2016 Renaissance Student Notes-You have the ability to edit anything on these pages and change the format should you choose. However, notes must stay in outline format.

Main Idea

Details

I. Italian Renaissance-Beginning

A. Florence

1. City-State a. A city with its surrounding

territory forms an independent

state with different laws and ways

of life.

b. There were numerous Italian

City-states.

2. Known as the birthplace of the Italian

Renaissance. The

a. renaissance is a French word

meaning rebirth- new beginning

b. Renaissance: The revival of art

and literature under the influence

of classical models in the

14th16th centuries (1300s-1500s).

c. It was a rebirth of culture

1. Culture is a way of life for people

in an area.

2. Includes religion, education,

food, clothing, and all parts of

living in an area.

3. Produced most of the major artists of

the Renaissance.

a. Leonardo da Vinci

b. Michelangelo

4. In the 1400s many wealthy bankers

and traders called Florence home.

5. The city-state was controlled by the

Medici family who were patrons of the

arts.

a. Patrons are people who financially

support the arts.

B. Medici Family

1.The city-state of Florence was

ruled by the Medicis.

a. They were wealthy bankers and

traders.

2. The Medici Bank was the most

important financial institution of the

15th Century.

3. Cosimo Medici

a. Cosimo was the founder of one of

the main lines of the Medici Family

that ruled over Florence from 1434

to 1537.

b. He became the uncrowned ruler of

Florence, and during his reign

Florence was very prosperous.

1. reign is a period of time a person

rules.

2. Cosimo (first main ruler) was

uncrowned because

he believed the only king was

one who wore a crown of thorns.

4. Lorenzo Medici- grandson of Cosimo

a. Lorenzo was a patron of the arts

b. he was responsible for supporting

talents such as Botticelli,

Michelangelo, and the young Da

Vinci.

c. Was called Lorenzo the

Magnificent.

d. Was not as successful as his

grandfather Cosimo, and was

considered a tyrant.

1. Cruel and unreasonable ruler.

C. Humanism

1. Humanism is an intellectual

movement at the heart of the

Renaissance that focused on

education and the classic time of

Greece and Rome.

2. The importance of the individual was

also emphasized.

a. In other words, every person was

important.

3. Focus was on the secular world.

a. Life outside of the church and the

clergy.

1. Clergy refers to ordained

leaders of a church.

4. This focus on the secular part of life led to

inventions, new discoveries, and a new painting

style called perspective.

a. Artistic technique used to give paintings and

drawings a three-dimensional effect

b. Perspective can make the object your

drawing look more realistic.

c. Allows you to see distance in painting.

5. A person who practices and believes

in the ideals of humanism is a

humanist.

6. From the study of classical Greece

and Rome, the humanities were

studied.

a. Subjects such as literature,

philosophy, poetry, rhetoric, AND

history.

7. Francesco Petrarch was the Father

of Humanism.

a. Is mostly remembered for his

poetry.

b. Many of his poems are directed to

a woman named Laura, whom he

was in love with.

1. He was in love with Laura even though

she was already married

2. Petrarch loved her so much that he

wrote over 400 poems about her

II Art

Humanist artists showed humanism by painting and sculpting figures from the present, not religious figures from the past.

A. Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519)

1. Professions

a. He had many professions

b. Such as a painter, scientist, architect,

sculptor, musician, mathematician,

writer, inventor, botanist, engineer, and

geologist

2. Art

a. Focused on painting in perspective

b. Mona Lisa painted between 1499-1505

1.Shows a Florentine woman but nobody

knows her name

2.One theory is that her name is Lisa del

Giocondo

c. 1478: Leonardo established his own studio

d. Mona lisa influenced Raphael to paint Portrait of Maddalena Doni

e. Duke of Milan requested The Last Supper in 1495

1. Shows the disciples during the last supper

2. Painted with an oil-based paint that peeled

after 50 years.

3. Last supper painted in one point

perspective

f. Started many paintings but did not finish all

g. Adoration of the Magi was started by da Vinci but was left unfinished after he moved

3. Inventions (War)

a. War Tank

1. Was a armoured movable car that could

move in any directions which had fire

arms on the sides.

2. When tested it worked extremely well,

although the people working it would have

to plug their ears due to the deafening

sound.

b. Cluster Bomb

1. Contains iron spacers and stitched inside

pliable casing and would scatter when

blown up.

c. Machine Gun

1. Invented the first gun that could fire

multiple rounds without being reloaded.

d. Submarine

1. Thought to be an early sketch of the

submarine.

2. Involved a tube and wine skins or pieces of

cork.

e. Parachute

1.Leonardo's parachute was made of

sealed linen cloth which was held open

by a pyramid of wooden poles, about

seven meters long.

f. Diving Apparatus

1.This was the first scuba suit.

2. It was made out of cane tubes, leather

wineskin, and steel rings for support.

3. His invention was tested, but it only

worked well in shallow water.

B. Michelangelo

1. Early Years

a. Born in Caprese, Italy on March 6, 1475 And died in Rome, Italy on February 18, 1564 b. Second of five sons of an aristocratic but impoverished Florentine family c. Going against his father's beliefs, was drawn to the arts at a young age d. He was known for excelling in sculpting, painting, architecture, and poetry e. He attracted the attention of Lorenzo Medici, who invited him to live in the Medici palace

2. Art a. Mural on the Ceiling of the Sistine Chapel 1. 1508: Michelangelo was asked by Pope Julius II to architecturally design and paint this ceiling 2. Work felt 3-dimensional 3. Includes 9 stories from Book of Genesis in the Bible and 12 prophets (Creation- Great Flood) 4. Took 4 years to complete 5. Had to lie on his back to complete his work, at the end of the process 6. Paint dripped into his eyes, sometimes 7. felt pressure from the patron b. Last Judgement a. On Altar Wall of Sistine Chapel. b. Asked by Pope Paul III, after Michelangelo returned to Rome.

3. Sculpture:

a. The David

1. He began his work on a giant marble block

that was claimed unsuitable for sculpting.

2. For the next four years (1501 - 1504) he

sculpted the marble block into a double-life

size sculpture known as, the David.

3. It featured every human detail, from vain, to

fingernail.

b. Tomb of Pope Julius

1. Pope, Julius II requested that Michelangelo

sculpted him a tomb, though he ended up

changing his mind.

2. After the Sistine Chapel ceiling painting,

Michelangelo returned to his work on the

tomb for Julius II.

3. However, Julius II ended up passing in

1513, so Michelangelo then worked for the

popes successors, Leo X and Clement VII,

both members of the Medici Family.

4. Though his progress was slow, due to other

projects for the Medici family, he eventually

completed the Julius II Tomb.

a. It featured many great figures such as the

Dying Slave (1513 - 1516), the Rebellious

Slave (1513 - 1516), and eventually the

Moses (1505 - 1545).

c. The Medici Tombs

1. Now under work for the Medici family,

Michelangelo was assigned the sculpting of

another tomb for Lorenzo de Medici and

Guiliano de Medici.

2. The two tombs represented two different

personalities; Lorenzo, the reflective and

self-analyzing, then Guiliano, the active and

outgoing.

3. Each tomb had two symbolic figures Lorenzo

featured Dawn and Dusk, and Guiliano

featured Day and Night.

d. Bacchus

1. Michelangelos first surviving large

statue, made in Rome in 1496,

finished in 1497

e. Piet

1. In 1498 The Bacchus led to the

commission for the Pieta, finished

in 1499 and placed in St. Peters

Basilica (Rome)

2. The Pieta was the first large-scale

sculpture by Michelangelo

3. Scene of Mary holding the crucified

Jesus in her arms

4. Architecture

a. . Biblioteca Laurenziana

1. In 1523, Cardinal Giulio requested that M

designs a public library for S Lorenzo

2. It was built above the West Range of the

Cannons Cloister

3. The reading room was built in 1525, followed

by the entrance vestibule

4. In 1527, M left Rome due to the Medici

expulsion, leaving the work unfinished

5. Several different architects fulfilled Ms

design plans after he left

6. The library was finished in the late 1540s

b. Piazza del Campidoglio

1. Emperor Marcus Aurelius asked M to build

him a base for his equestrian statue in 1538.

2. There are designs on the floor that are made

to frame the statue

c. Saint Peters Basilica:

1. Located in Vatican City, a country

within Rome.

2. Most significant feature of church is

the dome, built by Michelangelo.

3. Originally architect Donato

Bramante which Michelangelo

redesigned later.

4. His dome served as a model for

many other famous structures in

history, such as the US Capitol

building in Washington, DC.

5. Michelangelos interest in architecture

was sparked from working on many

sculptures that required architecture

to execute.

b. Mannerism

1. His style of architecture influenced a

period of art called Mannerism

ranging from 1510- 1600.

a. This is when art was in transition

from the traditional classicism of

Ancient Greece and Rome

b. Into art that used exaggerated

proportions and unusual scale

and lighting

c. Created images focused on

beauty, not just natural images

C. Raphael

1. Early Years

a. Born in Urbino, Italy on April 6, 1483

b. His father, Giovanni Santi, was a painter as well and taught him lots of techniques

c. Giovanni died when raphael was 11

d. Raphael also had a mother, who unfortunately died when he was 8

e. His mother was supposedly encouraged to give up Raphael for adoption at the time he was born, but instead she kept him and cared for him.

f. He had a very close relationship with both his parents, and people think thats why he was very sociable and charming.

2. Famous For

a. Oddi Altarpiece

1. In about 1495, Raphael arrived in Perugia

2. A lot of people noticed his talent and he

received an important commission to paint

the Coronation of the Virgin for the Oddi

Chapel in the church of San Francesco,

Perugia

b. Pietro Perugino was painting frescoes in a

similar area, and influenced Raphael.

1. Frescoes were the finished product of

fresco painting, which was a water based

style of painting, where the color penetrates

the plaster on the wall or ceiling and

becomes fixed.

c. Raphael was most famous for his

painting Transfiguration.

d. Another one of his famous paintings

was School of Athens

e. His other popular one was the

Sistine Madonna.

1. Painted numerous works of the Madonna,

and Madonna with child.at changed the

future of Italian art

D. Donatello

1. Early Years

a. He was born around 1386 in Florence.

1. His full name was Donato di Betto Bardi

b. Became educated at the home of the Martellis

and became a goldsmith there.

2. Famous For

a. He is most famous for his statues.

1. The statue on the left is the Equestrian of

Gattamelata.

2. Other famous statues include the statue of

David, St. George,St. Mark, and Zuccone.

3. 1425-1443

a. Gained a business partner named Michelozzo, who was a sculptor and an architect.

b. One of their first projects was the tomb of Baldassarre Coscia, the Anti-Pope John XXII.

c. After they werent business partners, Donatello studied in Rome about classical art.

d. He sculpted David once he returned to Florence.

1. Completed in 1430 and became the first

freestanding nude since ancient times.

2. Was later overshadowed by

Michelangelos David made of marble.

5. 1443-1454

a. Turned to more realistic sculptures instead of classical sculptures.

b. One statue like this is Gattamelata (Slick Cat), which is one of Donatellos most famous sculptures ever.

1. Gattamelata was the first equestrian

statue since ancient times.

2. Made for Erasmo da Narni, a horseman

leader who died recently.

3. Statue became so popular that King of

Naples requested that Donatello make

one of him.

c. . The only statues completed between

1450-1455 were wooden statues of St. John

the Baptist and St. Mary Magdelene.

1. These last statues appear emaciated and

twisted like they are reflecting pain from

within.

III Architecture

A. Filippo Brunelleschi

1. Before architecture

a. Born in 1377

b.Trained as a goldsmith and sculptor

c. He competed for a commision to make the

reliefs for the baptistery of florence.

1. But he did not win, so he gave up

on sculpting.

2. He was the first modern architect of

the Renaissance, and he rediscovered

linear perspective, since all knowledge of it

was lost with the Greeks and Romans.

a. Linear perspective makes art appear to

have space and distance on a flat surface.

3. His most famous structure was il duomo (the

dome) of the Cathedral of Santa Maria del

Fiore.

a. It is very large, and it is made of

spiraling brickwork.

b. The dome was made without scaffolding

or flying buttresses which meant there

was nothing inside.

c. So instead he created 2 domes to lower

the pressure and prevent the dome from

collapsing.

d. He used hoists and cranes of

his own design.

4. He also designed buildings such as the Santo

Spirito and the Ospedale degli Innocenti

(hospital of theinnocents).

a. The first buildings to have the design of

arches supported by columns.

IV. Writing

A. Niccolo Machiavelli

1.Background

a. Machiavelli was born May 3rd 1469 in Florence Italy.

b. He was a political philosopher, statesman and secretary to the florentine republic.

c. In 1498 Machiavelli was appointed chancery of the Florentine republic.

d. In 1502, Machiavelli married Marietta Corsini

e. Machiavelli was put in charge of the city's defenses when the medicis came back.

f. In 1512 the republican regime was overthrown and the Medicis were back in power.

1. He was torchered for 22 days

2. After that he was exiled

g. He died June 21st 1527

2. The Prince

a. While he was in office he wrote many political poems however his most famous was The Prince.

b. It was a short political story on how to acquire power create a state and keep it.

c. It was based off of other rulers in history and his own experience in office

d. The main theme of the prince is the end justifies the means meaning an outcome towards a goal justifies the ways you took to get there.

e. His perspective in The Prince, in particular, quickly gave rise to the term Machiavellian: deceiving and manipulating others for personal gain.

B. Baldassare Castiglione

1. Baldassare Castiglione was an Italian courtier,

soldier, diplomat, and the author of The Book

of the Courtier.

2. He received a classical education, which is

blended into his book

3. The Book of the Courtier explains the perfect

renaissance man

a. Described a well-rounded man of the

Renaissance.

1. Athletic, plays a musical instrument, knows

literature and history, and Not Arrogant.

V. Northern European Renaissance

(Beginning)

A. The Great Plague

1. The plague wiped out about one-third

of the population of Europe.

2. Also knows as the Black Death

3. Was a reason for the late start of

Renaissance in the rest of Europe

compared to Italy.

B. Art

A. Albrecht Durer

1. Early Years

a. Born on May 21, 1471 in Nuremberg Bavaria

2. When he was fifteen he apprenticed to Michel

Wohlgemuth, who was famous for woodcuts and

engravings

3. . He was one of the first Northern artists to

become profoundly affected by the

Renaissance and because of this he traveled to Italy to study the Italian masters in 1994.

4. He pioneered the spread of Renaissance ideas

to northern Europe and influenced artists in Italy with his engravings and other methods.

2. Art

a. Was called Leonardo of the North, because

of his wide range of interests

b. He was mostly well known for his

engravings and paintings c. Many of his paintings portray religious

Ideas since it was one of the Northern

Renaissance most powerful themes. d. He viewed himself almost like Jesus

because of his impacts on the world and

his level of fame, so in his self-portraits he

often painted himself looking like Jesus. e. He is very famous for the detail he puts in

to drawings and paintings of hands.

f. Praying Hands

3. Engravings

a. Durer is most famous for his engravings in

which is would etch a design on a metal

plate with acid.

1. he added his own twist by applying

painting techniques he used in Italy to

his engravings.

b. He learned how to engrave and perfected

the technique in his fathers goldsmith

workshop since engravings was typically a

skill done by goldsmiths. c. Many of his engravings also portray

religious ideas like his paintings because

again this was one of the main Northern

Renaissance themes.

d. Melencolia and Adam and Eve

B. Jan Van Eyck

1. Famous for creating the oil medium and including realistic scenarios and details in his pieces.

a. Jan and his brother Hubert, combined

thinner mixtures of oil glazes and

varnishes to bring the medium to a whole

new level.

b. The two brothers also worked on the

Ghent Altarpiece together.

2. Created oil on oak paintings and incorporated

things other than just art in his paintings, such

as geometry and other concepts.

a.The Adoration of the Lamb,

shown on the left is one of his

most famous pieces because of the

realisticness and the details.

3. Together Jan and Hubert formed the Flemish

school of painting.

C. El Greco

1. El Grecos real name is Domenikos

Theotokopoulos.

2. He traveled to Venice and studied the

works of a few Italian artists.

3. In 1570 when El Greco traveled to

Rome, he studied with Michelangelo,

and Rafael.

4. His most famous painting is the Burial

of the Count of Orgaz.

a. . Took El Greco two years to finish.

b. In this painting you can clearly see

El Grecos many different influences such as

the vibrant colors of the Venetian artists,

important people of the Renaissance, and

the crowding of figures which is a style of

European art that originated in Italy.

e. El Greco started art in 1560 when he

was 19 years old

f. El Greco got his name when he

traveled to Venice

1. Venetians could not pronounce

Domenikos Theotokopoulos,

therefore they nicknamed him El

Greco, which means the greek.

C. Printing Press

1. The Printing Revolution-Johann Gutenberg

a. Printing presses transformed Europe

1. Before the Printing Press there were only a

few thousand books made by hand.

2. By 1500 15-20 million volumes were

produced.

3. Other people in Europe started using the

printing press to make books instead of

writing them by hand.

4. People started opening printing shops

in Europe.

b. Revolution brought great changes

1. Printed books were cheaper and easier to

make.

2. Books were more readily available.

3. Poor people could now afford getting

books.

4. More people learned to read, increasing the

literacy rate.

5. Exposed educated Europeans to new ideas

and places.

c. Gutenberg Bible

1. About 1455, Gutenberg invented first

complete edition of the Bible with movable

type.

2. One of the very first books to emerge from

printing press.

3. Gutenberg was the first to print first Bible

using the printing press instead of by hand.

D. Humanism

1. Difference with Italian

a. Emphasis on religious reform

2. Humanities vs. Humanism vs. Humanists

a. Humanism- an intellectual movement

at the heart of the Renaissance that

focused on education and the classics.

b. Humanities- the subjects of grammar,

rhetoric, poetry, and history

1. Humanities were important to

humanists.

c. Humanists- people who believed in

humanism and the humanities.

3. Desiderius Erasmus

a. Erasmus had a rough childhood, but turned out

to be one of the leading renaissance leaders.

b. Erasmus began his education at age 4. In 1483,

his parents died from the plague, and he was put

into the care of the guardians.

c. Erasmus was ordained a Catholic Priest.

1. Then his life changed dramatically when

he became secretary for Henry de

Bergen, bishop of Chambray.

2. The bishop enabled me to travel to Paris

to study Classical Literature and Latin,

and thats where Erasmus was

introduced to Renaissance Humanism.

3. While he was in Paris, he became an

excellent scholar and lecturer.

a. Erasmus traveled to England and met

thomas More and John Colet, and

Ammonius, and all 3 had a great

influence on me.

b. And over the next 10 years, he divided

my time between France, the

Netherlands, and England, writing

4. Some of his best works.

a. . In the early 1500s he wrote The Praise

of Folly, and in 1516 he wrote a

translation of the New Testament in

Greek.

5. Sir Thomas More was his good friend and he

wrote the Praise of Folly at his house.

4. Sir Thomas More

1. Sir Thomas More was an English statesman who was born in London, England, and published the book Utopia in 1516.

2. He became lord chancellor in 1529.

3. Then, in 1534, Thomas More was imprisoned and soon after in 1535, he was tried and executed.

4. More was tried and executed because he refused to accept the king as head of the church of England.

5. Utopia

a. Utopia is a famous book written by Sir

Thomas More.

b. It was written in 1516 and consists of 2

parts.

c. The definition of Utopia is An imagined

place or state of things in which everything

is perfect.

1. It was originally published in latin.

d. He mainly wrote it to show England that

they could live in unity, because at the time

they were ruled by King Henry VIII, so

England had a lot of flaws.

E. Writers

1. William Shakespeare

a. English Playwright

b. Married Anne Hathaway and had 3 children

1. Wrote Hamlet, Romeo and Juliet, a series of Sonnets, Midsummers Night Dream, Macbeth, and

many more.

2. His plays had characters with big personalities to make you world larger.

3. He wrote many histories, comedies, and tragedies

c. His plays are still performed all around the

world today

d. Globe Theater opened in 1599

1. Shakespeares plays took place at the

Globe Theater

e. Shakespeare is widely regarded for his plays,

narrative poems, his series of Sonnets, and

many other works

f. Shakespeare was considered the best

playwright that ever lived

1. Shakespeare was never a wealthy man

2. Miguel de Cervantes

a. Spanish

b. Wrote Don Quixote

1. Pokes fun at knights, and their code

of chivalry.

a. Code of behavior for knights.