 85, 88-91, 133 empiricists on 113, 123 Galen on 38 Fechner on 137 Helmholtz on 114, 120, 145, 157, 169,

173, 174, 180, 181, 187, 194, 195, 199, 209-211

Lotze on 137 Malebranche on 94, 95, 99, 101, 103,

109 'compound' sensations 93, 99,

103 Stumpf on 137 unsensed 151 vs. physiological impression 80, 86,

87 Sensationalism 110, 119, 120, 146-147,

156,219 Sense-data 130-131, 147, 188, 199, 205 Sensus communis 18, 56, 83, 84, 91 Seth, Simeon 32 Shapere, O. 25 Sign/symbol 15, 82,83, lOS, 110, 137, 147,

150,158,173,184,185,196,209,211, 212, 218 (see also Local sign)

Skepticism 9, 71, 72, 79, 101, 110, 113, 133, 147 (see also Descartes: and skepticism)

Sluga, H.D. 182 Smith, G. 204 Smith,~j{.69, 73,86,89 Snell, W.35 Solmsen, F. 26 Solipsism 147 Specific energy 133, 134, 136, 140 Specific irritability 133, 135 Species intelligibilis 14 Species sensibilis 14 Spencer, H. 122 Sperling 204 Steneck, ~ .H. 5 Stereoscope 159-163,205

stereoscopic gloss 163, 187 Stratton, G.M. 159

250

Strong, D.S. 58 Stroud, B. 191 Temkin, O. 125 Theology 2, 5 Thorndike, L. 40 Titchener 92, 190 Transcendental 4, 114, 116, 121 Transduction 17 Treitschke, H. 115, 125 Trigonometry 85 Turner, R.S. 151 Uccello, Paolo 159 Ultimum sentiens 43, 46-53 Unconscious/subconscious 8, 9, 19, 79,

87,88,92,97-102,106, 109, 113, 118-122, 151, 180, 192, 194, 201, 204, 218 inference 12,87, 120-124, 130, 131,

Uvea 42

150,151,168,171,180,183,188, 197-207,210,217,218

Vescovini, G.F. 40 Vinci, Leonardo da 56, 58, 59, 68, 159 Virchow, R. 115 Vision (see Perception) Vision-en-Dieu 100 Visual cone 28-34 Vitreous humor 42, 50-53 Webb, T.E. 116 Werner 204 Whitehead, AN. 68 Whyte, L.H. 201 Willey, T. E. 115 Wilson, E.O. 172 Wilson, M.D. 73 Witelo 54, 55, 83 Wittgenstein, L. 130, 191 Wolf,R.115 Wordsworth 117 Wundt, R. 205, 206 Young, T. 135-140 Zeller, E. 122 Ziegler, T. 115 ZilseI, E. 55 Z611nerl90 Zonal theory 140

Index