Bazele gramaticii germane.pdf

8/10/2019 Bazele gramaticii germane.pdf

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INDIANINSTITUTEOFTECHNOLOGYMADRAS

2007

GERMAN GRAMMAR

AND USAGE

BASICS OF GERMAN GRAMMAR

kripal singh

CHEMICAL ENGINEERING (BTECH AND MTECH) ,IIT MADRAS

K R I P A L S I N G H , D E P A R T M E N T O F C H E M I C A L E N G I N E E R I N G ,

G A N G A H O S T E L I I T M A D R A S C H E N N A I - 3 6 I N D I A

www.che.iitm.ac.in/[email protected]


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GERMAN GRAMMAR LEARNING COURSE

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COMPILED BY : KRIPAL SINGH

DEPARTMENT : CHEMICAL ENGINEERING

Home

Grammar of German

A.Nouns and noun modifiersB. PronounsC. Verbs, Present tenseD. Word orderE. PrepositionsF.

Adjectives and adverbsG. ConjunctionsH. Verbs, Other tensesI. Verbs, Subjunctive moodJ. Verbs, Passive voice

Reference

Home|Grammar

Nouns and noun modifiers

A. GenderB. Case

1. Nominative case2. Accusative case3. Dative case4. Genitive case

C.Der-word noun modifiers

D.

Ein-word noun modifiersE. Plurals of nouns

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Gender :

The grammatical gender of a German noun, together with itscase,determines the article, and

the endings on the modifiers and adjectives preceding the noun. German has threegrammatical genders: masculine, feminine, and neuter.

http://www.wm.edu/modlang/gasmit/germanhttp://www.wm.edu/modlang/gasmit/germanhttp://www.wm.edu/modlang/gasmit/grammar/nounmnu.htmhttp://www.wm.edu/modlang/gasmit/grammar/nounmnu.htmhttp://www.wm.edu/modlang/gasmit/grammar/pronmnu.htmhttp://www.wm.edu/modlang/gasmit/grammar/pronmnu.htmhttp://www.wm.edu/modlang/gasmit/grammar/verbmnu.htmhttp://www.wm.edu/modlang/gasmit/grammar/verbmnu.htmhttp://www.wm.edu/modlang/gasmit/grammar/ordrmnu.htmhttp://www.wm.edu/modlang/gasmit/grammar/ordrmnu.htmhttp://www.wm.edu/modlang/gasmit/grammar/prepmnu.htmhttp://www.wm.edu/modlang/gasmit/grammar/prepmnu.htmhttp://www.wm.edu/modlang/gasmit/grammar/adjdvmnu.htmhttp://www.wm.edu/modlang/gasmit/grammar/adjdvmnu.htmhttp://www.wm.edu/modlang/gasmit/grammar/conjmnu.htmhttp://www.wm.edu/modlang/gasmit/grammar/conjmnu.htmhttp://www.wm.edu/modlang/gasmit/grammar/verbomnu.htmhttp://www.wm.edu/modlang/gasmit/grammar/verbomnu.htmhttp://www.wm.edu/modlang/gasmit/grammar/verbsmnu.htmhttp://www.wm.edu/modlang/gasmit/grammar/verbsmnu.htmhttp://www.wm.edu/modlang/gasmit/grammar/verbpmnu.htmhttp://www.wm.edu/modlang/gasmit/grammar/verbpmnu.htmhttp://www.wm.edu/modlang/gasmit/grammar/refmnu.htmhttp://www.wm.edu/modlang/gasmit/grammar/refmnu.htmhttp://www.wm.edu/modlang/gasmit/germanhttp://www.wm.edu/modlang/gasmit/germanhttp://www.wm.edu/modlang/gasmit/grammar/index.htmlhttp://www.wm.edu/modlang/gasmit/grammar/index.htmlhttp://www.wm.edu/modlang/gasmit/grammar/index.htmlhttp://www.wm.edu/modlang/gasmit/grammar/nouns/gender.htmhttp://www.wm.edu/modlang/gasmit/grammar/nouns/gender.htmhttp://www.wm.edu/modlang/gasmit/grammar/nouns/case.htmhttp://www.wm.edu/modlang/gasmit/grammar/nouns/case.htmhttp://www.wm.edu/modlang/gasmit/grammar/nouns/nomfunc.htmhttp://www.wm.edu/modlang/gasmit/grammar/nouns/nomfunc.htmhttp://www.wm.edu/modlang/gasmit/grammar/nouns/accfunc.htmhttp://www.wm.edu/modlang/gasmit/grammar/nouns/accfunc.htmhttp://www.wm.edu/modlang/gasmit/grammar/nouns/datfunc.htmhttp://www.wm.edu/modlang/gasmit/grammar/nouns/datfunc.htmhttp://www.wm.edu/modlang/gasmit/grammar/nouns/genfunc.htmhttp://www.wm.edu/modlang/gasmit/grammar/nouns/genfunc.htmhttp://www.wm.edu/modlang/gasmit/grammar/nouns/derword1.htmhttp://www.wm.edu/modlang/gasmit/grammar/nouns/derword1.htmhttp://www.wm.edu/modlang/gasmit/grammar/nouns/derword1.htmhttp://www.wm.edu/modlang/gasmit/grammar/nouns/einword1.htmhttp://www.wm.edu/modlang/gasmit/grammar/nouns/einword1.htmhttp://www.wm.edu/modlang/gasmit/grammar/nouns/einword1.htmhttp://www.wm.edu/modlang/gasmit/grammar/nouns/plurals.htmhttp://www.wm.edu/modlang/gasmit/grammar/nouns/plurals.htmhttp://www.wm.edu/modlang/gasmit/germanhttp://www.wm.edu/modlang/gasmit/germanhttp://www.wm.edu/modlang/gasmit/grammar/index.htmlhttp://www.wm.edu/modlang/gasmit/grammar/index.htmlhttp://www.wm.edu/modlang/gasmit/grammar/index.htmlhttp://www.wm.edu/modlang/gasmit/grammar/nounmnu.htmhttp://www.wm.edu/modlang/gasmit/grammar/nounmnu.htmhttp://www.wm.edu/modlang/gasmit/grammar/nounmnu.htmhttp://www.wm.edu/modlang/gasmit/grammar/nouns/case.htmhttp://www.wm.edu/modlang/gasmit/grammar/nouns/case.htmhttp://www.wm.edu/modlang/gasmit/webpractest/nouns/gender.htmlhttp://www.wm.edu/modlang/gasmit/webpractest/nouns/gender.htmlhttp://www.wm.edu/modlang/gasmit/grammar/nouns/case.htmhttp://www.wm.edu/modlang/gasmit/grammar/nouns/case.htmhttp://www.wm.edu/modlang/gasmit/grammar/nouns/case.htmhttp://www.wm.edu/modlang/gasmit/grammar/nouns/case.htmhttp://www.wm.edu/modlang/gasmit/webpractest/nouns/gender.htmlhttp://www.wm.edu/modlang/gasmit/grammar/nouns/case.htmhttp://www.wm.edu/modlang/gasmit/grammar/nounmnu.htmhttp://www.wm.edu/modlang/gasmit/grammar/index.htmlhttp://www.wm.edu/modlang/gasmit/germanhttp://www.wm.edu/modlang/gasmit/grammar/nouns/plurals.htmhttp://www.wm.edu/modlang/gasmit/grammar/nouns/einword1.htmhttp://www.wm.edu/modlang/gasmit/grammar/nouns/derword1.htmhttp://www.wm.edu/modlang/gasmit/grammar/nouns/genfunc.htmhttp://www.wm.edu/modlang/gasmit/grammar/nouns/datfunc.htmhttp://www.wm.edu/modlang/gasmit/grammar/nouns/accfunc.htmhttp://www.wm.edu/modlang/gasmit/grammar/nouns/nomfunc.htmhttp://www.wm.edu/modlang/gasmit/grammar/nouns/case.htmhttp://www.wm.edu/modlang/gasmit/grammar/nouns/gender.htmhttp://www.wm.edu/modlang/gasmit/grammar/index.htmlhttp://www.wm.edu/modlang/gasmit/germanhttp://www.wm.edu/modlang/gasmit/grammar/refmnu.htmhttp://www.wm.edu/modlang/gasmit/grammar/verbpmnu.htmhttp://www.wm.edu/modlang/gasmit/grammar/verbsmnu.htmhttp://www.wm.edu/modlang/gasmit/grammar/verbomnu.htmhttp://www.wm.edu/modlang/gasmit/grammar/conjmnu.htmhttp://www.wm.edu/modlang/gasmit/grammar/adjdvmnu.htmhttp://www.wm.edu/modlang/gasmit/grammar/prepmnu.htmhttp://www.wm.edu/modlang/gasmit/grammar/ordrmnu.htmhttp://www.wm.edu/modlang/gasmit/grammar/verbmnu.htmhttp://www.wm.edu/modlang/gasmit/grammar/pronmnu.htmhttp://www.wm.edu/modlang/gasmit/grammar/nounmnu.htmhttp://www.wm.edu/modlang/gasmit/german


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Masculine Feminine Neuter

People

Objects

Possessives

Adjectives

der Sohnder Stuhl

mein Sohnmein junger Sohn

die Tochterdie Tr

meine Tochtermeine junge Tochter

das Kinddas Buch

mein Kindmein junges Kind

Summaries

Definite and indefinitearticles

der-word noun modifierendings

ein-word noun modifierendings

Case:

The function of a noun in a German sentence determines its case, which together with itsgenderdetermines the article, and the endings on modifiers and adjectives preceding the noun(or on the noun itself).

Nominative

Accusative

Dative

Genitive

Der junge Mann sitzt hier.Kennen Sie den jungen Mann?Ich gebe es dem jungen Mann.Wie ist der Name des jungen Mannes?

The young man is sitting here.Do you know the young man?I give it to the young man.What is the young man's name?

Summaries

Definite and indefinite

articles

der-word noun modifier

endings

ein-word noun modifier

endings

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Nominative Case - Functions

Nounsandpronounsuse the nominative case:

1. when they are the subject of the verb2. when they are a predicate nominative, i.e., complete a linking verb (e.g.,seinor

werden)

1) Der Mann bleibt hier.2) Das ist eine Bank.

The man is staying here.That is a bank.

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Nominative Case - Forms

http://www.wm.edu/modlang/gasmit/grammar/referenc/articles.htmhttp://www.wm.edu/modlang/gasmit/grammar/referenc/articles.htmhttp://www.wm.edu/modlang/gasmit/grammar/referenc/articles.htmhttp://www.wm.edu/modlang/gasmit/grammar/nouns/derword2.htmhttp://www.wm.edu/modlang/gasmit/grammar/nouns/derword2.htmhttp://www.wm.edu/modlang/gasmit/grammar/nouns/derword2.htmhttp://www.wm.edu/modlang/gasmit/grammar/nouns/derword2.htmhttp://www.wm.edu/modlang/gasmit/grammar/nouns/einword2.htmhttp://www.wm.edu/modlang/gasmit/grammar/nouns/einword2.htmhttp://www.wm.edu/modlang/gasmit/grammar/nouns/einword2.htmhttp://www.wm.edu/modlang/gasmit/grammar/nouns/einword2.htmhttp://www.wm.edu/modlang/gasmit/grammar/nouns/gender.htmhttp://www.wm.edu/modlang/gasmit/grammar/nouns/gender.htmhttp://www.wm.edu/modlang/gasmit/grammar/nouns/nomfunc.htmhttp://www.wm.edu/modlang/gasmit/grammar/nouns/nomfunc.htmhttp://www.wm.edu/modlang/gasmit/grammar/nouns/accfunc.htmhttp://www.wm.edu/modlang/gasmit/grammar/nouns/accfunc.htmhttp://www.wm.edu/modlang/gasmit/grammar/nouns/datfunc.htmhttp://www.wm.edu/modlang/gasmit/grammar/nouns/datfunc.htmhttp://www.wm.edu/modlang/gasmit/grammar/nouns/genfunc.htmhttp://www.wm.edu/modlang/gasmit/grammar/nouns/genfunc.htmhttp://www.wm.edu/modlang/gasmit/grammar/referenc/articles.htmhttp://www.wm.edu/modlang/gasmit/grammar/referenc/articles.htmhttp://www.wm.edu/modlang/gasmit/grammar/referenc/articles.htmhttp://www.wm.edu/modlang/gasmit/grammar/nouns/derword2.htmhttp://www.wm.edu/modlang/gasmit/grammar/nouns/derword2.htmhttp://www.wm.edu/modlang/gasmit/grammar/nouns/derword2.htmhttp://www.wm.edu/modlang/gasmit/grammar/nouns/derword2.htmhttp://www.wm.edu/modlang/gasmit/grammar/nouns/einword2.htmhttp://www.wm.edu/modlang/gasmit/grammar/nouns/einword2.htmhttp://www.wm.edu/modlang/gasmit/grammar/nouns/einword2.htmhttp://www.wm.edu/modlang/gasmit/grammar/nouns/einword2.htmhttp://www.wm.edu/modlang/gasmit/germanhttp://www.wm.edu/modlang/gasmit/germanhttp://www.wm.edu/modlang/gasmit/grammar/index.htmlhttp://www.wm.edu/modlang/gasmit/grammar/index.htmlhttp://www.wm.edu/modlang/gasmit/grammar/index.htmlhttp://www.wm.edu/modlang/gasmit/grammar/nounmnu.htmhttp://www.wm.edu/modlang/gasmit/grammar/nounmnu.htmhttp://www.wm.edu/modlang/gasmit/grammar/nounmnu.htmhttp://www.wm.edu/modlang/gasmit/grammar/nouns/case.htmhttp://www.wm.edu/modlang/gasmit/grammar/nouns/case.htmhttp://www.wm.edu/modlang/gasmit/grammar/nouns/nomform.htmhttp://www.wm.edu/modlang/gasmit/grammar/nouns/nomform.htmhttp://www.wm.edu/modlang/gasmit/grammar/nouns/nomform.htmhttp://www.wm.edu/modlang/gasmit/grammar/nouns/nomform.htmhttp://www.wm.edu/modlang/gasmit/grammar/nouns/nomform.htmhttp://www.wm.edu/modlang/gasmit/grammar/nouns/nomform.htmhttp://www.wm.edu/modlang/gasmit/webpractest/nouns/nomfunc.htmlhttp://www.wm.edu/modlang/gasmit/webpractest/nouns/nomfunc.htmlhttp://www.wm.edu/modlang/gasmit/grammar/nouns/nomform.htmhttp://www.wm.edu/modlang/gasmit/grammar/nouns/nomform.htmhttp://www.wm.edu/modlang/gasmit/grammar/pronouns/nomform.htmhttp://www.wm.edu/modlang/gasmit/grammar/pronouns/nomform.htmhttp://www.wm.edu/modlang/gasmit/grammar/pronouns/nomform.htmhttp://www.wm.edu/modlang/gasmit/germanhttp://www.wm.edu/modlang/gasmit/germanhttp://www.wm.edu/modlang/gasmit/grammar/index.htmlhttp://www.wm.edu/modlang/gasmit/grammar/index.htmlhttp://www.wm.edu/modlang/gasmit/grammar/index.htmlhttp://www.wm.edu/modlang/gasmit/grammar/nounmnu.htmhttp://www.wm.edu/modlang/gasmit/grammar/nounmnu.htmhttp://www.wm.edu/modlang/gasmit/grammar/nounmnu.htmhttp://www.wm.edu/modlang/gasmit/grammar/nouns/nomfunc.htmhttp://www.wm.edu/modlang/gasmit/grammar/nouns/nomfunc.htmhttp://www.wm.edu/modlang/gasmit/grammar/nouns/accfunc.htmhttp://www.wm.edu/modlang/gasmit/grammar/nouns/accfunc.htmhttp://www.wm.edu/modlang/gasmit/grammar/nouns/accfunc.htmhttp://www.wm.edu/modlang/gasmit/webpractest/nouns/nomform.htmlhttp://www.wm.edu/modlang/gasmit/webpractest/nouns/nomform.htmlhttp://www.wm.edu/modlang/gasmit/webpractest/nouns/nomform.htmlhttp://www.wm.edu/modlang/gasmit/grammar/nouns/accfunc.htmhttp://www.wm.edu/modlang/gasmit/grammar/nouns/nomfunc.htmhttp://www.wm.edu/modlang/gasmit/grammar/nounmnu.htmhttp://www.wm.edu/modlang/gasmit/grammar/index.htmlhttp://www.wm.edu/modlang/gasmit/germanhttp://www.wm.edu/modlang/gasmit/grammar/pronouns/nomform.htmhttp://www.wm.edu/modlang/gasmit/grammar/nouns/nomform.htmhttp://www.wm.edu/modlang/gasmit/webpractest/nouns/nomfunc.htmlhttp://www.wm.edu/modlang/gasmit/grammar/nouns/nomform.htmhttp://www.wm.edu/modlang/gasmit/grammar/nouns/nomform.htmhttp://www.wm.edu/modlang/gasmit/grammar/nouns/case.htmhttp://www.wm.edu/modlang/gasmit/grammar/nounmnu.htmhttp://www.wm.edu/modlang/gasmit/grammar/index.htmlhttp://www.wm.edu/modlang/gasmit/germanhttp://www.wm.edu/modlang/gasmit/grammar/nouns/einword2.htmhttp://www.wm.edu/modlang/gasmit/grammar/nouns/einword2.htmhttp://www.wm.edu/modlang/gasmit/grammar/nouns/derword2.htmhttp://www.wm.edu/modlang/gasmit/grammar/nouns/derword2.htmhttp://www.wm.edu/modlang/gasmit/grammar/referenc/articles.htmhttp://www.wm.edu/modlang/gasmit/grammar/referenc/articles.htmhttp://www.wm.edu/modlang/gasmit/grammar/nouns/genfunc.htmhttp://www.wm.edu/modlang/gasmit/grammar/nouns/datfunc.htmhttp://www.wm.edu/modlang/gasmit/grammar/nouns/accfunc.htmhttp://www.wm.edu/modlang/gasmit/grammar/nouns/nomfunc.htmhttp://www.wm.edu/modlang/gasmit/grammar/nouns/gender.htmhttp://www.wm.edu/modlang/gasmit/grammar/nouns/einword2.htmhttp://www.wm.edu/modlang/gasmit/grammar/nouns/einword2.htmhttp://www.wm.edu/modlang/gasmit/grammar/nouns/derword2.htmhttp://www.wm.edu/modlang/gasmit/grammar/nouns/derword2.htmhttp://www.wm.edu/modlang/gasmit/grammar/referenc/articles.htmhttp://www.wm.edu/modlang/gasmit/grammar/referenc/articles.htm


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The definite and indefinite articles in the nominative case are:

MasculineFeminine Neuter Plural

Definite

Indefinite

der Mann

ein Mann

die Frau

eine Frau

das Kind

ein Kind

die Leute

keine Leute

Other noun modifiers follow the same pattern:

Masculine Feminine Neuter Plural

der-words

ein-words

dieser Mannmein Mann

welche Frauseine Frau

jedes Kindihr Kind

manche Leutedeine Leute


Accusative Case - Functions

Nounsandpronounsuse the accusative case:

1. when they are the direct object of a verb2. when they are the object of anaccusative preposition3. when they are the object of anaccusative/dative preposition4. when they are used in an expression of definite time5. when they are used in conjunction with certainspecial expressions.

1) Ich sehe den Mann.2) Wir gehen durch das Haus.3) Sie geht in einen Laden.4) Er macht das jeden Abend.5) Wir sind ihn endlich los!

I see the man.We go through the house.She goes into a store.He does that every evening.We finally are rid of him!

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Accusative Case - Forms

The definite and indefinite articles in the accusative case are:


Definite

Indefinite

den Manneinen Mann

die Fraueine Frau

das Kindein Kind

die Leutekeine Leute

Other noun modifiers follow the same pattern:


http://www.wm.edu/modlang/gasmit/grammar/nouns/gender.htmhttp://www.wm.edu/modlang/gasmit/grammar/nouns/gender.htmhttp://www.wm.edu/modlang/gasmit/grammar/nouns/gender.htmhttp://www.wm.edu/modlang/gasmit/grammar/nouns/gender.htmhttp://www.wm.edu/modlang/gasmit/grammar/nouns/gender.htmhttp://www.wm.edu/modlang/gasmit/grammar/nouns/gender.htmhttp://www.wm.edu/modlang/gasmit/grammar/nouns/plurals.htmhttp://www.wm.edu/modlang/gasmit/grammar/nouns/plurals.htmhttp://www.wm.edu/modlang/gasmit/grammar/nouns/gender.htmhttp://www.wm.edu/modlang/gasmit/grammar/nouns/gender.htmhttp://www.wm.edu/modlang/gasmit/grammar/nouns/gender.htmhttp://www.wm.edu/modlang/gasmit/grammar/nouns/gender.htmhttp://www.wm.edu/modlang/gasmit/grammar/nouns/gender.htmhttp://www.wm.edu/modlang/gasmit/grammar/nouns/gender.htmhttp://www.wm.edu/modlang/gasmit/grammar/nouns/plurals.htmhttp://www.wm.edu/modlang/gasmit/grammar/nouns/plurals.htmhttp://www.wm.edu/modlang/gasmit/grammar/nouns/derword1.htmhttp://www.wm.edu/modlang/gasmit/grammar/nouns/derword1.htmhttp://www.wm.edu/modlang/gasmit/grammar/nouns/einword1.htmhttp://www.wm.edu/modlang/gasmit/grammar/nouns/einword1.htmhttp://www.wm.edu/modlang/gasmit/germanhttp://www.wm.edu/modlang/gasmit/germanhttp://www.wm.edu/modlang/gasmit/grammar/index.htmlhttp://www.wm.edu/modlang/gasmit/grammar/index.htmlhttp://www.wm.edu/modlang/gasmit/grammar/index.htmlhttp://www.wm.edu/modlang/gasmit/grammar/nounmnu.htmhttp://www.wm.edu/modlang/gasmit/grammar/nounmnu.htmhttp://www.wm.edu/modlang/gasmit/grammar/nounmnu.htmhttp://www.wm.edu/modlang/gasmit/grammar/nouns/nomform.htmhttp://www.wm.edu/modlang/gasmit/grammar/nouns/nomform.htmhttp://www.wm.edu/modlang/gasmit/grammar/nouns/accform.htmhttp://www.wm.edu/modlang/gasmit/grammar/nouns/accform.htmhttp://www.wm.edu/modlang/gasmit/grammar/nouns/accform.htmhttp://www.wm.edu/modlang/gasmit/grammar/nouns/accform.htmhttp://www.wm.edu/modlang/gasmit/grammar/nouns/accform.htmhttp://www.wm.edu/modlang/gasmit/grammar/nouns/accform.htmhttp://www.wm.edu/modlang/gasmit/webpractest/nouns/accfunc.htmlhttp://www.wm.edu/modlang/gasmit/webpractest/nouns/accfunc.htmlhttp://www.wm.edu/modlang/gasmit/grammar/nouns/accform.htmhttp://www.wm.edu/modlang/gasmit/grammar/nouns/accform.htmhttp://www.wm.edu/modlang/gasmit/grammar/pronouns/accform.htmhttp://www.wm.edu/modlang/gasmit/grammar/pronouns/accform.htmhttp://www.wm.edu/modlang/gasmit/grammar/pronouns/accform.htmhttp://www.wm.edu/modlang/gasmit/grammar/preposit/accpreps.htmhttp://www.wm.edu/modlang/gasmit/grammar/preposit/accpreps.htmhttp://www.wm.edu/modlang/gasmit/grammar/preposit/accpreps.htmhttp://www.wm.edu/modlang/gasmit/grammar/preposit/accdat1.htmhttp://www.wm.edu/modlang/gasmit/grammar/preposit/accdat1.htmhttp://www.wm.edu/modlang/gasmit/grammar/preposit/accdat1.htmhttp://www.wm.edu/modlang/gasmit/grammar/adjadvs/specadj.htmhttp://www.wm.edu/modlang/gasmit/grammar/adjadvs/specadj.htmhttp://www.wm.edu/modlang/gasmit/grammar/adjadvs/specadj.htmhttp://www.wm.edu/modlang/gasmit/germanhttp://www.wm.edu/modlang/gasmit/germanhttp://www.wm.edu/modlang/gasmit/grammar/index.htmlhttp://www.wm.edu/modlang/gasmit/grammar/index.htmlhttp://www.wm.edu/modlang/gasmit/grammar/index.htmlhttp://www.wm.edu/modlang/gasmit/grammar/nounmnu.htmhttp://www.wm.edu/modlang/gasmit/grammar/nounmnu.htmhttp://www.wm.edu/modlang/gasmit/grammar/nounmnu.htmhttp://www.wm.edu/modlang/gasmit/grammar/nouns/accfunc.htmhttp://www.wm.edu/modlang/gasmit/grammar/nouns/accfunc.htmhttp://www.wm.edu/modlang/gasmit/grammar/nouns/datfunc.htmhttp://www.wm.edu/modlang/gasmit/grammar/nouns/datfunc.htmhttp://www.wm.edu/modlang/gasmit/grammar/nouns/datfunc.htmhttp://www.wm.edu/modlang/gasmit/webpractest/nouns/accform.htmlhttp://www.wm.edu/modlang/gasmit/webpractest/nouns/accform.htmlhttp://www.wm.edu/modlang/gasmit/grammar/nouns/gender.htmhttp://www.wm.edu/modlang/gasmit/grammar/nouns/gender.htmhttp://www.wm.edu/modlang/gasmit/grammar/nouns/gender.htmhttp://www.wm.edu/modlang/gasmit/grammar/nouns/gender.htmhttp://www.wm.edu/modlang/gasmit/grammar/nouns/gender.htmhttp://www.wm.edu/modlang/gasmit/grammar/nouns/gender.htmhttp://www.wm.edu/modlang/gasmit/grammar/nouns/plurals.htmhttp://www.wm.edu/modlang/gasmit/grammar/nouns/plurals.htmhttp://www.wm.edu/modlang/gasmit/grammar/nouns/gender.htmhttp://www.wm.edu/modlang/gasmit/grammar/nouns/gender.htmhttp://www.wm.edu/modlang/gasmit/grammar/nouns/gender.htmhttp://www.wm.edu/modlang/gasmit/grammar/nouns/gender.htmhttp://www.wm.edu/modlang/gasmit/grammar/nouns/gender.htmhttp://www.wm.edu/modlang/gasmit/grammar/nouns/gender.htmhttp://www.wm.edu/modlang/gasmit/grammar/nouns/plurals.htmhttp://www.wm.edu/modlang/gasmit/grammar/nouns/plurals.htmhttp://www.wm.edu/modlang/gasmit/grammar/nouns/plurals.htmhttp://www.wm.edu/modlang/gasmit/grammar/nouns/gender.htmhttp://www.wm.edu/modlang/gasmit/grammar/nouns/gender.htmhttp://www.wm.edu/modlang/gasmit/grammar/nouns/gender.htmhttp://www.wm.edu/modlang/gasmit/grammar/nouns/plurals.htmhttp://www.wm.edu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der-words

ein-words

diesen Mannmeinen Mann

welche Frauseine Frau

jedes Kindihr Kind

manche Leutedeine Leute

Note that these articles differ from thenominative casearticles only for masculine nouns.

Some masculine nouns, primarily those which denote a male person, add an -(e)nending tothe noun itself in the accusative case. These are calledmasculine N-nouns.They are listed inthe dictionary as with an extra -enending before the plural ending, e.g., der Mensch, -en, -en.


Dative Case - Functions

Nounsandpronounsuse the dative case:

1. when they are the indirect object of a verb2. when they are the object of adative preposition3. when they are the object of anaccusative/dative preposition4. when they are the object of averb which requires the dative5. when they are used in conjunction with certainspecial expressions.

1) Er gibt ihr zehn Mark.2) Was hren Sie von ihm?3) Das liegt auf dem Stuhl.

4) Ich danke Ihnen sehr.5) Sei mir nicht bse!

He gives her ten marks.What do you hear from him?That is lying on the chair.

I thank you very much.Don't be angry with me!

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Der-word noun modifiers

The following noun modifiers use the same endings as the definite article. (das= -es, die= -e):

dieser(with singular and plural nouns) = this, these mancher(primarily with plural nouns) = many jeder(only with singular nouns) = every, each

solcher(primarily with plural nouns) = such welcher(with singular and plural nouns) = which?

Mit welcher Gruppe fhrt er?Sie kennt diesen Mann.Ich habe jeden Film gesehen.Solche Leute machen mich irre.

With which group is he travelling?She knows this man.I have seen every film.Such people drive me crazy.

Summary of der-word noun modifier endings

The endings on der-word noun modifiers for all genders and cases are as follows:

MasculineFeminineNeuterPlural

Nominative

Accusative

DativeGenitive

dieserdiesen

diesemdieses

diesediese

dieserdieser

diesesdieses

diesemdieses

diesediese

diesendieser

Ein-word noun modifiers

The following noun modifiers use the same endings as the indefinite article:

Possessive adjectives

mein = mydein = your (from du)sein = his, itsihr = her, its

uns(e)r = oureu(e)r = your (from ihr)ihr = theirIhr = your (from Sie)

and

kein= no, not any

Suchst du deine Handtasche?Ja, ich brauche meinen Lippenstift. Are you looking for yourpurse?

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Haben eure Eltern kein Auto?Er hat seine Wsche gewaschen.

Yes, I need my lipstick.Don't your parents have a

car?He washed his laundry.

Summary of ein-word noun modifier endings

The endings on ein-word noun modifiers for all genders and cases are as follows:

MasculineFeminine Neuter Plural

Nominative

Accusative

Dative

Genitive

meinmeinenmeinemmeines

meinemeinemeinermeiner

meinmeinmeinemmeines

meinemeinemeinenmeiner

These are the same endings as those onder-word noun modifiers,except for the three formswith no ending.

Plurals of nouns

German noun plurals follow one of the following patterns:

- no ending(stem vowel may change to Umlaut form):das Fenster, die Fenster

der Garten, die Grten-eending(stem vowel may change to Umlaut form):der Tisch, die Tische

der Stuhl, die Sthle-erending(a , o , u ,and austem vowels change to Umlaut form):

das Kind, die Kinderdas Buch, die Bcher-en , -n , or -nenending(stem vowel does not change):die Frau, die Frauen

die Studentin, die Studentinnen-sending(stem vowel does not change):das Auto, die Autos

das Radio, die RadiosWhile some rules may help you predict how a specific noun forms its plural, you mustgenerally memorize the plural form with the noun and its gender.

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Pronouns

A. Personal pronouns1. duandihrvs. Sie2. Possible meanings ofsie

3.

Gender agreement4. The non-specific pronoun man

B. Interrogative pronounsC. Demonstrative pronounsD. Relative pronounsE. Reflexive pronouns

Personal pronouns - nominative case

The personal pronouns in thenominative caseare:

Singular Plural Singular & Plural

ich = I wir = we

du = you (informal) ihr = you (informal plural) Sie = you (formal)

er = he, it (masculine)sie = she, it (feminine)es = it (neuter)

sie = they

duand ihrvs. Sie

The proper German pronoun for "you" depends upon your closeness to the person you areaddressing:

Sieand its related forms are used when addressing one or several persons whom youwould normally call by the last name.

Duand its related forms are used when addressing one person (ihrmore than oneperson) whom you normally would call by the first name.

Herr Schmidt, kennen Sie meine Frau?Robert, hast du meinen Hut?Kinder, ihr seid zu laut!

Mr. Schmidt, are you acquainted with my wife?Robert, do you have my hat?Children, you are too loud!

Possible meanings of sie

http://www.wm.edu/modlang/gasmit/grammar/pronouns/nomform.htmhttp://www.wm.edu/modlang/gasmit/grammar/pronouns/nomform.htmhttp://www.wm.edu/modlang/gasmit/grammar/pronouns/duihrsie.htmhttp://www.wm.edu/modlang/gasmit/grammar/pronouns/duihrsie.htmhttp://www.wm.edu/modlang/gasmit/grammar/pronouns/duihrsie.htmhttp://www.wm.edu/modlang/gasmit/grammar/pronouns/duihrsie.htmhttp://www.wm.edu/modlang/gasmit/grammar/pronouns/duihrsie.htmhttp://www.wm.edu/modlang/gasmit/grammar/pronouns/duihrsie.htmhttp://www.wm.edu/modlang/gasmit/grammar/pronouns/siemean.htmhttp://www.wm.edu/modlang/gasmit/grammar/pronouns/siemean.htmhttp://www.wm.edu/modlang/gasmit/grammar/pronouns/siemean.htmhttp://www.wm.edu/modlang/gasmit/grammar/pronouns/gndagree.htmhttp://www.wm.edu/modlang/gasmit/grammar/pronouns/gndagree.htmhttp://www.wm.edu/modlang/gasmit/grammar/pronouns/man.htmhttp://www.wm.edu/modlang/gasmit/grammar/pronouns/man.htmhttp://www.wm.edu/modlang/gasmit/grammar/pronouns/man.htmhttp://www.wm.edu/modlang/gasmit/grammar/pronouns/interrog.htmhttp://www.wm.edu/modlang/gasmit/grammar/pronouns/interrog.htmhttp://www.wm.edu/modlang/gasmit/grammar/pronouns/demonst.htmhttp://www.wm.edu/modlang/gasmit/grammar/pronouns/demonst.htmhttp://www.wm.edu/modlang/gasmit/grammar/pronouns/relfunc.htmhttp://www.wm.edu/modlang/gasmit/grammar/pronouns/relfunc.htmhttp://www.wm.edu/modlang/gasmit/grammar/pronouns/reflfunc.htmhttp://www.wm.edu/modlang/gasmit/grammar/pronouns/reflfunc.htmhttp://www.wm.edu/modlang/gasmit/grammar/nouns/nomfunc.htmhttp://www.wm.edu/modlang/gasmit/grammar/nouns/nomfunc.htmhttp://www.wm.edu/modlang/gasmit/grammar/nouns/nomfunc.htmhttp://www.wm.edu/modlang/gasmit/grammar/nouns/nomfunc.htmhttp://www.wm.edu/modlang/gasmit/grammar/pronouns/reflfunc.htmhttp://www.wm.edu/modlang/gasmit/grammar/pronouns/relfunc.htmhttp://www.wm.edu/modlang/gasmit/grammar/pronouns/demonst.htmhttp://www.wm.edu/modlang/gasmit/grammar/pronouns/interrog.htmhttp://www.wm.edu/modlang/gasmit/grammar/pronouns/man.htmhttp://www.wm.edu/modlang/gasmit/grammar/pronouns/gndagree.htmhttp://www.wm.edu/modlang/gasmit/grammar/pronouns/siemean.htmhttp://www.wm.edu/modlang/gasmit/grammar/pronouns/duihrsie.htmhttp://www.wm.edu/modlang/gasmit/grammar/pronouns/nomform.htm


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Depending upon its context, the pronounsiecan have various meanings.

1.

When it is capitalized and does not begin a sentence, it always means "you"(formal -

singular or plural).

2. When it is not capitalized and appears as the subject of a singular verb, it means "she"("it"if

it refers to an object of feminine grammatical gender).3. When it is not capitalized and appears as the subject of a plural verb, it means "they".

4.

When it is used as the direct object of a verb, it can mean "her"("it"if it refers to an object

of feminine grammatical gender), or "them".

1) Was meinen Sie dazu?

2) Was meint sie dazu?

3) Ich fahre sie durch die Stadt.

What do you think of that?

What does she think of that?

I drive her (or them) through the town.

Gender agreement

In English, only pronouns referring to people show gender differentiation (the woman -she/her, the man - he/him). In German, pronouns referring to objects also show genderdifferentiation. Thus er / ihn / ihmare used to refer to masculine nouns,sie / sie / ihrto refer

to feminine nouns, and es / es / ihmto refer to neuter nouns. All translate into English as "it."

Ich mchte diese Jacke,aber ich kann sie mir nicht leisten.Er braucht einen Wagen,aber er kann ihn sich nicht leisten.

I would like this jacket, but I can't afford it.

He needs a car, but he can't afford it.

The non-specific pronoun man

The pronoun mancan be translated as "one, they, you (in an unspecified reference), people,someone," etc. It is used for generalized assertions or questions, and insubstitutes for passivevoiceexpressions. It only appears as the subject of a singular verb. The correspondingaccusative and dative forms are einenand einem.

Man lernt viel durch Lesen.

Man sagt, es soll heiss werden.

Man hat das schon erklrt.

One learns a lot through reading.

They say it's supposed to get hot.

Someone already explained that.

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Man tut, was einem gefllt. People do whatever pleases them.

Interrogative pronouns

Interrogative pronouns introduce questions. In the variouscases,their forms are as follows:

For persons For things

Nominative

Accusative

Dative

Genitive

wer = who

wen = whom

wem = whom

wessen = whose

was = what

was (orwo-compound)= what

was (orwo-compound)= what

Wer hat das gesagt?

Was hast du gesagt?

Wem hast du das gesagt?

Who said that?

What did you say?

To whom did you say that?

Demonstrative pronouns

Demonstrative pronouns emphasize the thing or person being referred to. In German, theyhave the same form as the definite articles, except for the dative plural and genitive singularand plural and plural forms.

MasculineFeminineNeuter Plural

Nominative

Accusative

Dative

Genitive

der

den

dem

dessen

die

die

der

deren

das

das

dem

dessen

die

die

denen

deren

Welchen Bleistift mchtest du?

Ich mchte den.

Mit welchem Auto fhrst du am liebsten?

Ich fahre am liebsten mit dem.

Which pencil would you like?

I would like that one.

In which car do you like best to ride?

I like best to ride in that one.

Relative pronouns - function

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Relative pronouns introduce relative clauses, which specify a fact about an object or a person.Thegenderof the relative pronoun is determined by the gender of the word to which it refers,and itscaseis determined by its function in the relative clause. Relative clauses usedependent word order.

Der Mann, den wir heute getroffen haben, arbeitet in

Berlin.

Ich kenne seine Frau, die oft mit ihm reist.

The man whom we met today works inBerlin.

I know his wife, who often travels with

him.

Reflexive pronouns - function

Reflexive pronouns refer back to the subject of the sentence. They are used most frequentlywithreflexive verbsin either theaccusativeordativecase, depending upon the meaning ofthe verb.

Ich ziehe mich schnell an.

Ich ziehe mir schnell Schuhe an.

Sie wscht sich.

Sie wscht sich die Haare.

I get (myself) dressed quickly.

I put my shoes on quickly.

She washes (herself).

She washes her hair.

Verbs, present tense

A. Regular verbs

B. Verbs with stem vowel change

C. Present tense verb form - meanings

D.

The verb sein(to be)

E.

The verb haben(to have)

F. The verb werden(to become, get)

G. The verb lassen(to let, have done)

H. Verbs with separable prefixes

I. Modal auxiliary verbs

J.

Command forms

K.

Reflexive verbs

L. Verbs with special objects

M. The verb expressions for "like, not like, would like"

N. es gibt(there is, are)

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Regular verbs

The regular verbs in the present tense follow the pattern: infinitive stem + personal ending

Personal pronouns


ich gehe wir gehen

du gehst ihr geht Sie gehen

er geht

sie gehtes geht

sie gehen

Verbs with stem vowel change

A number of verbs change their stem vowel in the du and er / sie / es forms of the presenttense. The stem vowel changes area > ,e > ie,ande > i.

Personal pronouns


ich sehe wir sehen

du siehst ihr seht Sie sehen

er sieht

sie sieht

es sieht

sie sehen

Present tense verb form - meanings

The one-word present tense form in German can correspond to one- or multi-word presenttense verb forms in English.

Er arbeitet bis zehn Uhr. He is working until ten o'clock.

http://www.wm.edu/modlang/gasmit/grammar/pronouns/nomform.htmhttp://www.wm.edu/modlang/gasmit/grammar/pronouns/nomform.htmhttp://www.wm.edu/modlang/gasmit/grammar/referenc/a2aestem.htmhttp://www.wm.edu/modlang/gasmit/grammar/referenc/a2aestem.htmhttp://www.wm.edu/modlang/gasmit/grammar/referenc/a2aestem.htmhttp://www.wm.edu/modlang/gasmit/grammar/referenc/e2iestem.htmhttp://www.wm.edu/modlang/gasmit/grammar/referenc/e2iestem.htmhttp://www.wm.edu/modlang/gasmit/grammar/referenc/e2iestem.htmhttp://www.wm.edu/modlang/gasmit/grammar/referenc/e2istem.htmhttp://www.wm.edu/modlang/gasmit/grammar/referenc/e2istem.htmhttp://www.wm.edu/modlang/gasmit/grammar/referenc/e2istem.htmhttp://www.wm.edu/modlang/gasmit/grammar/pronouns/nomform.htmhttp://www.wm.edu/modlang/gasmit/grammar/pronouns/nomform.htmhttp://www.wm.edu/modlang/gasmit/grammar/pronouns/nomform.htmhttp://www.wm.edu/modlang/gasmit/grammar/referenc/e2istem.htmhttp://www.wm.edu/modlang/gasmit/grammar/referenc/e2iestem.htmhttp://www.wm.edu/modlang/gasmit/grammar/referenc/a2aestem.htmhttp://www.wm.edu/modlang/gasmit/grammar/pronouns/nomform.htm


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Hast du meinen Bleistift?Warum fragt sie ihn nicht?Sie glauben das, nicht?

Do you have my pencil?Why doesn't she ask him?You do believe that, don't you?

The verb sein(to be)

The present tense forms of the verbseinare:

Personal pronouns


ich bin wir sind

du bist ihr seid Sie sind

er ist

sie ist

es ist

sie sind

The verb haben(to have)

The present tense forms of the verb habenare:

Personal pronouns


ich habe wir haben

du hast ihr habt Sie haben

er hat

sie hat

es hat

sie haben

The verb werden(to become, get)

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The present tense forms of the verb werdenare:

Personal pronouns


ich werde wir werden

du wirst ihr werdet Sie werden

er wird

sie wird

es wird

sie werden

The verb lassen(to let, have done)

The present tense forms of the verb lassenare:

Personal pronouns


ich lasse wir lassen

du lsst ihr lasst Sie lassen

er lsst

sie lsst

es lsst

sie lassen

Verbs with separable prefixes

Many German verbs have a prefix in their infinitive form, which separates from the verb incertain sentence structures and appears at the end of the phrase. If the sentence structurerequires that the whole verb appear at the end of the phrase (e.g., independent clauses), thetwo parts are unified; if not, they are separated.

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List of separable prefix verbs

Erich macht das Fenster auf.

Eric hat das Fenster aufgemacht.

Eric, mach das Fenster auf!

Eric will das Fenster aufmachen.

Erich sagt, dass er das Fenster aufmacht.

Eric is opening the window.

Eric has opened the window.

Eric, open the window!

Eric wants to open the window.

Erich says that he is opening the window.

Modal auxiliary verbs - function

Modal auxiliary verbs express relations (such as permission, obligation, ability, etc.) betweenthe doers of actions and the actions themselves. The singular forms of German modalauxiliary verbs use special stems.

Infinitive Singular stem Meaning

drfenknnenmgenmssensollen

wollen

darfkannmagmusssoll

will

to be permitted to, mayto be able to, canto like toto have to, mustto be supposed to, should

to want to

Modal auxiliary verbs - forms

The present tense forms of the modal auxiliary verbs use the special stem in the singular andthe infinitive stem in the plural. The ich-and er / sie / es-forms take no personal ending.

Personal pronouns


ich kann wir knnen

du kannst ihr knnt Sie knnen

er kann

sie kann

sie knnen

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es kann

Command forms

The form of a command depends upon the speaker's relationship to the person(s) being

addressed. Three forms are possible:

1. the duform, for one person whom one calls by the first name,2. the ihrform, for several people whom one calls by the first name,3. the Sieform, for one or several people whom one calls by the last name.

1) Franz, komm herein!2) Jens und Petra, kommt herein!3) Herr Braun, kommen Sie herein!Herr und Frau Schmidt, kommen Sie herein!

Come in!

The ducommand form

Commands to persons whom the speaker addresses withduuse the verb stem associated withduin statements and questions, but with no ending or with an optional -e ending. This meansthat verbs with 1) ane > ior 2) ane > ievowel change use the changed vowel in thecommand form. Verbs with 3) ana > or au > uvowel change, however, use the originalvowel in the command form. 4) Some irregular forms occur.

1) Gib uns etwas Geld!

2) Lies diesen Artikel!

3) Laufe nicht so schnell!

4) Werde nicht bse auf mich!

Give us some money!

Read this article!

Don't run so fast!

Don't get angry at me!

The ihr command form

Commands to a group of persons whom the speaker addresses individually with duuse thesame verb form as that associated withihrin statements and questions.

Freunde, helft mir!

Kinder, seid ruhig, bitte!

Macht das noch einmal!

Friends, help me!

Children, be quiet, please!

Do that once more!

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The Siecommand form

Commands to a person or group of persons whom the speaker addresses withSieuse thesame verb form as that associated with Siein statements and questions. The pronoun Sieisincluded in the command. The command form forsein(to be) uses an irregular form.

Bleiben Sie etwas lnger!

Fahren Sie mit uns!

Seien Sie vorsichtig!

Stay a little longer!

Ride with us!

Be careful!

Reflexive verbs

A reflexive verb requires areflexive pronounwhen it refers to an action affecting the subjectof the sentence. Generally, the same verb can also be used non-reflexively, if it refers to anaction affecting someone or something other than the subject. The reflexive pronoun can beeither in theaccusativeordativecase, depending upon its function in the sentence.

List of reflexive verbs

Ich wasche mich schnell.

Ich wasche mir schnell das Gesicht.

Ich wasche schnell das Auto.

I wash (myself) quickly.

I wash my face quickly.

I wash the car quickly.

Verbs with special objects

Some verbs takedative,rather than accusative objects. Even though they translate into directobject expressions in English, they can often be interpreted as a giving of something tosomebody, and this implies that the object is really an indirect object.

Sie hilft mir mit meiner Arbeit. She helps (gives assistance to) me with my work.

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Other German verbs take genitiveobjects. They belong more to a literary than aconversational style, and usually translate into English expressions containing "of".

Ich entsinne mich dessen nicht. I don't remember (have no recollection of) that.

Expressions meaning "to like"

"To like doing something" is expressed by:

1.

gern+ verb2. gefallen + zu+ verb infinitive

1) Wir spielen gern Tennis.2) Es gefllt uns, Tennis zu spielen.

We like to play tennis.We like playing tennis.

"To like somebody or something" is expressed by:

1. gern haben+ object2. subject +gefallen+ dative object.

1) Wir haben Tennis gern.2) Tennis gefllt uns.

We like tennis.We like tennis.

Expressions meaning "to not like"

"To not like doing something" is expressed by:

1. nicht gern+ verb2. nicht gefallen + zu+ verb infinitive

1. Er spielt nicht gern Tennis.2. Es gefllt ihm nicht, Tennis zu spielen.

He doesn't like to play tennis.He doesn't like to play tennis.

"To not like somebody or something" is expressed by:

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1. nicht gern haben+ object2. subject + nicht gefallen+ dative object3. nicht mgen+ object

1. Er hat Tennis nicht gern.

2. Tennis gefllt ihm nicht.3. Er mag Tennis nicht.

He doesn't like tennis.

He doesn't like tennis.He doesn't like tennis.

Expressions meaning "would like"

"Would like to do something" is expressed by: mchten+ verb

Ich mchte Tennis spielen.Sie mchte Wein bestellen.

I would like to play tennis.She would like to order wine.

"Would like something" is expressed by:

1. mchten+ object2. htten gern+ object

Ich mchte ein Glas Wein.Ich htte gern ein Glas Wein.

I would like a glass of wine.I would like a glass of wine.

Es gibt(there is, are)

To make a general statement or question about the existence of something, German uses theexpression es gibt. Since the thing referred to is the direct object of the verbgeben, it appearsin theaccusative case.The verb is always singular, because its subject is always es.

Es gibt viele Autos in den USA.

Gibt es eine Bckerei in der Nhe?

Hier gibt es keinen Spielplatz fr die Kinder.

There are lots of cars in the U.S.

Is there a bakery in the vicinity?

There is no playground here for the children.

Word order

A.

StatementsB.

Questions

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C.

Commands

D. Negation with nicht

E. Negation with kein

F. Dependent clauses

G. Direct and indirect objects of verbs

H.

Time, manner and place expressionsI.

Infinitive phrases with zu

Statements

In statements, the conjugated verb always constitutes the second component of the sentence.

1. The subject may precede it, as in English, or2. some other component which normally follows the verb may precede it, in which case

the subject immediately follows the conjugated verb.

1) Das Wetter ist heute kalt.2) Heute ist das Wetter kalt.

The weather is cold today.Today the weather is cold.

QuestionsIn questions which ask for a specific piece of information, the word order follows the pattern:

Question word(QW) - verb(V) - subject(S) - predicate components(PC)

Was(QW) machen(V) Sie(S) heute abend(PC)?What are you doing this evening?

In questions which ask for a yes or no response, the word order follows the pattern:Verb(V) - subject(S) - predicate components(PC)

Gehen(V) Sie(S) in die Stadt(PC)?Are you going into the city?

Commands

In commands, the verb is the first component.

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1.

In theSiecommand form, it is followed by the subject pronoun.

2. Theduandihrcommand forms omit the subject pronoun.

1) Bleiben Sie noch ein paar Minuten, Frau Petersen!

2) Lass mich in Ruhe, Markus!

Macht eure Hausaufgaben, Kinder!

Stay a few minutes more, Mrs. Petersen!

Leave me in peace, Markus!

Do your homework, children!

Negation withnicht

Nichtnegates 1) verbs, 2) adjectives, 3) adverbs, 4) prepositional phrases, and 5) nouns

preceded by a definite article or 6) a possessive.

1) Die Sonne scheint nicht.2) Der Winter war nicht kalt.3) Wir fahren nicht schnell.4) Ich gehe nicht ins Bro.5) Er ist nicht der Chef.6) Sie ist nicht meine Frau.

The sun is not shining.The winter was not cold.We're not driving fast.I'm not going to the office.He is not the boss.She is not my wife.

Position of nicht

The position of nichtin a negative sentence varies, but generally follows these rules:

Nichtfollows 1) the verb in second position in a declarative statement, 2) the subject in aquestion, 3) objects of the verb (especially pronoun objects), and 4) adverbs of specific time.

1) Ich kann nicht gehen.2) Wollen Sie nicht gehen?3) Sie gibt ihm das Buch nicht.4) Wir fahren heute abend nicht.

I can't go.Don't you want to go?She won't give him the book.We're not travelling this evening.

Nichtprecedes 1) predicate adjectives (i.e., those which complete the meaning of a linkingverb, such asseinor bleiben), 2) predicate nouns (same definition as for predicate adjectives),3) adverbs (except for those denoting specific time), 4) prepositional phrases.

1) Es bleibt nicht warm.2) Ich bin nicht Herr Grn.

It won't stay warm.I'm not Mr. Grn.

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3) Er fhrt nicht zu schnell.4) Wir gehen nicht nach Hause.

He isn't driving too fast.We won't go home.

Since there is considerable flexibility in the position of nicht, one should simply place itwhere it sounds right after some practice.

Negation with kein

Keinnegates nouns preceded by 1) an indefinite article, or 2) no article.

1) Kaufst du eine Batterie?

Nein, ich kaufe keine Batterie.

2) Hat das Geschft Aspirin?

Nein, es hat kein Aspirin.

Are you buying a battery?

No, I am not buying a battery.

Does the store have aspirin?

No, it has no aspirin.

The endings added tokeinare determined by thegenderandcaseof the noun following it.

Dependent clauses

Dependent clauses are sentence parts which contain the components of a complete sentence(subject - verb - predicate), but require another (independent) clause to complete theirmeaning. They can be introduced in a number of ways:

1. by asubordinating conjunction

2. by arelative pronoun.

1) Wir bleiben zu Hause, weil es regnet.

2) Der Mann, der dort sitzt, ist Amerikaner.

We are staying at home, because it is raining.

The man who is sitting there is an American.

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Dependent clauses - word order

In a dependent clause, the conjugated verb appears at the end of the clause. All other

elements of the clause remain in their normal position.

Ich weiss nicht, ob er schon zu Hause ist.Das Auto, das vor der Bank steht, gehrtmeinem Vater.

I don't know if he is already at home.The car that is standing in front of the bank

belongs to my father.

Dependent, independent clauses - word order

When a dependent clause precedes an independent clause, the conjugated verbs are the lastcomponent of the first clause and the first component of the second clause. Thus the twoverbs always appear on either side of the comma which separates the clauses.

Wenn ich ihn sehe, grsse ich ihn von Ihnen.Dass sie das gesagt hat, berrascht mich.

When I see him, I'll give him your greetings.That she said that, surprises me.

Direct and indirect objects of verbs

When a verb has a direct and an indirect object, the direct object is

1. the second of the two if it is a noun,2. the first of the two if it is a pronoun.

1) Wir geben dem Mann das Buch.2) Wir geben es dem Mann.

We give the man the book.We give it to the man.

Time, manner and place expressions



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In sentences containing expressions relating to the time(T), manner(M), or place(P) of anaction, these expressions generally appear in that order. Also, more general timeexpressions(GT) usually precede more specific ones(ST). Any of these expressions can beemphasized by placing it first in a sentence.

Sie fhrt heute(T) mit dem Bus(M) in die Stadt(P).Sie fhrt morgen(GT) um zwei Uhr(ST) mit dem

Zug(M) nach Frankfurt(P).

She is travelling by bus to the city today.She is travelling by train to Frankfurttomorrow at two o'clock.

Infinitive phrases withzu

Many German expressions require an infinitive phrase withzuto complete them. Thezu+infinitive construction appears at the end of its phrase, rather than at the beginning.

Wir versuchen, das Auto zu reparieren.Es gelingt uns aber nicht, das zu tun.

We are trying to repair the car.But we are not successful in doing so.

Prepositions

A. Introduction to prepositions

B.

Accusative prepositions

C.

Dative prepositionsD.

Accusative/dative prepositions

E. Genitive prepositions

F. Da-and wo-compounds

G. Introduction to prepositions

H. A prepositional phrase consists of a preposition, an object of the preposition (either anoun or pronoun), and other words (such as articles and adjectives). German

prepositions may be classified according to the case of their object, Some takeaccusativeobjects, somedativeobjects, some accusative or dative objects, and somegenitiveobjects. The following screens show which prepositions use which kinds of

objects.I.

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J.

Accusative prepositions

Theaccusativeprepositions and their most common meanings are:

durch- through, by (withpassiveverb)

fr- for

gegen- against

ohne- without

um- around, at (in time expressions)

Sie kommen ohne die Kinder.

Er ist gegen den Plan.

Wir machen das fr dich.

Ich fahre um die Stadt.

They are coming without the children.

He is against the plan.

We are doing that for you.

I drive around the city.

Dative prepositions

Thedativeprepositions and their most common meanings are:

aus- from, out of

ausser- besides

bei- near, at the home of

mit- with

nach- after (time), to (space)

seit- since (time)

von- from, of, by (withpassiveverb)

zu- to (space), to the place of

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Er kommt aus dem Haus.

Sie wohnt bei ihrer Schwester.

Ich spreche morgen mit ihm.

Gehen Sie zu Ihrem Professor!

He is coming out of the house.

She is living at her sister's.

I'll talk with him tomorrow.

Go to your professor!

Accusative/dative prepositions

Theaccusative/dativeprepositions and their most common meanings are:

an- to, close by (something vertical)auf- onto, on top of (something horizontal)hinter- behindin- into, inside ofneben- next tober- over, aboveunter- below, undervor- in front of

zwischen- betweenSein Bleistift liegt auf dem Tisch.Wir gehen in den Laden.Du stehst hinter ihnen.Meine Mutter wohnt neben uns.

His pencil is lying on the table.We are going into the store.You are standing behind them.My mother lives next to us.

Accusative/dative prepositions (cont.)

These prepositions use the accusative case to indicate:

1) Motion in a specific direction.

They use the dative case to indicate:

2) Position at a location3) Undirected motion within an area.

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1) Die Frau geht an die Tr.2) Ein Mann steht vor ihr.3) Sie bummeln in der Stadt herum.

The woman goes to the door.A man is standing in front of her.They stroll around in the city.

Genitive prepositions

The most commongenitiveprepositions are:

statt, anstatt- instead of

trotz- in spite ofwhrend- during, in the course ofwegen- because of

Er kommt statt seines Bruders.Wir spielen trotz des Wetters.Ich arbeite whrend der Woche.Sie schreiben wegen der Probleme.

He comes instead of his brother.We play in spite of the weather.I work during the week.They write because of the problems.

Da- and wo-compounds

When a preposition has a pronoun object, and the pronoun does not refer to a person, theprepositional phrase often takes the form of a da-compound (in statements) or a wo-compound (in questions). Prepositions beginning with a vowel require an -r-in the middle ofthe compound. Some prepositions do not form such compounds.

Worber sprechen Sie?Ich denke nicht daran.Womit schreibt er?Ich kann ohne sie nicht leben.

What are you talking about?I don't think about it.With what is he writing?I can't live without her.

Adjectives and adverbs

A. Form of Adjectives and Adverbs

B.

Endings on adjectives1.

Significant (strong) endings

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2.

Non-significant (weak) endings

C. Special adjective and adverb expressions

D. Comparison of adjectives and adverbs

Form of Adjectives and Adverbs

Adjectives and adverbs have the same form in German. The context in which they are usedindicates how to interpret them.

Dieser Ksekuchen ist sehr gut.Sie bckt den Kuchen sehr gut.

Ich fahre gern schnelle AutosIch fahre gern schnell.

This cheesecake is very good.She bakes the cake very well.

I like to drive fast cars.I like to drive fast.

Endings on adjectives

When an adjective precedes the noun it modifies, it takes an ending. The form of the endingdepends upon several factors: thegenderandcaseof the noun, and the type of word which

precedes the adjective-noun combination.

Sie sehen das schne Haus an.

Sie wollen ein schnes Haus haben.

Sie bauen schne Huser.

They look at the beautiful house.

They want to have a beautiful house.

They build beautiful houses.

Predicate adjectives do not take an ending.

Das Haus ist schn. The house is beautiful.

http://www.wm.edu/modlang/gasmit/grammar/adjadvs/weak1.htmhttp://www.wm.edu/modlang/gasmit/grammar/adjadvs/weak1.htmhttp://www.wm.edu/modlang/gasmit/grammar/adjadvs/specadj.htmhttp://www.wm.edu/modlang/gasmit/grammar/adjadvs/specadj.htmhttp://www.wm.edu/modlang/gasmit/grammar/adjadvs/compadjv.htmhttp://www.wm.edu/modlang/gasmit/grammar/adjadvs/compadjv.htmhttp://www.wm.edu/modlang/gasmit/grammar/nouns/gender.htmhttp://www.wm.edu/modlang/gasmit/grammar/nouns/gender.htmhttp://www.wm.edu/modlang/gasmit/grammar/nouns/gender.htmhttp://www.wm.edu/modlang/gasmit/grammar/nouns/case.htmhttp://www.wm.edu/modlang/gasmit/grammar/nouns/case.htmhttp://www.wm.edu/modlang/gasmit/grammar/nouns/case.htmhttp://www.wm.edu/modlang/gasmit/grammar/nouns/case.htmhttp://www.wm.edu/modlang/gasmit/grammar/nouns/gender.htmhttp://www.wm.edu/modlang/gasmit/grammar/adjadvs/compadjv.htmhttp://www.wm.edu/modlang/gasmit/grammar/adjadvs/specadj.htmhttp://www.wm.edu/modlang/gasmit/grammar/adjadvs/weak1.htm


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Significant (strong) endings

Significant or "strong" adjective endings correspond to those of theder-wordnoun modifiers.These endings indicate thegenderandcaseof the noun the adjective modifies.

MasculineFeminineNeuterPlural

Nominative

Accusative

Dative

Genitive

-er

-en

-em

-en

-e

-e

-er

-er

-es

-es

-em

-en

-e

-e

-en

-er

For the genitive masculine and neuter, the adjective ending is -enrather than -es, because thenoun carries a "strong" ending.

Significant (strong) endings (cont.)

These endings are used when the word preceding the adjective carries no ending, or theadjective is unpreceded.

Sie trinken deutschen Wein.Wir bauen ein neues Haus.Mein kleiner Junge sitzt da.Der Geruch gebratener Bratwurst war berall.

Documents

Bazele gramaticii germane.pdf